1999年～2001年上海市47家医院调脂药应用分析

目的 :掌握上海市医院调脂药的应用情况 ,供生产、营销、使用等部门参考。方法 :分析上海市47家医院1999年～2001年调脂药应用的品种、数量、金额以及DDDs等情况。结果 :最常用类别是他汀类、贝特类和中药类 ;用量最大的品种是辛伐他汀、脂必妥和非诺贝特 ;消耗金额最大的品种是辛伐他汀、普伐他汀和非诺贝特。生产舒降之、普拉固和血脂康的厂商销售金额名列前茅。临床应用呈上升趋势的有辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、血脂康和非诺贝特 ,呈下降趋势的有吉非罗齐、脂必妥、多烯康和软骨素。结论 :调脂药市场前景广阔     

2000～2002年六市样本医院调脂药应用分析

目的：掌握长江流域六市(成都、重庆、杭州、南京、上海、武汉)医院调脂药的应用情况，供生产、营销、使用等部门参考。方法：分析六市2000～2002年调脂药应用的品种、金额等情况。结果：最常用类型是他汀类、贝特类和中药类；金额名列前茅的是辛伐他汀、非诺贝特、血脂康、脂必妥等。结论：调脂药市场前景广阔。     

广州市31家医院3年内调脂药使用情况分析

目的了解广州市医院调脂药的使用情况,为生产、销售、使用等部门提供参考.方法分析广州市31家医院2000-2 002年调脂药应用的品种、数量、金额以及DDDs等情况.结果最常用类别是他汀类;用量最大的品种是辛伐他汀;消耗金额最大的品种是辛伐他汀、普伐他汀和非诺贝特.临床应用呈上升趋势的有辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、血脂康和非诺贝特,呈下降趋势的有吉非罗齐、脂必妥、多烯康.结论调脂药市场前景广阔.     

北京地区多家医院2009-2012年调脂药利用分析

目的：了解北京地区医院调脂药的应用情况及变化趋势。方法：采用回顾性方法,对北京地区多家医院2009-2012年调脂药的应用品种、销售金额、用药频度、日均费用等指标进行统计、分析。结果：北京地区医院调脂药销售金额、用药频度逐年升高;最常用的是他汀类药物,其销售金额占调脂药总销售金额的约80％;用量最大的品种主要是阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀、辛伐他汀、阿昔莫司、普伐他汀。结论：他汀类调脂药是临床治疗高脂血症的一线药物,占市场主导地位,前景看好。     

2006～2008年我院调脂药应用分析

目的：分析调脂药的使用情况及用药趋势,促进合理用药。方法：对2006～2008年上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院常用调脂药的销售金额、用药频度、年均增长率以及日用药金额进行统计分析。结果：调脂药的销售金额和DDDs呈逐年上升趋势。其中,他汀类药始终列第l位,其次是贝特类和烟酸类。结论：他汀类是临床上主要的调脂药,总体用药情况较合理。     

上海地区119家医院2010-2012年调脂药利用分析

目的:了解上海地区医院调脂药的应用情况及趋势。方法:采用回顾性方法,对上海地区119家医院2010-2012年调脂药的品种、销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)等进行统计、分析。结果:各年度调脂药的总销售金额逐年增长,且增速逐年扩大;他汀类药物占调脂药市场的绝对主导地位,其后依次为中成药类和贝特类;2010-2011年销售金额排序列前3位的是阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀和普伐他汀,2012年依次为阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀和辛伐他汀;2010-2011年DDDs排序列前3位的是阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀和非诺贝特,2012年依次为阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀。结论:高效、安全、依从性好的他汀类药物成为调脂药中的优先选择药物,今后市场前景继续看好。     

南京地区22家医院2004～2006年调脂药利用分析

目的:评价南京地区医院调脂药的利用情况及趋势。方法:对南京地区22家医院2004～2006年调脂药的应用品种、销售金额及用药频度等进行统计、分析。结果:3年中南京地区调脂药销售金额逐年增加,主要包括辛伐他汀、血脂康、阿托伐他汀、氟伐他汀、非诺贝特等。结论:他汀类药物占调脂治疗的主导地位,以血脂康为代表的中成药销售前景看好。     

我院2005～2008年调脂药利用分析

目的:评价我院调脂药的应用情况及趋势。方法:采用销售金额排序法,对我院2005～2008年调脂药的应用情况进行统计、分析。结果:2007～2008年较2005～2006年调脂药销售金额明显增多,其销售金额占心血管系统药总销售金额的比例有所增加。2007～2008年销售金额排序列前2位的为他汀类药,其应用得到广泛普及,DDDs上升;贝特类药应用呈上升趋势。结论:我院调脂药应用呈增加趋势,以他汀类和贝特类占主导地位,符合循征医学要求。     

2004～2006年上海市83家医院调脂药应用分析

目的:了解上海市83家医院调脂药的应用情况及变化趋势。方法:采用销售金额、用药频度等指标,对2004～2006年上海市83家医院调脂药的相关数据进行统计、分析。结果:2004～2006年上海市83家医院调脂药销售金额和用药频度均逐年升高,销售金额年均增长率为15.40%,用药频度年均增长率为15.37%,平均日费用无明显变化。用量最大的品种主要是辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、非诺贝特。结论:调脂药是一类具有发展前途的常用药。     

南京地区34家医院2010-2012年调脂药利用分析

目的:评价南京地区34家医院调脂药的临床应用情况、特点及发展趋势。方法:采用回顾性分析方法,对南京市34家医院2010-2012年调脂药的应用品种、销售金额及用药频度进行统计、分析。结果:3年中,调脂药销售金额及DDDs均逐年增加,年均增长率分别为41.73%、35.29%;他汀类、中成药类及贝特类始终占据调脂药市场的主导地位,三者的DDDs之和占总DDDs的比例均超过96.00%;他汀类药的DDDs显著上升,分别占总DDDs的68.65%、71.67%、74.53%;中成药类和贝特类的DDDs构成比逐年下降;DDDs排序列前10位的药品中,阿托伐他汀以绝对优势占调脂药市场的首位,但瑞舒伐他汀年均增长率最快,2012年已跃居第2位;胆固醇吸收抑制剂依折麦布的市场份额增长幅度巨大。结论:该地区调脂药各类药物构成比相对稳定,他汀类药在调脂药市场中占主导地位;新型调脂药为血脂异常的防治提供了新选择,销售前景看好;以血脂康为代表的中成药制剂市场份额降低。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.