金水宝胶囊的X射线粉末衍射Fourier图谱分析研究

目的：为使中药鉴定实现定量化,采用一种新的物理常规分析方法。方法：采用X射线粉末衍射Fourier图谱分析法对1个天然冬虫夏草和7个金水宝胶囊样品进行分析和计算。结果：获得了金水宝胶囊的特征X衍射Fourier谱。结论：X射线粉末衍射Fourier图谱分析方法不仅可以用于中药材的鉴定,且该方法对中药制剂的质量标准研究亦有广阔的应用前景。     

注射用青霉素钠的X射线衍射分析

目的建立注射用青霉素钠的新鉴定分析方法。方法应用X射线衍射分析方法,对不同来源的注射用青霉素钠共5批进行X射线衍射分析鉴别。结果注射用青霉素钠的X射线衍射图谱中均可检出青霉素钠的特征峰。结论 X射线衍射分析可用于注射用青霉素钠的鉴定。     

矿物药玄精石的X射线衍射鉴定研究

目的:建立矿物药玄精石的新鉴定分析方法.方法:采用粉末X射线衍射Fourier谱鉴定法,对7批收集于全国不同地区的玄精石样品进行扫描、分析.结果:获得了玄精石的标准X射线衍射Fourier图谱及特征标记峰值.结论:X射线衍射Fourier谱鉴定法可用于矿物药玄精石的鉴定.     

中药X射线衍射指纹图谱专家系统网格（TCM-XFP-ESG）构建与应用

目的构建中药（TCM）X射线衍射指纹图谱（XFP）专家系统网格（ESG）（TCM-XFP-ESG）,为中药质量鉴别提供智能指导。方法利用VB.NET 2.0和SQL Server 2003软件开发专家系统网格,以文献数据和实验室数据建立数据库,同时运用实例类比产生2种推理方法设计知识库、推荐系统和优化系统,以测定栀子等10味中药XFP验证专家系统的可靠性。结果初步建立了中药XFP数据库,构建了TCM-XFP-ESG框架。结论开发TCM-XFP-ESG有助于推广X射线衍射技术在中药鉴定中的应用,促进XFP信息资源的共享。     

中成药三黄片的X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱研究

应用X射线衍射傅立叶指纹图谱法,建立中成药三黄片的X射线衍射分析,获得中成药三黄片的X射线衍射对照指纹图谱及衍射图形拓扑与特征标记峰值。粉末X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱法可用于中成药三黄片的鉴定和识别。     

宁心宝胶囊的 X 射线衍射 Fourier 指纹图谱分 析简

目的 建立宁心宝胶囊的鉴定分析新方法.方法 采用X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱法.结果 对宁心宝胶囊等4个样品进行试验,均获得了其X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱及特征标记峰值.结论 X射线衍射Fourier指纹图谱法可用于宁心宝胶囊的鉴定与识别.     

中药材海马的X射线衍射Fourier图谱鉴定

目的建立中药材海马的鉴定分析新方法。方法粉末X射线衍射Fourier图谱鉴定法。结果通过对7个海马中药材进行实验、分析,获得海马的对照X射线衍射Fourier图谱及特征标记峰值。结论X射线衍射Fourier图谱鉴定法可用于中药材海马鉴定和质量控制。     

X射线衍射分析法鉴定注射用头孢曲松钠

目的:建立注射用头孢曲松钠的鉴定分析方法。方法:采用X射线衍射分析方法。对7厂家的注射用头孢曲松钠进行测定并得到X射线衍射图谱,并与头孢曲松标准品及标准图谱进行对比分析。结果:各厂家注射用头孢曲松钠的X射线衍射图谱与标准品及标准图谱结果一致,均可检出头孢曲松钠特征峰。结论:X射线衍射分析方法简便、准确,可用于注射用头孢曲松钠的鉴定。     

矿物类中药系统鉴别方法的构建

摘 要 相对于植物药和动物药,矿物类中药在中药鉴定研究中是较为薄弱的类型,常规的传统鉴别方法难以满足矿物类中药质量控制的要求,迫切需要应用现代分析技术对矿物类中药质量控制进行系统研究。故对结合传统鉴别方法、应用X射线衍射、近红外及拉曼光谱等现代技术鉴别矿物类中药的方法进行综述和分析,探讨构建矿物类中药系统鉴别方法的基本思路和方法。     

生牡蛎X射线衍射分析及指纹图谱的建立

目的:建立生牡蛎的X射线衍射指纹图谱,考察X射线衍射分析在生牡蛎质量检测与鉴别中的应用价值。方法:应用X射线衍射法对11批生牡蛎样品进行定性分析,比较其共有峰的夹角余弦和相关系数的相似度。结果:各生牡蛎样品X射线衍射共有峰的相似度均达到95%以上。结论:生牡蛎的X射线衍射分析方法专属性强、准确可靠,能全面、客观地反映其内在质量特征。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.