Our experience of a nurse-led oral and maxillofacial surgical clinic in a tertiary centre: two years on

We describe our two-year experience of a nurse led clinic (NLC) in a tertiary centre oral and maxillofacial surgical (OMFS) department. The clinic is run by a specialist nurse, in parallel with a consultant’s clinic and focuses on the management and review of non-malignant lesions. Increased clinical flexibility, reduced waiting times, and tailored educational resources have contributed to an improved experience for the patients.     

Pattern of maxillofacial fractures at a tertiary hospital in northern India: a 4‐year retrospective study of 718 patients

Abstract – Purpose: Pattern and aetiology of maxillofacial injuries varies from one country to another and even within the same country depending on prevailing socio‐economic, cultural and environmental factors. Various studies have been carried out in various countries to study the epidemiology and demographics of the maxillofacial injuries but the studies from India are few. Material and methods: Retrospective study was undertaken at Christian Medical College Ludhiana (India) from January 2006 to December 2009. Treatment records of the patients was checked and age, gender, aetiology of injury, associated injuries, maxillofacial fractures and treatment offered were recorded. Results: A total of 1075 fractures were recorded in 718 patients, ranging from 11 months to 85 years of age. Male:female ratio was 6.6:1. Maxillofacial injuries were most common in third decade of life. A total of 517 patients suffered injuries because of road traffic accident, 115 because of accidental fall and 67 because of interpersonal violence. A total of 184 patients had 221 associated injuries of which 56.1% head injuries, 29.0% orthopaedic injuries and 14.9% other injuries were present. Of 596 middle third fractures, 29.8% were managed conservatively; for 21.7% and 48.7% of fractures, closed reduction and open reduction were performed respectively. Of 479 mandibular fractures, 1.8% was managed conservatively; for 16.7% and 81.5% fractures, closed reduction and open reduction were performed respectively. Conclusion: Better socio‐economic status of people, increased vehicular movements and non‐implementation of road safety norms have increased road traffic accidents. Proper education of the people who are most commonly involved in the RTA can be one of the possible ways to reduce the maxillofacial injuries.     

Pattern of associated brain injury in maxillofacial trauma: a retrospective study from a high-volume centre

The incidence of head injury in maxillofacial trauma patients varies widely in the literature. A good understanding of the patterns of association between these injuries would aid in efficient multidisciplinary treatment. The aim of this study therefore was to understand the associations between head injury and facial trauma by retrospectively analysing the records of patients seen at a tertiary care trauma centre. Demographic data were also described. Records of 4350 facial trauma patients over a five-year period were reviewed. A total of 3564 (81.9%) patients were victims of motor vehicle accidents (MVA). Male patients predominated, comprising 3711 (85.3%), and 36.6% were in the third decade of life. Facial fractures were seen in 2120 (48.7%), the most common being zygomatic fractures (60%). At the time of trauma, 2383 (57.3%) patients were under the influence of alcohol, and 2821 (87.8%) victims of two-wheeler MVAs were not using their helmet. Of all patients, 29.75% sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Midface fractures were strongly associated with TBI. Maxillofacial injury may be considered a risk factor for TBI, and as such should immediately be suspected and investigated in all patients. Prompt recognition and management can improve outcomes in these patients.     

4种创伤评分评估颌面部骨折效果比较

目的:比较4种常用创伤评分评估颌面部骨折的效果,筛选出适合评价颌面部创伤严重程度的评分方法.方法:收集2008年1月—2013年12月北京大学口腔医院收治的1009例颌面部骨折患者的临床资料,骨折类型包括单纯上颌骨骨折46例,单纯下颌骨骨折536例,单纯颧骨颧弓骨折233例,复合型骨折194例.术前均采用新损伤严重度评...     

Trends of maxillofacial and mandibular fractures in level I and II trauma patients in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundMaxillofacial injury is a major health concern worldwide. Incidence of maxillofacial fractures is influenced by socio-demographic, economic, and cultural factor of the population investigated. Identifying the patterns of these fractures is crucial to establish effective treatments and prevention measures. The aim of the study was to to analyze the incidence, etiology, and types of maxillofacial fractures in a tertiary trauma center.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted for all patients who were admitted with maxillofacial fractures at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of of 422 patients with 978 maxillofacial fractures were enrolled over a 4-year period.ResultsAmong the 422 patients, 387 (91.8%) were males, and 35 (8.2%) were females. The mean age of our population was 31.1 years old. Our study has shown that motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures, followed by pedestrian trauma. The most common maxillofacial fractures were orbital fractures, followed by maxillary fractures. The mandibular body was most fractured among mandibular fractures. Our data has shown that males have higher incidence of maxillofacial fractures than females.ConclusionOur study further validated that road traffic accidents are the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures in our region. These findings emphasized the importance of improving road safety protocols and enforcing traffic laws.     

术中CT在颌面部骨折手术治疗中的应用

目的:比较应用术中CT与传统方法手术治疗颌骨骨折的效果,探讨术中CT在颌面部复杂骨折手术中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2016年7月—2018年3月完成手术治疗的87例颌面部骨折患者的临床资料。按照术中是否应用CT分为2组,术中CT组41例,对照组（非术中CT）46例。分析一般资料特点,比较2组病例手术相关指标和术后效果。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果:与对照组相比,术中CT组平均术中修正次数较高（修正率29%）,平均复位偏差更小,且获得满意度更高;但2组在患者性别、年龄、骨折类型、接骨板数目、手术时间、住院天数、费用、感染率等方面无显著差异。结论:术中CT辅助下进行的复杂颌面部骨折复位固定术具有较高精确度,与传统手术方法相比,能提高治疗效果。     

Impact of dedicated trauma lists on a maxillofacial surgical service

In 1995, the maxillofacial surgical inpatient services in East Lancashire were centralized in Blackburn Royal Infirmary, and twice-weekly operating lists dedicated to maxillofacial trauma were established. We examined the non-elective workload for three-month periods before and after trauma lists became available to find out the proportion of non-elective operations done out of normal working hours. Although there was an increase in the total number of non-elective patients after centralization, day-time trauma lists allowed a reduction in the proportion of operations performed out of normal working hours. Fewer trauma cases were added to elective lists. Trauma lists allow the unit to comply with the recommendations of both NCEPOD and the Calman report, in that they maximize training opportunities for all staff and facilitate both audit and research.     

Operative management of equine-related maxillofacial trauma presenting to a Melbourne level-one trauma centre over a six-year period

The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of equine-related maxillofacial trauma that required operative treatment in patients who presented to a level-one trauma centre in Melbourne between 2011 and 2016. A total of 28 patients (16 female and 12 male, median (range) age 31 (16-76) years) were identified from a database of all operatively managed maxillofacial trauma cases, and data were collected on demographics, mechanisms and patterns of injury, and management. The most common mechanism was kicking (n = 16), which was also the most likely to result in multiple injuries. Half the patients sustained an injury to the midface only, with naso-orbitoethmoidal (NOE) and orbital fractures being the most common fractures. Of the total fractures (those that did and did not require an operation), 44/54 were managed with internal fixation. Exactly half the patients were treated as inpatients and half as outpatients, and despite a longer total duration of hospital stay for inpatients, the postoperative period was the same in both. Many horse-related maxillofacial injuries were sustained by young women, and the midface was most commonly affected. More injuries overall were sustained while unmounted (particularly by kicks) than by falls.     

A retrospective study on epidemiology and treatment of maxillofacial fractures

There are many different studies about the epidemiology and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures. In the authors' clinic a study was done regarding the characteristics of patients with maxillofacial fractures. 553 patients were investigated retrospectively. The causes, localizations, fracture types, treatments modalities, and complications were evaluated. The most common cause of maxillofacial fractures was traffic accidents (90.15%) followed by interpersonal violence (2.71%). The most common fracture site was the parasymphisis (30.9%) in mandibular fractures and the orbital rim in midface fractures. Young (26-41 years of age) male (82.64%) patients were more prone to maxillofacial injury. The most common treatment modality is rigid fixation with miniplates. This study concerns the fracture types, localizations, and ideal treatment methods according to these characteristics and complications. From such data, the ideal treatment method depends not only on the fracture type and localization but also the surgeon's experience and preference.     

Have the causes of maxillofacial fractures changed over the last 16 years in Finland? An epidemiological study of 725 fractures

Abstract –  A retrospective study was undertaken to assess causes of maxillofacial fractures in Helsinki in 1981 and 1997. Hospital records of 725 patients were analyzed according to several factors including age, sex, cause of fracture and time of the injury. The time intervals between the accident and hospital examination were also evaluated. Number of maxillofacial fractures was 318 in 1981 and 407 in 1997 (27.9% increase) and most patients were men. The male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in 1981, 3:1 in 1997. In 1981, most affected patients were in the age group of 31–40 years (33.2% of men, 28.9% of women). Sixteen years later the most affected age group was 41–50 years (23.3% of men, 30.4% of women). Assault was the cause of the injury in 42% of patients followed by traffic accidents (26%) and fall (17%). During the study period violence had become more severe in nature. Kicking as the cause of maxillofacial fracture increased by 7.3% and use of a weapon by 5.7% between the years studied. Bicycle accidents increased by 19.3% but motor vehicle accidents decreased by 31.6% between the years. Falls, and bicycle and pedestrian accidents were the causes that accounted for most of the increase in maxillofacial fracture. In 1997, maxillofacial fractures were slightly more common from June to August and from Friday to Sunday than at other times (45.2 and 50%, respectively).     

Psychological consequences of maxillofacial trauma: a preliminary study

AIMS: To identify the prevalence of post-traumatic psychological symptoms after maxillofacial trauma and prognostic factors related to poor outcome. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients were assessed within 10 days of injury and 24 again 4-6 weeks later using five standardised self-report measures on each occasion and a short structured interview at the time of initial contact. RESULTS: Specific post-traumatic psychological symptoms were present at initial assessment in 21 patients (54%), with 9 (41%) meeting diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder at review 4-6 weeks later. Other psychiatric problems, such as anxiety and depression, were identified by the General Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Characteristics associated with poorer outcome included: a previous history of psychological distress; fear of the unknown, and female sex. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the adverse psychological effect of maxillofacial trauma both immediately after the event and 4-6 weeks after injury. Proper assessment of injured patients must include psychological aspects and further research is needed to identify the most appropriate response.     

Experience of orbital floor fractures in a UK level one trauma centre: a focus on the surgical approach and lid-related complications

The two surgical approaches to access orbital fractures are transconjunctival and transcutaneous. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of orbital repairs with a focus on lid-related complications and their management. A retrospective analysis was carried out over a five-year period (January 2015 to January 2020) to assess all consecutive orbital repairs in our unit. Data were collected for variables including demographics, fracture pattern, surgical approach, and details of postoperative complications. A total of 111 patients were included in the study, 94 were male (85%), the majority being between 16 and 45 years of age. A total of 46 (41%) had isolated orbital floor fractures, 31 (28%) zygomaticomaxillary complex, and 18 (16%) Le Fort pattern fractures. Eighty per cent (n = 91) received a transconjunctival approach as first choice. In the transconjunctival group, six (6.6%) had entropion and increased scleral show, four (4.4%) had ectropion, and none had canthal malposition. In the transcutaneous group (n = 20) there was a higher rate of ectropion (25%, n = 5), a lower rate of entropion (n = 1, 5%) and higher rate of increased scleral show (n = 2, 10%). Factors associated with a higher rate of complications included complex fractures, use of conjunctival sutures, and increased length of time to surgery. Seventy-two per cent of patients who suffered entropion required further surgical treatment. The most common complication of the transconjunctival approach was entropion, and clinicians should have a low threshold for early surgical management. We feel that this should be part of the consenting process, especially in high-risk cases.     

A systematic review of prophylactic antibiotics in the surgical treatment of maxillofacial fractures.

PURPOSE: A systematic review was performed to find evidence for prophylactic administration of antibiotics in relation to treatment of maxillofacial fractures. METHODS: Four studies were retrieved that fulfilled most of the requirements of being randomized controlled clinical trials. RESULTS: An analysis of these studies showed a 3-fold decrease in the infection rate of mandibular fractures in the antibiotic treated groups compared with the control groups. A variety of antibiotics had been used with an apparently uniform effect. A "1-shot" regimen or a 1-day treatment course had a similar or perhaps even better effect than 7 days of treatment. No infections were related to condylar, maxillary, or zygoma fractures. CONCLUSION: A 1-shot or 1-day administration of prophylactic antibiotics seem to be the best documented to reduce infections in the management of mandibular fractures not involving the condylar region.