海藻酸-壳聚糖-聚乳酸羟乙醇酸复合微球的制备及其对蛋白释放的调节

目的制备蛋白的海藻酸-壳聚糖-聚乳酸羟乙醇酸(PLGA)复合微球，以增加蛋白药物的包封率、减少突释和不完全释放。方法以牛血清白蛋白为模型药物采用修饰的乳化、醇洗法制备小粒径海藻酸微囊，再以壳聚糖孵育制得海藻酸-壳聚糖双层微囊，并进一步用PLGA包裹制得复合微球。采用微量BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度，考察其包封率及释放行为，改变各种制备因素调节微球的释放特性。结果复合微球粒径约30 μm，形态圆整。与单纯PLGA微球相比，包封率由60%-70%上升至80%以上。复合微球在磷酸盐缓冲液的1 h突释量由40%-50%下降至25%以下，在生理盐水中则进一步下降至5%以下。结论海藻酸-壳聚糖-PLGA复合微球提高了蛋白药物的包封率，减少了药物的突释，并可通过调节PLGA比例调节药物的释放。     

聚乳酸／乳酸／-乙醇酸共聚物微球制剂研究的新进展

简要介绍了PLA／PLGA及其制剂的原理，并叙述近年来国内PLA／PLGA在新型微球基材、蛋白质和多肽类药物微球、疫苗佐剂类微球和化学合成药物微球的进展情况。     

60Co辐照对睾丸酮/乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物微球理化特性及体外释放的影响

目的：睾丸酮（Ｔ）／乳酸－乙醇酸共聚物（ＰＬＧＡ）微球＾６０Ｃｏ辐照灭菌可行性研究,方法：Ｔ／ＰＬＧＡ微球在＾６０Ｃｏ源下,以２５ｋＧｙ的剂量进行辐照,对微球辐照前后主药Ｔ,载体ＰＬＧＡ的理化特性和现球本外释药速率的变化进行比较,考察＾６０Ｃｏ辐照对Ｔ／ＰＬＧＡ微球理化性及药物体外释放的影响。结果：＾６０Ｃｏ辐照引起ＰＬＧＡ分子量一定程度的下降,但对Ｔ／ＰＬＧＡ微球的理化特性及体外释药速率没有影响     

60Co辐照对睾丸酮/乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物微球理化特性及体外释放的影响

目的 :睾丸酮 (T) /乳酸 -乙醇酸共聚物 (PLGA)微球6 0 Co辐照灭菌可行性研究。方法 :T/PLGA微球在6 0 Co源下 ,以 2 5kGy的剂量进行辐照 ,对微球辐照前后主药T、载体PLGA的理化特性和微球体外释药速率的变化进行比较 ,考察6 0 Co辐照对T/PLGA微球理化特性及药物体外释放的影响。结果 :6 0 Co辐照引起PLGA分子量一定程度的下降 ,但对T/PLGA微球的理化特性及体外释药速率没有影响。结论 :初步的可行性研究表明T/PLGA微球可用6 0 Co辐照灭菌     

聚乳酸或乳酸／羟乙酸共聚物微球的制备方法 …

综述了微球的制备方法,包括乳化－溶剂挥发法喷雾干燥法,相分离法等。对现有制备法的优缺点和放大生产的可能性进行讨论。     

超氧化物歧化酶乳酸-羟乙酸共聚物微球的制备及其性质

利用复乳溶剂挥发法制备了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的乳酸－羟乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球，考察了各工艺因素对微球粒径、包封率等的影响，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、差示扫描量热分析（DSC）初步研究了其性质，结果表明，通过调整内水相的体积及浓度，分散相体积及PH值，可得到较高包封率，粒径在20－30μm，形态圆整，表面多孔的SOD微球，DSC表明SOD被有效地包入了PLGA微球中。     

聚乳酸或乳酸/羟乙酸共聚物微球的制备方法研究进展

综述了微球的制备方法 ,包括乳化 溶剂挥发法 ,喷雾干燥法 ,相分离法等。对现有制备法的优缺点和放大生产的可能性进行讨论。     

聚乳酸、聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球的制备及体外释放影响因素研究进展

目的:对近年来以PLA、PLGA为载体的微球剂的研究进展进行综述。方法:查阅近10年来有关PLA、PLGA微球研究的国内外文献,介绍此类微球的制备方法和影响其体外释放等性质的主要因素。结果:PLA、PLGA的性质、药物的性质及微球的制备工艺等对微球的体外释放等性质均有重要的影响。结论:对以PLA、PLGA为载体制备的药物微球,有待于更进一步的研究和开发     

聚乳酸、聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球的制备及影响其质量因素的研究进展

本文综述了近年来以聚乳酸、聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物为载体的微示的研究进展,并介绍此类微球的制备方法及影响其质量的主要因素。研究表明,载体和药物的性质及微球的制备工艺等对微球的质量和体外释放等均有重要的影响。     

聚乳酸、聚乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球的制备及体外释放影响因素研究进展

目的：对近年来以PLA，PLGA为载体的微球剂的研究进展进行综述。方法：查阅近10年来有关PLA，PLGA微球研究的国内外文献，介绍此类微球的制备方法和影响其体外释放等性质的主要因素。结果：PLA，PLGA的性质，药和折性质及微球的制备工艺等对微球的体外释放等性质均有重要的影响。结论：对以PLA，PLGA为载体制备的药物微球，有待于更进一步的研究和开发。     

An improvement of double emulsion technique for preparing bovine serum albumin-loaded PLGA microspheres

A modified double emulsion technique was adopted to prepare bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded poly (D,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. In the formulations, polysorbates (Tween) such as Tween20®, Tween40® or Tween80®, instead of frequently used poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), was used as the emulsifier. Microspheres with porous surface, large particle size, low microsphere yield (～65.4%) and BSA entrapment efficiency (～25.2%) were obtained when Tween80® aqueous solution alone was used as the outer aqueous phase. However, microspheres with smooth surface, high yield and BSA entrapment efficiency could be produced successfully by introducing sodium chloride or glucose into the outer aqueous phase. Adding 5.0%(w/v) sodium chloride into the continuous phase led to increase in microsphere yield and BSA entrapment efficiency from 65.4% and 25.2% to ～100% and 76.6%, respectively. Microsphere yield and BSA entrapment efficiency increased from 64.5% and 25.2% to 97.2% and 89.3%, respectively, when 15.0%(w/v) glucose was added into the continuous phase. In constrast to the microspheres prepared in the presence of additive, a more marked burst release was observed for microspheres prepared without additive in the continuous phase, which may be attributed to the porous morphology of the latter.     

阿霉素微球的制备工艺的优选

目的:研究阿霉素PLGA(乳酸-羟基醋酸共聚物)微球制备的最佳工艺。方法:采用“复乳-液中干燥”法制备阿霉素PLGA微球。通过正交试验结合多指标综合评价法优选最佳制备工艺。结果:通过对正交实验Z值结果进行分析,最佳制备工艺为:A3B1C1。结论:正交试验结合多指标综合评价法用于载药微球的制备工艺优化实用有效。     

一种聚乳酸聚乙醇酸缓释微球的制备工艺

目的:研究一种制备聚乳酸聚乙醇酸(PLGA)微球的新工艺,即将海藻酸钠与钙离子螯合形成缓释凝胶的原理与复乳法制备微球的工艺相结合。方法:以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型药,以包封率、载药量、产率作为评价指标,研究PLGA黏度、海藻酸钠浓度及外水相1中氯化钙浓度对微球性质的影响,并通过L9(34)正交试验设计优选微球制备的工艺条件。结果:优选的制备工艺重现性好,微球形态圆整,结构致密,平均粒径为67.5μm,载药量、包封率和产率分别为0.669%、53.38%和80.08%。结论:本研究获得了较为满意的制备PLGA微球的新工艺,微球的理化性质良好。     

Encapsulation and release characteristics of DCTN/PLGA microspheres

In the present study, poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic)-acid microspheres containing trans-Dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) were prepared by the double emulsion method. The hypoglycemic activity of DCTN-loaded microspheres was monitored in normal glycemic mice after administration of a daily dose of DCTN (50 mg kg^?1 body weight) for 7 days. Spherical microspheres with two populations of particles with 3.20 ± 0.10 and 7.60 ± 0.70 µm mean diameter size µm were observed. The encapsulation efficiency of DCTN was 85.5 ± 3.9%. The in vitro kinetic profile of DCTN from PLGA-microspheres was initially fast (burst effect of 19.4% at 2 h). Such a burst step was maintained until achieving 35.7±2.0% at 7h, followed by a gradual release of DCTN attaining a maximum drug release at 55.7 ± 2.6% within 30 h. DCTN was able to reduce glucose levels (14.3%) of normal glycemic animals and this effect was improved by its encapsulation into microspheres (26.8%). The optimum glucose levels in the blood of animals treated with DCTN suspension and DCTN-loaded microspheres were 119.21 ± 19.75 mg dL^?1 at day 5 and 103.08 ± 18.88 mg dL^?1 at day 7, respectively. DCTN-loaded microspheres are thus offered as a potential delivery system for the treatment of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.     

Specific and non-specific phagocytosis of ligand-grafted PLGA microspheres by macrophages

We evaluated the influence of ligand grafting on the rate and intensity of uptake of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles by alveolar macrophages. Microspheres with a mean diameter of 2.5 μm were obtained by spray drying. Three ligands (WGA, an RGD containing peptide and mannose-PEG₃-NH₂) and a cationic molecule (PLL) were covalently grafted on the particle surface using the carbodiimide method. Their grafting efficiency was quantified, and WGA grafting was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The uptake by macrophages of surface-modified microspheres was quantified by CLSM. This work showed that the uptake of negatively charged ligand-grafted microspheres (−26 to −51 mV) was increased up to two to four times according to the ligand compared to ungrafted microspheres (−81 mV) and displayed saturation as opposed to the cationic PLL-grafted microspheres. Moreover, a specific receptor-mediated phagocytosis mechanism was suggested based on free ligand, cytochalasin D and +4 °C incubation that decreased the microparticle uptake. Furthermore, this work clearly showed that the relative contribution of specific and non-specific processes to the overall uptake varied greatly according to the ligands, and was dependent on the particle-to-cell ratio. In conclusion, this work showed that ligand grafting can enhance the uptake of microparticles, with a variable relative contribution of specific and non-specific uptake mechanism.     

Alendronate PLGA microspheres with high loading efficiency for dental applications

Purpose: Alendronate sodium, used systemically as a bone protective agent, proved to also be effective locally in various dental bone applications. Development of alendronate-loaded microspheres with high loading efficiency for such applications would be greatly challenged by the hydrophilicity and low MW of the drug. The aim of this study was to incorporate alendronate sodium, into poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres (MS) with high loading efficiency.

Methods: Three multiple emulsion methods: water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W), water-in-oil-in-oil (W/O₁/O₂) and solid-in-oil-in-oil (S/O₁/O₂) were tested. In addition to entrapment efficiency, MS were characterized for surface morphology, particle size, in vitro drug release and in vitro degradation of the polymer matrix. Alendronate microspheres with maximum drug loading and good overall in vitro performance were obtained using the W/O₁/O₂ emulsion technique.

Results: Drug release from the microspheres exhibited a triphasic release pattern over a period of 13 days, the last fast release phase being associated with more rapid degradation of the PLGA matrix.

Conclusions: Biocompatible, biodegradable PLGA microspheres incorporating alendronate sodium with high loading efficiency obtained in this study may offer promise as a delivery system for bisphosphonates in dental and probably other clinical applications.     

Preparation and in vivo pharmacokinetics of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy must be administered as a daily injection due to its short half-life. To achieve sustained release of rhGH, the preparation of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres was investigated, and the influence of various factors on encapsulation efficiency was tested, including rhGH concentration, the ratio of internal phase to organic phase, stirring speed, PVA concentration, surrounding pH value, and the type of emulsifier and organic solvent. A pharmacokinetic study was performed by subcutaneous administration to explore the sustained release effect. It was found that rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres were prepared with a narrow size distribution, and optimization of the formulation could enhance encapsulation efficiency. FTIR analysis indicated that the activity of rhGH was maintained after encapsulation. The pharmacokinetic behavior of rhGH solutions was consistent with a two-compartment model, which showed fast absorption and distribution. RhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres achieved a higher bioavailability and a long-term effective concentration by controlling the release, and PLGA 50/50 demonstrated favorable AUC compared with PLGA 75/25. Nevertheless, the higher bioavailability of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres lacking Span 80 did not predicate better sustained release behavior, indicating that further investigation is needed to explore the use of bioavailability as the standard in evaluating the sustained release characteristics and in vivo behavior of microspheres.     

Dextran microspheres could enhance immune responses against PLGA nanospheres encapsulated with tetanus toxoid and Quillaja saponins after nasal immunization in rabbit

Potent immunoadjuvants are needed to elicit responses following mucosal delivery. PLGA (poly[D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid]) nanospheres, Quillaja saponin (QS) and cross-linked dextran microspheres (CDM) as drug delivery and absorption enhancer adjuvants were evaluated. PLGA nanospheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Particulate characteristics of nanospheres were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopes and dynamic light scattering technique. The mean diameter of nanospheres encapsulated with TT and TT?+?QS determined as 425 and 390?nm. Loadings of TT and QS were 30?±?1.9% and 23?±?2.8%. Nanospheres encapsulated with TT or QS were intranasally administered to rabbits, three times in two-week intervals and the serum IgG and nasal lavage IgA titers were determined by ELISA. The serum IgG titer induced with (TT)_PLGA nanospheres was higher than TT solution (P?<?0.001). IgG titers induced with (TT?+?QS)_PLGA was higher than (TT)_PLGA (P?<?0.0001). When (TT)_PLGA and (TT?+?QS)_PLGA nanospheres were mixed with CDM, higher IgG titers were induced (P?<?0.001). The highest mucosal sIgA titers were seen in animals immunized with (TT?+?QS)_PLGA?+?CDM. Co-encapsulation of QS and TT in PLGA nanospheres increased sIgA titers. In conclusion, the highest immune responses were observed by concomitant use of three adjuvants.     

包埋PLGA微球壳聚糖支架的构建及其对蛋白释放的调节

目的制备能缓慢释放蛋白类药物的细胞生长支架。方法采用冷冻干燥制备壳聚糖支架，测定支架的孔隙率和吸水率。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为模型药物，制备乳酸-羟乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA)微球，并包埋于壳聚糖支架中，用扫描电镜观察微球和支架的形态，考察药物在各种支架上的体外释放。结果壳聚糖支架为多孔结构，当预冻温度为-70 ℃时，支架的孔隙率和吸水率分别为78.6%±1.5%和85.1%±6.2%。PLGA微球能够较均匀地覆在壳聚糖支架上。单用壳聚糖支架，BSA在24 h累积释放达90%以上，制成PLGA微球后，再包埋于壳聚糖支架中，则药物释放明显缓慢，168 h的累积释放量为33.5%。通过改变壳聚糖的用量和PLGA材料的型号，可以调控药物在复合支架上的释放。结论包埋PLGA微球的壳聚糖支架有望用于组织工程的支架材料和生长因子的缓慢释放。     

Enhanced oral bioavailability of salmeterol by loaded PLGA microspheres: preparation,in vitro,and in vivo evaluation

The objective of the current study was to prepare microspheres of salmeterol (SM) using poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and assess its viability to enhance the oral bioavailability. Microspheres of SM were prepared by oil-in-water emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The formulations were characterized in encapsulation efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro release. The prepared microspheres were found to be spherical in shape with smooth surface. The size of microspheres ranged from 14.7 to 16.5?µm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.12?±?0.05 and the zeta potential was ?33.2?±?1.4?mV. In vitro release profile, SM was graduated released from the microspheres as time lapsed, suggesting that SM was well entrapped in SM-loaded PLGA microspheres. The model that fitted best for SM released from the microspheres was Higuchi equation. In vivo study, SM-loaded PLGA microspheres are thought to have the potential to maintain SM concentration within target ranges for a long time, decreasing side effects caused by concentration fluctuation, ensuring the efficiency of treatment and improving patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency.