628例四乙基铅汽油作业工人心电图分析

为了解接触四乙基铅汽油作业人员心电图改变情况,作者对接触四乙基铅汽油作业工人628人作了职业性体检,重点分析心电图,结果分析如下.     

汽油对作业工人神经行为的影响

目的　了解汽油对职业人群神经行为功能的影响。方法　应用ＷＨＯ 推荐的神经行为测试组合（ＮＣＴＢ） 对９２ 名汽油作业工人和８８ 名对照人员进行了神经行为功能测试,同时测定作业环境空气中汽油浓度。结果　接触组明显存在忧郁－ 沮丧的不良情绪状态,简单反应时慢于对照组,数字跨度、提转敏捷度、数字译码和目标追踪得分明显低于对照组,且行为功能得分随浓度的增高而降低。结论　提示长期接触汽油可影响工人神经行为功能。     

职业性慢性四乙基铅中毒患者的护理体会

汽油是动力燃料又是有机溶剂,在空气中易燃易爆,故需加入防爆剂四乙基铅。生产中长期皮肤接触及呼吸道吸入,可引起四乙基铅汽油慢性中毒。我院近年来收治４１例四乙基铅汽油中毒患者。现将诊治中护理体会报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料４１例病人,石油站工人２８...     

四乙基铅汽油接触者健康状况调查

通过对某石油公司油库工人进行四乙基铅汽油作业的健康体检及职业危害调查,发现四乙基铅和汽油对接触者的神经系统损害可能有协同作用,并可引起作业工人出现神衰及植物神经功能紊乱等症状,同时,这些症状的出现频率与工龄的延长有明显的相关。作业者尿铅检出值虽未超过诊断标准,但与对照组有显著性差异,仍具有一定的参考价值。     

无铅汽油对神经行为功能和单胺类神经递质代谢产物的影响

目的 探讨职业性无铅汽油接触以对神经功能和单胺类神经递质代谢的影响。方法 应用WHO推荐的神经行为检测组合（NCTB）对92名汽油作业工人和88名对照工人进行神经行为测试,同时用高效液相色谱法－电化学法联检测定其尿中高香草酸（HVA）和香草扁桃酸（VMA）的浓度。结果 接触组明显存在忧郁－沮丧的不良情绪状态,简单反应时慢于对照组,数字跨度、提转捷度、数字译码和目标追中学踪得分明显低于对照组,且行为功能得分随浓度的增高而降低;汽油接触工人尿中HVA和VMA浓度均降低。结论 提示职业性低浓度接触无铅汽油油可影响神经行为功能和单胺类神经递质代谢。     

有机磷农药作业工人行为功能的测验

本文采用WHO推荐的神经行为核心测验方法,对41名有机磷作业工人进行测验。结果发现,长期低浓度接触有机磷农药可影响人的行为功能,表现为注意力/反应速度、听记忆、心理运动/眼手协调、感知/运动速度、视感知/记忆和运动稳定性功能明显地低于对照组。这些表现在全血胆碱酯酶活性降低前即可存在。其行为测验总分与接触工龄有明显的负相关,各分测验之间,反应时与数字跨度、反应时与目标追踪、数字跨度与数字译码、视觉保留与目标追踪4对测验相关性最好。     

四乙基铅所致尿δ-ALA、CP和尿铅升高1例

我院近期收治四乙基铅所致尿铅、δ-AIA、CP同时升高患者1例,现报告如下。 刘某,男,42岁,某厂炼油车间工人。患者从事汽油制造4年,接触四乙基铅和汽油。每周使用四乙基铅两次,每次3～4小时,为露天作业,四乙基铅在密闭管道中,有滴漏等现象。 患者入院前半年无诱因出现头昏、头痛(隐痛)、全身乏力、不愿活动,多梦、易醒,无腹痛、多汗等症状,定     

不同血锌原卟啉水平的接铅工人神经行为功能改变的研究

本文对48名无明显临床症状的铅作业工人进行了7项神经行为功能测验,结果发现,血ZPP值未超过70μg/dl时,铅接触工人的数字跨度、提转捷度、数字译码和目标追踪测验得分均已明显低于对照组。提示铅对接触者的损伤首先表现为注意力、反应速度、手部运动速度准确度及眼手协调功能的改变,而且这种改变先于临床和生化指标的异常改变。     

低温作业工人的神经行为功能调查

本文选择合肥肉联厂和啤酒厂５２名低温作业工人，进行了神经行为功能测验。结果表明，低温作业工人语言与核心神经行为功能总得分和情绪、简单反应时、数字广度、视觉持留记忆、目标描准追击、指叩、积木图案、数字顺序与视觉再生分测验得分均明显低于对照组。提示低温对人体神经行为功能有明显影响，并与低温程度有关，随着接触低温时间的增加而影响加重。建议应加强多种防寒保暖措施和尽快制订冷库低温作业卫生标准。     

甲醛作业工人神经行为功能观察

本文对某胶合板厂106名甲醛作业工人进行神经行为功能测验,同时分析了1985～1990年车间空气甲醛浓度资料。结果表明,长期低浓度甲醛接触,工人机体的疲劳、精力充沛的情感状况、简单反应时、数字跨度、数字译码、视觉保留、目标追踪等行为功能已发生明显变化。随着接触工龄延长,疲劳情感和简单反应时的改变也相当明显。作者认为,长期低剂量甲醛接触,可导致机体神经行为功能的损伤,有必要对我国现行的甲醛卫生标准重新验证和修订。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.