Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and the pancreatic incidentaloma

Asymptomatic pancreatic lesions (APL) are a commonly encountered problem in today's pancreatic surgical practices. Current literature regarding etiologies and incidence of APLs, particularly intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), is presented. APLs constitute a wide spectrum of pathology (solid/cystic, benign/premalignant/malignant) but, overall, IPMN is now the most common diagnosis. The Sendai Guidelines and their function as a basis for risk stratification in branch duct IPMN are presented. The importance of traditionally analyzed cyst characteristics including size, presence of mucin or nodules and cyst fluid aspirate as indicators of malignancy is emphasized, noting also the potential correlation of main duct dilatation, thickened septae and elevated cyst fluid CEA with increased risk of malignancy. Current complication rates after resection of APLs are reviewed and found to be generally equivalent to those for symptomatic resections. A potential multidisciplinary treatment strategy is offered considering the costs of surgery versus repeated imaging or follow up endoscopy for these lesions. The decision for intervention is ultimately based on the Sendai Guidelines in the context of the individual patient.     

分支胰管型胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤临床分析

目的探讨分支胰管型胰腺导管内乳头状黏液瘤(BD-IPMN)的治疗策略。方法结合最新文献复习回顾性分析2例BD-IPMN患者的临床资料。对BD-IPMN的治疗策略、恶变预测等进行探讨,以提高对BD-IPMN的认识和治疗水平。结果2例患者手术过程顺利。患者1术后出现B级胰瘘,患者2出现一过性生化瘘,均经通畅引流、对症及支持治疗后顺利出院。患者1病理提示IPMN伴局灶导管周围腺体不典型增生。患者2病理提示IPMN伴上皮轻-中度异型增生。随访6~12个月,2例患者均未发生复发、转移。结论BD-IPMN作为一种低恶性潜能的肿瘤,尚缺乏有效的指标或方法精准预测其恶性潜能。手术是目前唯一有效的治疗方法,但外科治疗策略的制定需结合患者的依从性、意愿,以及预期寿命和手术风险等因素。应谨慎把握老年及有严重合并症患者的手术指征。     

Intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm of the extrahepatic bile duct: report of a case

We report a rare case of an intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm (IOPN) of the extrahepatic bile duct. A 66-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for investigation of right-sided back pain. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a papillary lesion, 3?cm in diameter, in the middle bile duct, invaginating into the cystic duct. We made a provisional diagnosis of middle bile duct cancer and performed substomach-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Macroscopically, the middle bile duct contained a two-humped papillary tumor, one tip of which invaginated into the cystic duct. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of cuboidal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm resembling that of oncocytes and a fine fibrovascular core. The tumor cells were stained strongly with antimitochondria antibody. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed histologically as IOPN of the extrahepatic bile duct. The patient died of prostate cancer 51?months after surgery, but without evidence of recurrence of the IOPN.     

Intraductal papillary neoplasm in common bile duct opening into the stomach

Ectopic bile duct openings are uncommonly encountered and due to limited reports, the incidence and work up are not well delineated. We therefore present our experience in the assessment and management of one such case. A 62‐year‐old lady presented with obstructive jaundice. Final investigation results revealed intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) in an ectopic common bile duct (CBD) inserting ectopically into the lesser curve of the stomach with a normal pancreatic duct opening into the duodenum. Anatomical delineation and staging was done using computer tomography (CT) scan and endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Robotic distal gastrectomy, extrahepatic bile duct excision with porta lymph node dissection, and hepaticojejunostomy with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction was performed. The blood loss and operation time were 200 mL and 301 minutes, respectively. Pathology showed IPNB with high grade dysplasia and clear margins. After transient gastroparesis, the patient recovered and was disease‐free at 1 year postoperatively. Ectopic biliary drainage into the stomach is extremely rare, but its recognition may help identify the cause of certain clinical conditions and prevent bile duct injury during surgery if required.     

Predicting malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: a single-center review

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in our institution and the selection for resection. Recent publications, including those from the International Consensus Guidelines and the Mayo Clinic, set forth criteria for resection. However, these criteria differ in the definition of main duct IPMN, which is an indication to resect.

Methods

Sixty patients from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed between 2000 and 2009.

Results

Thirteen percent of patients had high-grade dysplasia, and 22% had invasive cancer. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with a lower risk of carcinoma were female sex (P = .039) and size <3 cm (P = .024). Patients were retrospectively evaluated with Mayo and International Consensus Guidelines. Eight patients had a diagnosis that would have changed from main duct to branch duct if the International Consensus Guidelines were used. Of these 8, there were 2 cancers. If the International Consensus Guidelines were applied instead of the Mayo, both cancers would have been resected, but 2 patients without cancer would have been spared an operation.

Conclusions

Twenty-two percent of resected patients had invasive cancer, and they had significantly worse survival (37 vs 85 months, P = .032). In our patient group, application of the International Consensus Guidelines identified all malignant IPMN and would have prevented 2 nontherapeutic resections when compared with the Mayo criteria.     

先天性婴儿型胆管纤维肉瘤一例

1 临床资料 患儿女,4岁.因全身皮肤及巩膜进行性黄染15 d,腹痛4d于2010年4月22日入院.患儿4月7日前无明显诱因出现全身皮肤及巩膜黄染,呈进行性加重,伴有小便颜色加深呈浓茶色及全身皮肤瘙痒,无畏寒、发热、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、腹痛等不适.于当地医院输液治疗(具体用药不详),患儿症状无明显缓解.4月18日患儿出现腹部隐痛,伴有腹胀、厌油、恶心、呕吐,为求进一步诊断和治疗收入我科.入院体格检查:患儿发育正常,营养中等,全身皮肤及巩膜中度黄染.腹部稍膨隆,腹软,右季肋区深压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张.右肋缘下约3 cm可触及肝脏,表面光滑,右季肋区可同时扪及肿大胆囊,张力高,余腹未扪及明显包块.     

Carcinoid tumor of the common bile duct in children: a case report

Carcinoid tumors of common bile duct (CBD) are rare, with fewer than 60 cases reported worldwide. Typically, jaundice is the most common presenting symptom. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult because methods for obtaining adequate specimens for histologic analysis are limited. Surgery is the primary treatment for CBD carcinoids to have disease-free survival. This is a case report concerning a 10-year-old boy with a carcinoid tumor of the CBD. An overview of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, radiologic workup, surgical treatment, histologic features, and prognosis of carcinoid tumor is provided.     

Single-institution validation of the international consensus guidelines for treatment of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas

Background  The international consensus guidelines (the guidelines) for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas recommend surgical resection of branch duct IPMNs with any of the following features: cyst size >30 mm, mural nodules, main pancreatic duct diameter >6 mm, positive cytology, and symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of these guidelines for resection of branch duct IPMNs. Methods  We reviewed 84 consecutive patients with branch duct IPMNs who underwent surgical resection at our hospital between January 1984 and December 2007. Results  Sixty-nine patients had indications for resection according to the guidelines. Malignant IPMNs had significantly larger cysts than benign tumors (P = 0.026). Patients with malignant IPMNs had significantly more indications for resection than those with benign IPMNs (2.6 ± 1.0 vs. 1.7 ± 0.9, P < 0.001), and 36 of the 37 patients with malignant IPMNs had indications. The sensitivity of the guidelines for predicting malignancy was 97.3%. One of 15 patients without indications had malignancy, and the specificity was low (29.8%). Conclusions  The guidelines show a high sensitivity for predicting malignancy of branch duct IPMNs, but the specificity is low. The cyst size and the total number of indications in each patient should be taken into account when predicting the risk of malignancy for branch duct IPMNs.     

Mucin-producing Bile Duct Tumor of the Caudate Lobe Protruding into the Common Hepatic Duct

Mucin-producing tumor in the bile duct is referred to clinically as mucin-producing bile duct tumor (MPBT). Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the biliary tract that resembles an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is a rare category of MPBT and is not well characterized. We, herein, report a case of MPBT of the caudate lobe of the liver that showed papillary growth and communicated with the bile duct of the caudate lobe and protruded into the common hepatic duct. Histologically, MPBT cells showed papillary overgrowth with abundant mucinous secretions, resembling an IPMN of the pancreas. The MPBT cells showed the same immunostaining pattern as that of cells from IPMN of the pancreas.     

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目的 介绍经镜下胆总管内置支架治疗胰腺癌胆管梗阻的手术方法。方法 1999～2002年采用腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCDE)结合斑马导丝、胆管扩张导管、塑料胆管支架和自膨式金属胆管支架施行腹腔镜胆总管支架术(LCBDS)12例。结果 12例转移病灶取标本中9例病理报告胰腺癌，3例未证实。12例中9例手术获成功，1例因狭窄上端波及肝总管而中转开腹放置塑料支架同时T管引流，1例少量胆漏腹腔引流4d后自愈，1例放置塑料支架同时T管引流术后15d死于胆管感染诱发肝肾功能衰竭。结论 选择合适病例，采用腹腔镜胆总管支架术处理胰腺癌胆管梗阻是一种有效、安全、简便、可行的术式。     

A case of benign bile duct stricture causing difficulty in differential diagnosis from bile duct carcinoma

We report a patient with benign bile duct stricture causing difficulty in differential diagnosis from bile duct carcinoma. A 66-year-old woman consulted a local physician because of general fatigue. Blood biochemical tests showed increased levels of biliary tract enzymes. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) revealed tapering and blockage of the midportion of the bile duct and dilation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) demonstrated obstruction of the midportion of the bile duct. Later, because a marked increase in biliary tract enzymes and jaundice appeared, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was performed. Post-PTBD cytological examination of bile was negative for cancer. A third biopsy showed slight hyperplasia with no malignant findings. Recholangiography, performed through PTBD, suggested gradual improvement of bile duct stricture, but could not completely exclude the possibility of malignancy; thus, resection of the bile duct including the stricture site was performed, and the resected specimen was submitted for intraoperative frozen section examination. Histopathological diagnosis did not reveal malignant findings. After cholecystectomy and bile duct resection, hepaticojejunostomy (Roux-en-Y) was performed. Because only erosion and desquamation of the mucosal epithelium and mild submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were observed, chronic cholangitis was diagnosed histopathologically. Surgical resection of the bile duct should be considered for potentially malignant stricture of the bile duct.     

胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤27例诊治分析

目的总结胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN)的诊治经验,寻找术前预测浸润性IPMN的指标.方法将2003年9月-2010年7月手术治疗的27例胰腺IPMN病例分为浸润性与非浸润性IPMN两组,分析比较两组间术前资料的差异.结果浸润性IPMN 15例,非浸润性IPMN12例.两组间术前梗阻性黄疸发病率、肿瘤最大直径、血...     

肝内胆管乳头状瘤13例CT诊断分析

目的分析肝内胆管乳头状瘤（IPNB）的cT表现,探讨CT对其的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析13例经手术及病理证实的IPNB的cT和临床资料。结果13例IPNB中发生于右叶肝内胆管6例,左叶肝内胆管4例,近肝门处胆管3例。11例表现为扩张的肝内胆管内形态多变的结节或肿块,3例单发,8例多发;CT平扫呈不均匀低密度,边界欠清,动态增强呈轻～中度持续强化,强化不均匀,边界变清晰,病灶周边仍见较完整的胆管壁。另外2例CT平扫表现为中度扩张的胆管内壁毛糙如绒毛状,平扫较胆汁呈稍高密度,增强轻度强化。13例均见肝内胆管呈弥漫性或局限性不同程度扩张,5例肿瘤所在胆管呈“动脉瘤”样扩张。结论IPNB的cT表现具有一定特征,CT对其诊断有较大价值。     

原发性肝癌侵犯胆管39例的临床及病理学研究

目的 探讨原发性肝癌侵犯胆管病人的临床、病理学特征及治疗方法。方法 收集原发性肝癌侵犯胆管病人３９例,对其临床、是学特征及诊断、治疗方法进行了分析。结果 此类病人占本院收治肝癌病人的６％,全组病人均进行了手术治疗;其术前误诊率为６７％,Ｂ型超声及ＣＴ检查的阳性率分别为８８％和８０％,合并门静脉癌栓者为４９％。结论 本病的主要诊断依据为影像学检查结果;主要手术方式为肝叶切除及胆管引流。     

683例胆管损伤的外科治疗

目的 总结胆管损伤的外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1990年8月至2008年12月湖南省人民医院手术治疗的683例胆管损伤患者的临床资料.全组患者中,行肝叶切除+T管引流7例、肝修补+T管引流2例、窑洞式胆道外引流+肝叶切除4例、肝叶切除或修补+硅胶管支撑27例、肝门临时阻断+明胶海绵压迫止血233例、胆管修补+T管引流72例、肝胆管盆式Roux-en-Y吻合248例、胆管外引流22例、长臂T管引流61例、胰头十二指肠切除2例、肝叶切除+T管引流5例.通过随访复查评定患者手术效果.结果 根据术后患者的自觉症状、生活和劳动状况以及影像学检查结果将手术效果分为优、良、差3个等级.612例患者术后随访8个月至19年,手术效果优者337例(55.1%),良者214例(35.0%),差者61例(10.0%).结论 只要手术方式选择恰当,胆管损伤采用手术治疗可以取得令人满意的效果.     

Carcinosarcoma of the bile duct: a case report and review of literature

Carcinosarcomas of the bile ducts are very rare tumors consisting of both epithelial and mesenchymal elements. We report a case of bile duct carcinosarcoma and its clinical, radiological and pathological features and a brief review on this rare condition.