农村留守妇女的抑郁症状及相关心理社会因素

目的:探讨农村留守妇女抑郁症状及其相关心理社会因素.方法:使用人口学资料调查、流调中心用抑郁量表、领悟社会支持量表、简易应对方式问卷和感知压力量表对987名农村留守妇女、984名对照妇女进行调查.结果:①留守妇女的负性情绪、正性情绪、躯体症状因子分及抑郁症状总分均显著高于对照妇女(P＜0.001).②留守妇女与对照妇女抑郁症状的检出率存在显著差异(P＜0.01).③Logistic回归分析结果表明农村妇女抑郁症状的影响因素包括是否留守、家庭月收入、个人健康状况、婚姻安全感、积极应对方式、消极应对方式和生活事件.结论:留守妇女表现出较高的抑郁症状,并与家庭月收入、个人健康状况、婚姻安全感、应对方式和生活事件有关.     

老年期主观生活满意感的相关因素

研究表明老年人的社会支持和主观生活满意感呈正相关[1];健康对老年期主观生活满意感有很大的影响[2];随着年龄的增长,老人的主观生活满意程度下降[3].本研究主要探讨老年期主观生活满意感的性别差异,以及与生活满意感有关的一些社会和个体因素.     

CES—D的结构分析及其在成年人的试用

目的：本研究旨在通过对ＣＥＳ－Ｄ结构的因素分析，以期建立关于该量表的结构方程模型，同时探讨该量表在中国成年人中的试用情况。方法：４５３名被试，男２１９人，女２３４人，年龄２０～８５岁。采用ＣＥＳ－Ｄ中译本，在北京地区取样，由主试登门对被试进行测查。结果：（１）验证性因素分析表明，ＣＥＳ－Ｄ可分成四个因子，即无助与无望感、健康、压抑情感、躯体反应，此四个因子在抑郁体验上的负荷在０．６０～０．９６，分别可以解释抑郁体验变异的３６％～９３％；（２）同质信度和分半信度分别为０．８６７９和０．８５２６；（３）无助与无望感、压抑感及抑郁总分随年龄增长显著下降，心理健康因子得分随年龄增长显著升高。结论：ＣＥＳ－Ｄ具有较好的结构效度，用于中国成人具有较好的信度，可以用于评定中国成年人的抑郁体验及其特征。     

455名社区老年人的怀旧功能及相关因素

目的:了解社区老年人的怀旧功能及其相关因素。方法:采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取长沙市9个社区≥60岁的老年人455名(男197名,女258名),用怀旧功能量表(Reminiscence Function Scale,RFS)及自制一般信息收集表进行调查。结果:社区老年人怀旧功能总分(144.0±35.6)。女性在自我认同、交际沟通和重现痛苦3个维度得分均高于男性[如,自我认同(22.5±5.8)vs.(21.0±6.4),P0.05]。对死亡的准备维度得分随年龄增加而上升[60～69岁年龄组(16.6±6.1),70～79岁年龄组(18.0±6.2),≥80年龄组(19.1±6.5);Ps0.05]。自评健康状况非常差的老年人重现痛苦维度得分高于其他组老年人[(17.3±6.2)vs.(12.1±6.5),(15.7±5.2),(14.4±5.5),(15.7±6.0);Ps0.05]。抑郁症状筛查阳性的老年人在减轻厌烦情绪、对死亡的准备、重现痛苦3个维度得分随抑郁症状的加重而增加,并且其得分均高于无抑郁症状者[如,减轻厌烦情绪:无抑郁症状组(18.9±5.9),轻度抑郁组(20.3±5.1),中度抑郁组(21.3±6.3),重度抑郁组(23.8±8.3),P0.05]。逐步回归分析结果显示:进入老年人总体怀旧功能多元逐步回归模型的因素有居住方式、过去一年有没有经历配偶或亲友去世、性别、经济状况、是否有慢性病、健康状况自评和抑郁情绪。结论:社区老年人的怀旧功能尚好,对死亡的准备随年龄增加而上升。居住方式、经济状况、抑郁情绪、健康状况自评以及是否有慢性疾病均与社区老年人的总体怀旧功能有关。     

老年人主观幸福感与应激水平的相关性研究

目的：探讨老年人主观幸福感与应激水平的相关性。方法：以男性不小于60岁、女性不小于55岁的城市居民为研究对象,整群抽样,共346人。主观幸福感用MUNSH的正性因子、负性因子、幸福度总分以及6个方面生活满意感的平均值来描述;应激水平用SCL－90中的躯体化、抑郁、焦虑和敌意表示,并将应激水平分为“最近”和“平时”两个时段。结果：单相关结果表明,主观幸福感各指标与应激水平的大部分变量呈显著相关,相关系数的绝对值在0．115到0．608之间（P＜0．05）。多元逐步回归表明主观幸福感主要与抑郁,其次与焦虑和敌意相关。抑郁解释总分方差的25％,负性因子的36％,正性因子和满意感不到10％;焦虑可以解释总分和正性因子不到2％的变异;敌意可以解释满意感不到2％的变异。结论：主观幸福感与应激水平,尤其是抑郁显著相关,提示抑郁是主观幸福感的重要情绪因素,但不宜单用SCL－90或抑郁简单地从负面反映主观幸福感。     

广西罗城仫佬族中老年人跟骨超声骨密度检测分析

目的:调查广西罗城仫佬族中老年人骨密度,探讨该人群骨质疏松(OP)发病率及影响因素。方法:随机抽取45岁以上广西罗城世居仫佬族中老年健康人群,测量其跟骨超声骨密度,身高、体质量、体质量指数(BMI)。测试对象每5岁为1组,分析每组骨密度、骨质疏松患病率及相关影响因素。采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行分析。结果:罗城仫佬族中老年骨密度随年龄增长而降低。男性75以上年龄组与45岁年龄组对比差异有统计学意义,女性55岁以上各个年龄组与45岁年龄组对比差异有统计学意义,70岁年龄组,75岁以上年龄组与其余年龄组相比BUA值差异有统计学意义。从45岁年龄组至75岁以上年龄组,骨质疏松发生率在男性由0增至19%,女性则由0增至50%。骨密度与年龄呈负相关,与身高、体质量、BMI呈正相关。结论:罗城仫佬族男性骨密度降低程度较女性平缓。男性在75岁之后,女性55岁之后骨密度下降明显,发生时间早于男性。在该人群中倡导健康生活方式,积极干预,及早诊治对于防治骨质疏松具有重要意义。     

脑外科疾病抑郁情绪的初步调查

目的：了解脑外科疾病患者抑郁情绪情绪的发生率,初步分析大脑病变部位与抑郁情绪之间的关系。方法：以Beck抑郁自评量表（BDI）为评定工具,对63名脑外科住院病人进行单项因子分和总分评定。结果：单项因子疲乏感、工作困难、满意感缺如、食欲减退、抑郁、社交退缩、犹豫不决、自我形象改变、悲观和自罪感发生率较高;轻度以上抑郁情绪发生率达79．37％,其中轻度点15．87％,中度49．21％,重度14．29％;年龄与抑郁情绪呈正相关。结论：脑外科疾病患者大部分出现不同程度的抑郁情绪,且年龄越大抑郁情绪越严重。     

社会支持对老年人抑郁情绪的影响研究

目的：探讨补会支持对老年人抑郁情绪的作用机制。方法：对北京市238名60岁以上社区老年人进行CES-D、PSSS和SRHMS中的生理健康子量表的测量。结果：8．51％的老年人有程度不等的抑郁，男女之间无差异，无配偶的老人抑郁发生率比有配偶的高7.3％，身体健康差的老年人抑郁程度重。社会支持能解释抑郁变异的10％。家庭支持是抑郁的有效预测成分．家庭支持高的抑郁情绪少，β=-0.29。家庭支持与婚姻状况、身体健康存在交互作用。结论：社会支持对老年抑郁有普遍增益作用，家庭支持是其有效成分。对于无配偶、身体健康差的易感人群，家庭支持能有效缓解这部分老年人的抑郁情绪。     

老年人主观幸福感的影响因素

目的探讨老年期个体主观幸福感的影响因素。方法选择经济水平、社会支持、健康状况、受教育水平、年龄、性别、一般自我效能感7个因素,对北京市236名60-85岁老年人进行测查。结果主观幸福感与年龄、性别、经济水平、受教育程度相关不显著;社会支持、健康状况、一般自我效能感能预测主观幸福感(标准化回归系数分别为0.27、0.19、0.15),可解释总变异的16.4%;社会支持、健康状况直接影响主观幸福感的同时,还通过自我效能感影响主观幸福感。结论外在主观资源(社会支持)、内在客观资源(健康状况)和内在主观资源(一般自我效能感)对主观幸福感有直接影响,同时外在主观资源、内在客观资源还通过内在主观资源对主观幸福感产生影响。     

澳门老年人抑郁症状及其影响因素调查分析

目的：调查澳门老年人中抑郁症状及影响因素。方法：采用CES－D抑郁量表对662名55岁以上的澳门中老年人进行了评定，结果：有12．37％的老人有明显的抑郁症状；抑郁量表的得分女性显著高于男性，不同年龄组之间差异不显著。多元回归分析的结果显示，家庭结构，经济保障，与配偶及子女的关系，健身活动等是影响澳门老年人抑郁情绪的主要因素。结论：澳门老人中存有抑郁症状，其影响因素是多方面的。     

老年人抑郁与相关因素之间的交叉滞后分析

目的考察老年人在20个月期间抑郁及各相关变量发生的变化以及变量间的因果关系。方法对北京3个社区170位60～85岁的老年人进行了间隔时间为20个月的追踪研究,进行了觉知日常环境控制感、领悟社会支持、自评健康状况、抑郁的测查。结果1觉知日常环境控制感明显下降,所有被试中觉知下降的占66.67%。自评健康状况在70岁之后呈明显下降趋势。领悟社会支持比较稳定,所有被试中觉知不变的占78.44%。抑郁变化不大,没有比较明显的趋势;2在与领悟社会支持的关系中,抑郁是原因变量。在与自评健康状况的关系中,抑郁是结果变量。而与觉知日常环境感只存在简单相关。结论各变量变化趋势不一致,且抑郁并不总是扮演结果变量的角色。     

Loneliness and social support: Differential predictive power on depression and satisfaction in senior citizens

The lack of social support and the feelings of loneliness among older adults are associated with physical and mental health negative outcomes. This study attempts to test for their differential predictive power on depression and satisfaction in seniors. Data were drawn from a sample of 335 older adults ranging from 55 to 80 years old, with a mean age of 63.97 years (standard deviation = 5.56) attending a learning program at the University of Valencia during the academic year 2014–2015. In addition to health and wellbeing outcomes, we used the Functional Social Support Questionnaire DUKE‐UNC, and two scales of loneliness, the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and the University of California Loneliness Scale version 3. Using structural equations models with Mplus, two models were proposed to assess the predictive power of social support and loneliness on wellbeing outcomes, specifically life satisfaction and depression, while controlling for health. Results confirm the negative association between loneliness and satisfaction with life and the positive one with depression.     

Influence of social participation on life satisfaction and depression among Chinese elderly: Social support as a mediator

This study explored the influences of social participation and the mediating effects of social support on the mental health of Chinese elderly based on data from the 2012 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). The participants comprised 696 older adults in CLASS, including 340 (48.9%) male and 354 (50.9%) female. The mean age of the sample was 68 (standard deviation = 7.08). The results of structural equation modeling showed that social participation was significantly associated with the life satisfaction and depression of the elderly. A high level of social participation was associated with more social support and consequently predicted few depressive symptoms among older adults. However, social support was not significantly associated with life satisfaction of the elderly. Our findings provided cross‐cultural evidence for theories, and had significant implications for social work practice and social policy.     

2型糖尿病患者生活质量与抑郁状态、社会支持的关系

目的评估2型糖尿病患者生活质量与抑郁状态、社会支持的关系。方法应用Zung氏抑郁自评量表(SDS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)与糖尿病特异性生活质量量表(A-DQOL)对临床确诊的82例2型糖尿病患者进行调查。结果①男性忧虑程度Ⅰ得分较女性高(t=2.019,P<0.05);年龄<50岁者忧虑程度Ⅰ得分较≥50岁者高(t=2.286,P<0.05);②2型糖尿病合并抑郁状态发生率为69.5%,生活质量显著下降;③客观支持低者满意度、忧虑程度Ⅱ得分高(t=2.918,2.540,P均<0.05);④生活质量与客观支持呈负相关,与SDS评分呈正相关;⑤SDS评分及客观支持可以较好地预测满意度;SDS评分还可较好地预测影响程度、忧虑程度Ⅰ和Ⅱ。结论抑郁状态与客观支持是影响2型糖尿病患者生活质量的主要因素,SDS评分可以较好地预测生活质量。     

Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood

BACKGROUND: This study examined associations between childhood circumstances, adolescent mental health and life events, and the development of suicidal behaviour in young people aged between 15 and 21 years. METHOD: Data were gathered over the course of a 21-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 children born in New Zealand. The measures collected included: (1) patterns of suicidal behaviour (ideation, attempt) (15-21 years); (2) social background, family functioning, parental and individual adjustment during childhood (0-16 years); and (3) time dynamics of mental health and stressful life events during adolescence and early adulthood (15-21 years). RESULTS: By the age of 21 years, 28.8% of the sample reported having thought about killing themselves and 7.5% reported having made a suicide attempt. The childhood profile of those at greatest risk of suicidal behaviour was that of a young person reared in a family environment characterized by socio-economic adversity, marital disruption, poor parent-child attachment and exposure to sexual abuse, and who as a young adolescent showed high rates of neuroticism and novelty seeking. With the exception of the socio-economic and personality measures, the effects of childhood factors were largely mediated by mental health problems and exposure to stressful life events during adolescence and early adulthood. Mental health problems including depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, and to some extent conduct disorder, in addition to exposure to adverse life events, were significantly associated with the onset of suicidal behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support a life course model of the aetiology of suicidal behaviour in which risk of developing suicidal behaviour depends on accumulative exposure to a series of social, family, personality and mental health factors.     

Adolescent depression: the role of discontinuities in life course and social support

OBJECTIVE: To study sociodemographic determinants of depression among 14-16 years old girls and boys, and the role of perceived social support in mediating the effects of the background variables. METHOD: 16464 adolescents aged 14-16 participated the School Health Promotion Study, a survey about health, health behaviour and school behaviour. Depression was measured by the Finnish modification of the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory. Moderate to severe symptoms in this scale were recorded as depression. RESULTS: Depression was associated with family structure in both sexes. Among girls, having moved recently and low parental education increased the risk for depression, among boys, unemployment in the family. Accumulating number of discontinuities in life course increased the proportion of the depressed among both girls and boys. Perceived lack of social support had the same effect. Lack of support did not explain the effect on depression of the discontinuities in life course. CONCLUSION: To detect risk groups for adolescent depressive disorders, health services should pay attention to adolescents who have experienced life changes. Perceived social support should be enquired.     

军队离退休干部幸福度及健康自评的影响因素

目的：了解影响军队离退休干部幸福度及健康自评的因素，为改善其生活质量提供依据。方法：应用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表、老年抑郁量表、社会支持量表、日常生活能力量表和健康自我评价，调查驻南方地区军队离退休干部心理状况。结果：（1）调查对象幸福度得分较高，影响因素依次是抑郁情绪、社会支持、健康自评、文化程度和日常生活能力；（2）影响健康自评得分的因素依次是抑郁、正性体验、生活能力、主观社会支持、正性情感、负性情感、负性体验和幸福度。（3）幸福度和健康自评得分与增龄、婚姻状况无显著相关性。结论：军队离退休干部总体上对生活较为满意，今后应重视负性情绪的克服和正性情绪的培养。     

Risk factors for depression in later life; results of a prospective community based study (AMSTEL)

BACKGROUND: Depression in the elderly was found to be associated with a variety of risk-factors in cross sectional designs. Based on the vulnerability-stress model, etiologic pathways for depression have been suggested, with vulnerability modifying the effect of stress factors. The current prospective study tests an etiologic model for depression incidence, by assessing modifying effects of three types of vulnerability: genetic/familial vulnerability, organic vulnerability, and environmental vulnerability. METHODS: 1940 non-depressed community-living elderly were interviewed at baseline, and at follow-up three years later. Bivariate and multivariate relationships between risk factors and incident depression (GMS-AGECAT) were studied. RESULTS: Higher age, personal history of depression, death of spouse, health related factors and comorbid organic or anxiety syndrome showed significant bivariate associations with depression incidence. In multivariate analysis, the effect of stress factors on incident depression was not modified by a genetic/familial vulnerability, nor by an organic vulnerability. Effect modification by environmental factors was however evident; having a marital partner, and if unmarried having social support, significantly reduced the impact of functional disabilities on the incidence of depression. LIMITATIONS: The study consisted of two measurements with a three years interval, depressive episodes with a short duration may be under-represented. CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly, the effect of stress on incident depression is modified by environmental vulnerability. No evidence was found of effect modification by either genetic/familial or organic vulnerability. The results have implications for both recognition and treatment of late-life depression.     

Social support, AIDS-related symptoms, and depression among gay men.

This study examined the impact of social support and HIV-related conditions on depression among 508 gay men participating in the San Francisco Men's Health Study, a population-based prospective study of single men aged 25-54 years. The number of HIV-related symptoms experienced significantly predicted depression cross-sectionally and 1 year later. Satisfaction with each of three types of social support (emotional, practical, informational) was inversely correlated with depression. Men who were more satisfied with the social support they received were less likely to show increased depression 1 year later. Degree of satisfaction with informational support appeared especially critical in buffering the stress associated with experiencing HIV symptoms. These findings offer valuable insight in understanding the psychological needs of gay men confronting the AIDS crisis and have important practical implications for designing mental health services to meet those needs.     

Interpersonal and psychological correlates of marital dissatisfaction in late life: a review

Developmental studies suggest that marital quality improves in old age (e.g., Guilford & Bengtson, 1979). However, many of the studies are replete with sampling biases that probably led to an overinflated positive report of marital satisfaction in older adults. Our review evaluated contemporary studies that have investigated interpersonal and psychological factors associated with dissatisfaction in long-term marriages. Recent investigations indicate that older marriages benefit from lower levels of conflict and greater sources of mutual pleasure following child-rearing cessation. Studies of social support in long-term marriages suggest that perceptions of spousal support are more strongly related to marital satisfaction and general well-being for older women than for men. A few investigations have found a significant relationship between depression and marital discord in older adult samples, and the causal flow between these two variables appears to be unidirectional in that depression has a detrimental impact on late-life marital quality. Indeed, depression has been found to mediate the link between many age-related stressors (e.g., ill health, retirement) and declines in marital adjustment. However, our preliminary analysis of marital adjustment within a depressed, older adult, outpatient sample of married individuals did not confirm statistically that marital discord is associated with depressive symptomatology. This, in part, was attributed to the very narrow range of older adults sampled (i.e., clinic patients suffering from depression). However, the majority of depressives characterized their marriages as discordant. The implications for these findings are discussed and future directions are offered.