The ability to predict weight gain,individual organ weight,and corresponding food intake in the rat by the four-parameter model for physiological responses

The applicability of the four-parameter model for physiological responses to the prediction of food intake and corresponding weight gain and individual organ weight gain was studied further in 40-day postpartum male rats. Seven groups of animals were maintained on diets in which protein content ranged from 0 to 23.54% casein. Food intake and weight gain were recorded every other day for each animal for 21 days. At the termination of the experiment the following organs were removed and weighed: liver, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, and testes. When these weight values are fitted by use of the four-parameter model, food intake and total animal and organ weight gains can be predicted in relation to the amount of protein in the diet. It was found that liver, heart, lungs, spleen, and whole animal had similar K(0.5) values. However, it was also shown that there is variation in response of organs when relating organ weight as a percentage of body weight. For example, heart, lungs, and testes show an increased ratio on low protein diet while liver, kidneys, and adrenals maintain a fairly constant ratio and the spleen shows a decreased ratio. Additionally, it was noted that the animals on low protein diet consumed more food per gram body weight but did so at a slower rate. Possible future applications of the four-parameter model for physiological reponses are discussed.     

全反式维甲酸对生长发育期大鼠实质器官的损伤

目的 探讨体内过量全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对生长发育期SD大鼠的脑、心、肺、肝、肾和脾的影响。方法 以48只3周雄性SD大鼠为实验对象,随机分为对照组和3个实验组,ATRA剂量分别为40、60、80 mg/(kg·d),每组12只,进行连续10 d ATRA灌胃处理,记录SD大鼠每日体重,于灌胃第10天解剖称量各器官的重量以及计算脏器指数,然后对各器官进行HE染色。结果 ATRA灌胃后,与对照组比较,40 mg/(kg·d) ATRA组肾指数升高,体重变化差异无统计学意义;60 mg/(kg·d) ATRA组体重降低,心、肾指数升高,脾脏重量降低;80 mg/(kg·d)ATRA组体重明显降低,脑、心、肾指数升高,脑、脾重量降低;HE染色显示,与对照组比较,ATRA处理组的肺泡壁增厚,肾小管上皮细胞有空泡样改变,脾脏红髓出现较多巨噬细胞,而大脑、肝脏、心肌无明显组织学变化。结论 体内过量全反式维甲酸能够对生长发育期SD大鼠的肺、肾和脾有一定的损伤作用。     

The evaluation of organ weights by means of multiple regression equations (author's transl)]

The investigation is based on the weights of 570 livers, 648 spleens, 200 right and left lungs, 559 right and 556 left kidneys of 364 male and 360 female persons over 20 years of age being autopsied in our Institute from 1969 to 1972. In both sexes these weights were set in relation to age, body weight, body height, breast width, breast depth and circumference of chest. By the application of higher statistical methods and under computerusage it was made possible to state, that there is a marked relationship between the organ weight on one hand and the body weight and in women the body height on the other. The relationship between the organ weight and various constitutional sizes and age is less marked. In practice these relations should be considered. This can be done by multiple regression equations, which enables us to evaluate the weight of spleen, lungs, kidneys and female livers, but not the weight of the male liver. It must be considered, that the estimated weight of spleen and kidney of both sexes is more inaccurate than that of the lungs of both sexes and of the female livers. The multiple regression equations are tabulated for both sexes (table 4).     

Time course of cellular distribution of endotoxin in liver,lungs and kidneys of rats.

The time course of distribution of 2 endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS), S. abortus equi (S form) and S. minnesota R 595 (R form, Re), in liver, lungs and kidneys was studied by the immunoperoxidase method in rats. After its uptake in the liver, both LPS were first detectable in Kupffer cells and granulocytes, the R form also in hepatocytes. A redistribution of the S-form LPS from Kupffer cells to hepatocytes was observed on Day 3 after injection. The detectability of both LPS was lost between Days 5 and 9 after injection. In the lungs both LPS were detectable later than in the liver. Here the LPS were also found in alveolar and bronchiolar macrophages, which shows that they can also be eliminated through this organ. The kidneys remained essentially free of LPS, small amounts being detectable here only in the first 24 h.     

A comparative study of the fixation of antibiotics of the tetracycline group by homogenates of organs

Summary The authors established the quantitative fixation of chlortetracycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline by homogenates of the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, heart, and brain of white rats. Fixation by the organ homogenates was greatest by chlortetracycline, followed by tetracycline and oxytetracycline in that order. Homogenates of the liver, kidneys, and brain fixed the tetracyclines in considerable quantitities, those of the lungs, heart and spleen—to a noticeably lesser degree.Presneted by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Zakusov     

The production of bovine interferon in foetal and adult organ cultures and in leukocytes

Interferon response in bovine foetal and adult organ cultures after induction in vitro with Radom velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-R) was studied. Interferon was produced in foetal organ cultures derived from skin, liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, tongue and also from amniotic membranes and placenta; however, no correlation between the gestational age and levels of interferon produced by different tissues was observed. In comparison with foetal tissues the organ cultures derived from liver, heart, lungs, kidneys and spleen of cows produced higher interferon titers. In contrast to organ cultures, the interferon response of in vitro cultivated leukocytes isolated from spleen and liver of foetuses and cows was comparable. The antiviral substance both from foetal and adult animals was characterized as interferon by standard criteria; however, higher acid lability of "foetal" interferon in comparison with that of "adult" was observed.     

The Effect of 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)-1-(p-Chlorophenyl)-2,2-Dichloroethane(o,p′-DDD) on the Immune Response in Malnutrition

The drug o,p′-DDD diminished the body weight as well as the weights of the thymus, spleen and adrenals of rats. There was minimal fatty infiltration of the liver. In well-nourished rats o,p′-DDD produced atrophy of both the adrenal cortex and the thymolymphatic organs, but no changes could be detected in kidneys, heart and lungs. The numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) and rosette-forming cells (RFC) in the spleen and thymus of the o,p′-DDD treated rats were lower than the controls. The effect of o,p′-DDD was greatest on the adrenal cortex of the malnourished rats with a diminution of plasma corticosteroid concentration and less impairment of the immune response. The numbers of PFC and RFC in the spleen and thymus of the o,p′-DDD-treated malnourished rats were almost equal to that of their controls. It was interesting to observe that o,p′-DDD seemed to affect PFC more adversely than RFC. In comparison to the controls, thymocytes and spleen cells of the o,p′-DDD-treated rats responded better to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) than to pokeweed mitogen (PWM).     

Liver, lung, kidney, heart and spleen structure of rats after multiple intravenous injections of magnetite nanosuspension

Effects of multiple intravenous magnetite nanosuspension injections on the structure of rat liver, lungs, kidney, heart and spleen have been studied. Histology of the organs listed have found haemodynamic distortions and necrotic lesions in the parenchyma of these organs. With the help of Pearls histochemical method significant piling of nanoparticles were found in the cells of the mononuclear phagocytes in liver, lungs and spleen of the rats. Only singular Pearls-positive cells were found in kidneys and hearts of the rats.     

Influence of zinc supplementation on histopathological changes in the stomach,liver, kidney,brain, pancreas and spleen during subchronic exposure of Wistar rats to glyphosate

A subchronic toxicity study was carried out to determine the glyphosate-induced histopathological changes in the stomach, liver, kidney, brain, pancreas and spleen of rats and the attendant ameliorative effect when pretreated with zinc at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg body weight. The rats were exposed to two doses of the glyphosate (375 and 14.4 mg/kg body weight) for the period of 8 weeks which was the duration of the study, and some groups were exposed to the glyphosate after pretreatment with zinc. The histopathological changes recorded during the study were only in the rats exposed to the glyphosate at the dose rate of 375 mg/kg body weight except the vacuolation encountered in the brains and haemosiderosis in the spleens of rats exposed to zinc alone. Degenerated mucosal epithelial cells which involved the muscularis mucosa and the glands in the stomachs of rats were seen microscopically. Hepatic cells degeneration especially at the portal areas of the livers of rats was observed. The histopathological examination of the kidneys showed glomerular degeneration, mononuclear cells infiltration into the interstices of the tubules and tubular necrosis. The conspicuous changes seen in the brains were neuronal degeneration. Pancreatic acinar cells were degenerated while the spleen of the rats showed depopulated splenic cells in both the red and the white pulps. It was concluded that zinc supplementation in rats prior to glyphosate exposure ameliorated the histopathological changes observed in the stomach, liver, kidney, brain, pancreas and spleen with no observable alteration in the histoarchitecture in the organs of the zinc-supplemented rats.     

Porphyrobilinogen biosynthesis from δ-aminolevulinic acid by the viscera of albino rats

Ability to synthesize porphyrobilinogen (PBG) from -aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was determined in homogenates of tissues of the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, and small intestine of 77 albino rats. All these organs were found to be able to synthesize PBG. Highest ALA dehydratase activity was found in the liver tissue, followed in descending order by the kidneys, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, heart, and spleen. On the addition of a lead solution to the synthesizing system a significant decrease in enzyme activity was observed in the liver tissue, but in kidney tissue its activity was unchanged. On the addition of lead and D-penicillamine simultaneously no changes were found in the toxic effect of lead.M. F. Vladimirskii Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR S. S. Debov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 86, No. 12, pp. 687–689, December, 1978.     

Pharmacokinetics of an immunomodulator peptidoglycan monomer in mice after intravenous administration

A ¹⁴C labeled low molecular weight immunomodulator, peptidoglycan monomer (¹⁴C-PGM), was injected intravenously (i.v.) into mice. At various time intervals thereafter (15 min – 6 h), radioactivity in the urine, whole blood, plasma, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs, intestines and the brain of the mice was determined. Shortly after injection, ¹⁴C-PGM was very rapidly excreted from the organism, so that 1 h following administration, 80% of the radioactivity was found in the urine (62% as unchanged PGM and the rest as the metabolites pentapeptide and disaccharide). At the same time, around 2% of the injected material was found in the blood. Six hours after injection, equal quantities were found in the intestines, liver and blood (0.5%), slightly less in the kidneys, lungs and spleen (0.2–0.3%) and the least quantity in the brain (0.04%). However, the dynamics of retention in the organs was evidently different. In the kidneys, lungs and spleen, radioactivity steadily decreased over the studied period. In the liver following an initial decrease, radioactivity remained the same 3 and 6 h after injection. On the other hand, in the intestines and brain PGM seemed to accumulate rather than disapper following i.v. administration. This fact should be considered when explaining different biological activities of low molecular weight bacterial peptidoglycans.     

Specific heat output (SHO) of visceral organs/tissues: the hypothesis and first estimations

It was hypothesized that each organ/tissue has a characteristic specific heat output (SHO; kcal/d.g). Heat output (HO; kcal/d) is defined as the product of the SHO and the weight, g, of the organ/tissue. FHP (fasting heat production) is defined as the sum of HO values of all tissues of fasted animals. FHP and organ weight were perturbed by variations of food intake of 48 young swine before FHP and weights of 36 organ/tissue variables were measured. Cluster analysis was used to group the variables and simplify the analyses and indicated that small intestine, kidneys, liver and pancreas were principal sources of FHP. Regression estimates indicated that the SHO of pancreas and kidneys was high (1.1 to 1.9), that of small intestine, liver and colon was intermediate (.21 to .26), and that of stomach and lungs was low (.11 to .14). All other viscera tissues were assumed to have SHO near that for nonviscera, estimated at .0165 kcal/d.g. Mean values of FHP and empty body weight were 1856 kcal/d and 46,651 g respectively; thus the mean SHO value of all tissues was about .04 kcal/d.g. The SHO values of stomach, intestine, colon, pancreas, kidneys, liver and lungs were in the range 3- to 50-fold greater than SHO of the whole body and in the range 7- to 120-fold greater than the estimated SHO of the nonviscera. These findings indicate that the small intestine, liver and kidneys account for about 60% of HO from viscera or about 30% of total FHP.     

Uptake and Killing of Mima polymorpha and Herellea vaginicola by the Reticuloendothelial System of Neonatally Thymectomized Nonwasted Mice

Phagocytosis and killing of Mima polymorpha and Herellea vaginicola by the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys from neonatally thymectomized nonwasted mice and their sham-thymectomized litter mates were compared. The removal of M. polymorpha from blood by these organs, measured 2 and 4 hr after intravenous injection of bacteria, was not affected by thymectomy. Because significantly fewer viable organisms persisted in the liver, spleen, and kidneys, it is concluded that bacterial killing increased after thymectomy. Phagocytosis of M. polymorpha by peritoneal macrophages increased in thymectomized mice. Removal of H. vaginicola from the blood by the lungs was greater after thymectomy. Thymectomy did not affect the killing of H. vaginicola by the liver, spleen, lungs, or kidneys. Killing of H. vaginicola by the kidney was less than that by other organs, although this was not affected by thymectomy. Chronic reticuloendothelial stimulation associated with infection was not an adequate explanation for these findings because no wasting syndrome was encountered.     

Organ weights in healthy and apparently healthy Danish infants

The weights of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and thymus were registered in 222 forensic autopsies of Danish infants aged 1 week to 0.99 year (137 males, 85 females), who prior to death were healthy or apparently healthy based on clinical evidence. Variability of organ weights was estimated, and the relationship between individual organ weights and age, body weight, and body length, and the sum of organ weights was evaluated in relation to age, body weight, and body length. No significant differences were found between males and females, and between the healthy and apparently healthy infants. There was a positive, significant correlation of the individual organ weights with age, body weight, and body length. It was most pronounced for the weight of the brain and least pronounced for the thymus. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:35–38 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Protein-containing lipososomes and their distribution among the organs

A comparative study was made of the distribution of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) among the organs of rats after its intravenous injection of the enzyme in liposomes and in the unencapsulated state. Uptake of CPK-¹²⁵I was found to be 5.5 times higher in the liver and spleen after lyosomal injection than after injection of the free enzyme. In the kidneys and lungs on the first day the enzyme level was higher after free injection, on account of its rapid elimination and high blood level. In all organs the enzyme remained detectable for much longer (from 4 to 6 days) in the tissues, whereas after free injection of the label none could be found after 24 h. The intracellular localization of the label above vacuoles of hepatocytes when the enzyme was injected in liposomes, and the absence of both label and vacuoles after free injection of the enzyme, were demonstrated autoradiographically. The enzyme activity was found to be preserved after liposomal injection in liver homogenates. Prospects for the use of liposomes as a transport medium for supplying proteins for the treatment of hereditary diseases are discussed.Academic Group of Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Professor E. F. Davidenkova, Laboratory of Experimental Histology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Leningrad. Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 85, No. 6, pp. 673–675, June, 1978.     

Immunocytochemical analysis of cellular responses to BCG.

The study reported here was performed to find out whether changes in the number of mycobacteria in various organs of BCG-infected mice can be related to changes in the phenotype of monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in the blood, various tissues, and peritoneal cavity and to the formation of granulomas in the spleen, liver and lungs. The relative amounts of various antigens on the leukocytes were assessed semi-quantitatively after immunocytochemical detection of the binding of monoclonal antibodies. Granuloma formation was determined after immunocytochemical staining of cells in sections of liver and lung tissue with a monoclonal antibody against the common leukocyte antigen and in sections of the spleen with a monoclonal antibody against the Mac-2 antigen. The results showed that during the first week of infection the number of BCG in spleen, liver and lungs declined considerably. Multiplication of mycobacteria during the second week of infection was associated with decreased expression of antigen F4/80 and increased expression of Ia antigen and Mac-2 antigen by blood monocytes and macrophages. Reduction of the numbers of BCG in the spleen and liver during the third week after i.v. injection of BCG and in lungs during the fourth week of the infection was found to be correlated with the degree of granuloma formation in these organs. After intravenous injection of killed BCG no changes were observed in the phenotype of monocytes and the macrophages in spleen, liver, lungs and peritoneal cavity. These mice showed considerably less granuloma formation than BCG-infected mice. The present results indicate that live but not killed mycobacteria induce macrophage activation.     

Animal model of fatal human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis

Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a life-threatening, tick-borne, emerging infectious disease for which no satisfactory animal model has been developed. Strain HF565, an ehrlichial organism closely related to E. chaffeensis isolated from Ixodes ovatus ticks in Japan, causes fatal infection of mice. C57BL/6 mice became ill on day 7 after inoculation and died on day 9. The liver revealed confluent necrosis, ballooning cell injury, apoptosis, poorly formed granulomas, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, erythrophagocytosis, and microvesicular fatty metamorphosis. The other significant histological findings consisted of marked expansion of the marginal zone and infiltration of the red pulp of the spleen by macrophages, interstitial pneumonitis, and increased numbers of immature myeloid cells and areas of necrosis in the bone marrow. Ehrlichiae were detected by immunohistology and electron microscopy in the liver, lungs, and spleen. The main target cells were macrophages, including Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and endothelial cells. Apoptosis was detected in Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and macrophages in the lungs and spleen. This tropism for macrophages and the pathological lesions closely resemble those of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis for which it is a promising model for investigation of immunity and pathogenesis.     

Localized gut-associated lymphoid tissue hemorrhage induced by intravenous peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers.

A hemorrhage into gut-associated lymphoid tissue developed as early as 3 min after the intravenous injection of group A streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers into rats. Extravasated erythrocytes were specifically located in the lamina propria and organized lymphoid follicles of the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes and did not occur in the lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, or submandibular and popliteal lymph nodes, as determined by gross and histologic observations and measurement of radiolabeled erythrocytes. Petechial hemorrhage was preferentially located within the intestine to the distal ileum, Peyer's patches, and lymphoid aggregates of the colon. The hemorrhage was transient and occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. It was maximal 5 min after injection and resolved completely by 3 days. A unique feature of this altered vascular permeability was the absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration, edema, vasculitis, and tissue necrosis.     

Distribution of prolactin in selected rat organs and tissues

A single dose of 25 microg prolactin (PRL)/kg of rat body weight was administered to rats subcutaneously. At 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after the injection, selected organs and tissues were taken for analysis. It was found that 1 h after administration, the highest amount of PRL accumulated in the milk (lactiferous) gland, the blood, the ovaries, the pituitary and the liver. Over time, the prolactin content in the selected organs and tissues decreased. PRL is selectively captured by the milk gland, the pituitary, the ovaries, the liver and the heart. Based on the value of the organ or tissue capacity index for PRL, the following order was established for the organs and tissues to which the hormone binds: milk gland > blood > pituitary > ovaries > lungs > liver > cranial bone > spleen > heart > kidneys > muscular tissue > adrenals > adipose tissue > brain.