舒芬太尼复合咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年患者胃镜检查时最佳配伍剂量的研究

目的:探讨舒芬太尼复合咪唑安定清醒镇静用于行胃镜检查的老年患者时的最佳配伍剂量。方法:按权重配方法的配伍原则,将舒芬太尼和咪唑安定分为六个配伍组:Ⅰ组(S0·05M20),Ⅱ组(S0·10M30),Ⅲ组(S0·10M10),Ⅳ组(S0·15M20),Ⅴ组(S0·20M10),Ⅵ组(S0·20M20),单位均为μg/kg。180例ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级拟行无痛胃镜检查的老年患者,随机分到此6组中,每组30例。观察患者的镇静效果,血流动力学和呼吸的变化,术中、术后的不良反应。结果:只对Ⅱ组~Ⅵ组中未追加依托咪酯的患者进行统计分析。Ⅲ组的镇静深度明显弱于其他组(P<0·05),遗忘程度最低(P<0·05),Ⅵ组的呼吸频率和SpO2明显低于其他组(P<0·05),Ⅱ组在离院评分达8分时,MAP明显低于Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组(P<0·05),Ⅴ组的完全无遗忘率高达22·7%。结论:0·15μg/kg舒芬太尼复合20μg/kg咪唑安定清醒镇静用于行无痛胃镜检查的老年患者时,对患者的生理功能影响小,遗忘程度高,术中及术后的不良反应少,患者的满意度高,是较为理想的配伍组。     

舒芬太尼用于甲状腺手术中镇静和镇痛的研究

【目的】评价不同剂量舒芬太尼复合咪唑安定对甲状腺手术患者的镇静和镇痛效果。【方法】60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行甲状腺手术的患者,随机分为三组:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组以负荷剂量分别为芬太尼1μg/kg,舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg,0.2μg/kg,随后Ⅰ组以1μg/(kg.h),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均以0.1μg/(kg.h)持续输注。三组均于颈丛麻醉前5min静脉复合咪唑安定0.04mg/kg。记录三组各时点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)和呼吸频率(RR)变化,同时观察各时点镇静(Ramsay分级)和镇痛(视觉模拟评分,VAS)评分并进行比较。【结果】在切皮时(T1)和手术牵拉甲状腺时(T2),Ⅲ组Ramsay达Ⅳ级的例数明显多于Ⅰ组,相比较有显著差异(P<0.05),VAS明显低于其他两组,相比较有极显著差异(P<0.01)。在T2时,Ⅰ组MAP、HR与T1时相比较有显著差异(P<0.05),Ⅲ组MAP、HR与Ⅰ组相比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。【结论】舒芬太尼可以安全有效地用于甲状腺手术中镇静和镇痛,用负荷剂量为0.2μg/kg,随后0.1μg/(kg.h)持续输注复合咪唑安定效果更佳。     

不同靶浓度舒芬太尼复合咪达唑仑辅助椎管内麻醉镇静效果的比较

目的：探讨舒芬太尼复合咪达唑仑辅助椎管内麻醉适宜靶浓度。方法：妇科手术患者120例随机分为4组,比较不同靶浓度舒芬复合咪唑辅助镇静效果。结果：与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组OAA评分降低（P〈0．05）;Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组恶习呕吐发生率高于其他两组（P〈0．05）;Ⅳ组呼吸抑制发生率最高（P〈0．05）。结论：舒芬太尼Ce0．1ng／ml复合咪达唑仑Ce40ng／ml为辅助镇静时适宜靶浓度。     

无痛消化内镜在高龄老年患者中的应用

目的 探讨高龄老年患者行无痛消化内镜诊治的安全性.方法 318例年龄≥80岁老年患者行无痛消化内镜检查,检查时应用舒芬太尼或咪唑安定联合异丙酚进行镇痛.结果 本组患者均顺利完成消化内镜检查/治疗;实施胃镜检查249例,其中治疗92例;肠镜检查69例,其中治疗47例;检查中舒芬太尼或咪唑安定和异丙酚应用剂量均较成人剂量减少,且注射速度缓慢,其镇静程度可控制在RamsayⅢ～Ⅳ级.结论 将适量舒芬太尼或咪唑安定联合异丙酚作为麻醉镇痛剂,应用于年龄≥80岁高龄老年患者消化内镜检查安全、有效,可提高患者检查的舒适度,有利于诊治的顺利进行.     

咪唑安定在硬膜外麻醉下行骨科手术中的应用

目的:探讨不同剂量咪唑安定应用于硬膜外麻醉下行骨科手术中的镇静、消除病人的围术期不良记忆(顺行性遗忘)的效果及安全性。方法:120例患者随机分成四组,各组入室后分别静脉给眯唑安定0.1 mg·kg 1(Ⅰ组)、0.075 mg·kg 1(Ⅱ组)、0.05 mg·kg'(Ⅲ组)和NS 3 mL(对照组,Ⅳ组),术中以微量注射泵持续输注眯唑安定至手术结束前20min。记录基础值及使用咪唑安定后5 min、15 min、30 min及手术结束时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸(R)、指脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2);观察镇静程度,遗忘率及术中、术后烦躁,恶心、呕吐,头晕及幻梦等不良反应。结果:I组静注咪唑安定后5 min、15 minMAP较基础值明显下降(P<0.05),其余各组MAP、HR、R、SpO2与基础值比较虽有变化但无显著差异(p>0.05)。镇静程度3级及以上Ⅰ组29例、Ⅱ组26例、Ⅲ组19例均较Ⅳ组0例有显著差异(P<0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间镇静程度无显著差异;但较Ⅲ组有显著差异(P<0.05);Ⅰ组遗忘率96.7%、Ⅱ组遗忘率93.3%、Ⅲ组遗忘率76.7%明显高于Ⅳ组无遗忘(P<0.05). Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间遗忘率无显著差异但明显高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);镇静和遗忘效果与剂量呈正相关性。使用咪唑安定病人有8例出现烦躁不安,不听指令,术后出现恶心、呕吐3例,头晕3例。结论:咪唑安定应用于硬膜外麻醉下行骨科手     

不同剂量咪达唑仑加舒芬太尼用于腰硬联合麻醉效果观察

目的探讨咪达唑仑加舒芬太尼用于联合麻醉时的最小有效剂量。方法随机选择100例择期下腹部手术的女性患者,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4组,分别采用0.02、0.04、0.06和0.08 mg/kg咪达唑仑辅助舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg进行腰硬联合麻醉,比较4组患者镇静和遗忘程度、生命体征及并发症。结果镇静、遗忘程度依次为Ⅳ组>Ⅲ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅰ组,但Ⅳ组舌后坠发生率最高。结论 0.04～0.06 mg/kg的咪达唑仑辅助0.1μg/kg舒芬太尼有良好的镇静遗忘作用,并可有效预防内脏牵拉反应。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼用于高龄患者胃镜检查清醒镇静的临床研究

目的探索高龄患者胃肠镜检查清醒镇静的最适舒芬太尼剂量。方法选取拟进行无痛胃肠镜检查的高龄患者120例,随机分为三组,分别给予低剂量舒芬太尼(咪唑安定0.027 mg/kg,0.15 g/kg,低剂量组)、中剂量舒芬太尼(咪唑安定0.027 mg/kg,0.20 g/kg,中剂量组)和高剂量舒芬太尼(咪唑安定0.027 mg/kg,0.25 g/kg,高剂量组),每组40例。记录并比较各组患者的镇静评分和低氧血症及严重呼吸暂停事件发生率。结果低、中剂量组镇静评分明显低于高剂量组,并且呼吸频率变化、低氧血症、严重呼吸暂停发生情况明显低于高剂量组,差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论老年患者进行清醒镇静下无痛胃肠镜检查,推荐的镇静用药剂量为咪唑安定0.027 mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.15~0.20μg/kg。     

围术期七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼对腹腔镜手术术后苏醒质量影响的临床研究

目的 七氟醚背景吸入下分别复合以瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼对患者苏醒质量的影响.方法 80例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,行择期腹腔镜手术病人进行随机对照研究.随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R)与舒芬太尼组(S),每组40例.两组麻醉诱导用七氟醚吸入、罗库溴铵及瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼.术中维持吸入七氟醚,并分别持续静点瑞芬太尼或间断给予舒芬太尼,且间断给予罗库溴铵.分别记录拔管时间,拔管后,送入术后恢复室并观察拔管后10min(T1),30min(T2),2 h(T3)患者的OAA/S镇静评分、VAS评分、AMBESH评分,恶心呕吐(PONV)和需要加用吗啡病人数.结果 两组拔管时间和术后各时点的OAA/S镇静评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05).与R组相比较,S组T1点VAS及AMBESH评分差异均有显著性(P＜0.05),S组恶心、呕吐及需用止吐药和吗啡的差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚背景吸入下分别复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼,麻醉安全、有效,术后苏醒质量高.     

咪达唑仑复合舒芬太尼用于腰硬联合麻醉镇静的效果观察

选取2013年1月~2015年1月于笔者所在医院接受ASAⅠ~Ⅱ妇科手术患者88例。随机分为观察组和对照组,各44例。观察组患者给予咪达唑仑复合舒芬太尼镇静,B患者给予咪达唑仑镇静,对比两组患者给药10 min、30 min、60 min、90 min的OAA/S评分和遗忘程度。观察组OAA/S评分和遗忘率均优于对照组,两组数据具有显著差异,具有统计学意义P0.05。体动反应发生率和不良反应发生率两组对比均无明显差异(P0.05),对临床手术患者采取咪达唑仑复合舒芬太尼具有良好的麻醉效果,麻醉效果优于单用咪达唑仑,但是在使用时要注意患者血氧饱和度等指标的变化。     

咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年病人胃镜检查的可行性研究

目的 研究咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年人胃镜检查的可行性及最佳剂量。方法 120例拟行胃镜检查的患者，年龄70～85岁，ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级。静注咪唑安定20μg／kg，以后每2min追加咪唑安定10μg／kg，并进行警觉／镇静评分，直至OAA／S评分降至3分止，即行胃镜检查。同时记录患者不同(OAA／S)评分时咪唑安定的用量。观察其镇静分级，记录检查中血压、脉搏、血氧饱和度的变化，以及在检查过程中的感受情况、遗忘程度、检查后的满意度。结果 咪唑安定用于老年患者胃镜检查是安全有效的，其镇静效果好，遗忘程度高，对呼吸循环影响小，无任何后遗症。结论 咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年患者胃镜检查是安全有效的，但检查过程中应注意加强监测。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.