反相高效液相色谱法测定滋肾丸中芒果苷、盐酸小檗碱含量

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法测定滋肾丸中芒果苷、盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法色谱柱 :Hy persilC18柱 ;芒果苷流动相为甲醇 水 醋酸 (2 2∶78∶0 6,V∶V) ,检测波长 :3 2 0nm ;盐酸小檗碱流动相为甲醇 乙腈 水 三乙胺 (1 0∶2 3∶70∶0 2 ,V∶V) ,用磷酸调pH =4,检测波长 :3 40nm。结果芒果苷平均回收率为 97 3 % ,RSD =1 9% (n =5 ) ;盐酸小檗碱平均回收率为 1 0 0 8% ,RSD =2 8% (n =5 )。结论本法简便 ,准确 ,为滋肾丸的质量控制提供一定依据。     

HPLC法测定血府逐瘀软胶囊中芍药苷与甘草酸的含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定血府逐瘀软胶囊中芍药苷与甘草酸的含量测定方法。方法　采用 Kro-masil C18(2 0 0 mm× 4 .6 mm ,5μm)色谱柱 ;流动相为甲醇 -水 (30∶ 70 ) ,检测波长 2 30 nm ,用于测定芍药苷 ;流动相为乙腈 - 10 m L· L-1醋酸 (35∶ 6 5 ) ,检测波长 2 5 0 nm,用于测定甘草酸。结果　线性范围分别为 :芍药苷0 .4 8～ 2 .4 μg,r =0 .9999(n =5 ) ;甘草酸 0 .5 15 2～ 2 .5 76 μg,r =0 .9999(n =5 )。平均回收率 ,芍药苷为98.9% ,RSD =1.8% (n =6 ) ;甘草酸 10 0 .3% ,RSD =1.7% (n =6 )。结论　本法分离度好 ,快速 ,简便     

离子对RP-HPLC测定盐酸丁螺环酮缓释片中主药的含量

目的　测定盐酸丁螺环酮缓释片中盐酸丁螺环酮的含量。方法　采用离子对反相高效液相色谱法。Nova PakC18色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -乙腈 -离子溶液 (十二烷基硫酸钠 2 5g ,二乙胺 1ml,加水至 10 0 0ml,冰醋酸调pH 3 0 ) (10∶5 0∶4 0 ) ,检测波长为 2 6 5nm。结果　盐酸丁螺环酮的含量在 0 32～ 1 6 μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 9999)。平均回收率 97 5 6 %(n =5 )RSD =1.13%。结论　所用方法简便、快速、准确。     

RP-HPLC测定盐酸西替利嗪的含量及相关物质

目的　采用RP -HPLC法测定盐酸西替利嗪的含量及其有关物质。方法　采用ODS色谱柱 (5 μm ,4 .6mm× 15 0mm) ,流动相为乙腈 -水 -冰醋酸 (36∶6 4∶0 .1) ,流速 1.0ml·min-1,检测波长 2 2 9nm ,柱温为室温 (2 5℃ )。结果　盐酸西替利嗪测定的线性范围为 12 .5～ 15 0 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9998,n =6 ) ;日内RSD =0 .36 % (n =5 ) ,日间RSD =0 .6 4 % (n =5 ) ;最低检出限 0 .3ng。结论　所用方法简便、准确 ,专属性好     

林可霉素利多卡因凝胶含量测定方法的改进

目的　改进林可霉素利多卡因凝胶的含量测定方法。方法　采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为AlltimaC18柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为 0 0 5mol/L硼砂溶液 (用 85 %磷酸调pH值至 5 0 ) 甲醇 乙腈 (6 0∶37∶3) ;检测波长为 2 14nm ;流速为 1 0ml/min。结果　盐酸林可霉素和盐酸利多卡因分别在浓度为 0 0 2～ 0 4 0mg/ml(r=0 9999,n =6 )和 0 0 1～ 0 32mg/ml(r =1 0 0 0 0 ,n =6 )范围内呈良好线性关系。盐酸林可霉素和盐酸利多卡因的平均回收率分别为 10 0 3% (RSD为 0 6 2 % ,n=6 )、10 1 1% (RSD为 0 4 6 % ,n =6 )。结论　该方法操作简便 ,结果准确 ,重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 :建立测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :采用反相 μ Bondpak色谱柱 ,甲醇- 0 .0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (5 5∶45 ,磷酸调 pH值3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围分别为 2 0～ 12 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,80～ 480 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ;加样回收率分别为 10 1.4% ,RSD =0 .5 %及 10 0 .8% ,RSD =0 .9% (n =5 ) ,日内RSD分别为 0 .9%和 0 .4% (n =5 ) ,日间RSD分别为 1.0 %和 0 .8% (n =4)。结论 :HPLC法可用于本制剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,方法简便、灵敏、结果准确     

HPLC法测定绿药膏中盐酸林可霉素的含量

目的　采用HPLC法测定绿药膏中盐酸林可霉素的含量。方法　用YWG -C18柱 (2 0 0mm× 4 .6mm ,10 μm) 0 .0 5mol/L硼砂溶液 (用 85 %H3 PO4调 pH值至 6 .0 )∶甲醇 (4∶6 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 14nm。结果　林可霉素线性范围为 0 .2 5 2 6～ 2 .0 2 0 8mg/ml,r =0 .9999,回收率为 99.5 % ,RSD =0 .8% (n =5 )。结论　本法简便、灵敏、准确 ,可用作绿药膏中盐酸林可霉素的含量测定     

HPLC测定盐酸土霉素的含量和有关物质

目的 :建立HPLC测定盐酸土霉素有关物质和含量。方法 :采用ODS柱 ( 10 μm ,4 6mm× 2 5 0mm) ,以 0 1mo1·L-1草酸铵溶液 二甲基甲酰胺 0 2mo1·L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液 ( 6 0∶30∶10 ) (用氨试液调pH8 3)为流动相 ,检测波长 2 70nm。结果 :盐酸土霉素在 0 1～ 1 0mg·ml-1浓度范围内 ,呈良好的线性关系 (r =0 9999) ,精密度RSD为1 2 % ,平均回收率为 99 6 % ,RSD为 0 8% (n =4)。结论 :该法简便、准确 ,适用于盐酸土霉素杂质的检测和含量的测定。     

HPLC法测定银黄含化片中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量

目的　建立HPLC法测定银黄含化片中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量。方法　采用C18柱(2 5 0mm× 4 6mm,5 μm),乙腈 -1%乙酸(30∶70)为流动相,流速为 1ml·min-1,检测波长 0～ 5min,32 7nm,测定绿原酸;5～ 10min,2 80nm,测定黄芩苷。结果　绿原酸在 0 14 4～ 0 72 μg范围内峰面积与进样量呈良好的线性关系,RSD =0 5 5 %(n =6);黄芩苷在 0 2 5～ 1 2 5 μg范围内峰面积与进样量呈良好的线性关系,RSD =0 6 5 %(n =6)。     

反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸苯海拉明和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸苯海拉明和盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法。方法:采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为AgilentZORBAXEclipseXDB-C18;流动相为0.02mol·L-1十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液(用85%磷酸溶液调节pH至2其.8他5)成-甲分醇分-三离乙良胺好(;522组∶4分8∶进0.样5)量,流线速性为范1围.0分mL别.m为in0-.51;0柱02温～为5.03002℃0(;r紫=外0.检99测98波,n长=为6)2、546.0n0m5。8～结4果0.:0盐58酸0苯μg(海r=拉0明.9、9盐94酸,n麻=黄6)碱;与平均回收率分别为100.2%(RSD=1.2%,n=9)、99.5%(RSD=1.1%,n=9)。结论:该方法专属性强,结果准确、可靠,可用于测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸苯海拉明和盐酸麻黄碱的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.