外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨Pilon骨折

目的 探讨外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法 对22例Pilon骨折患者采用微创手术治疗,利用外固定支架结合有限内固定固定骨折。结果 22例患者均获得随访,时间6-24个月,骨折全部愈合,无感染,踝关节功能良好。结论 外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫骨PilonⅠ,Ⅱ型骨折是一种有效的治疗方法,具有手术切口小,对骨折端血运破坏小,固定牢固等优点。     

有限内固定加跟骨牵引治疗Pilon骨折

目的 分析探讨Pilon骨折的损伤机理和最佳手术方式。方法 我院于1991年1月－2001年12月手术治疗Pilon骨折92例。根据Ovadia-Beals分类方法，Ⅰ型7例，Ⅱ型12例，Ⅲ型30例，Ⅳ型26例，Ⅴ型17例。其中有限内固定加跟骨牵引55例，跟骨牵引加石膏固定18例，胫腓骨同时固定10例，外固定支架9例。结果 随访4个月－8年7个月，平均4年5个月。参照Mazur评分系统，评价治疗效果：优42例，良34例，可11例，差5例。结论 Pilon骨折是患者高处坠落力与地面反弹力交汇于胫腓骨下端引起。有限内固定加跟骨牵引为有效手术方式。     

混合固定治疗胫骨Pilon骨折体会

目的 探讨有限内固定结合外固定架治疗Pilon骨折的临床效果。方法 对40例胫骨Pilon骨折行克氏针、螺钉、可吸收螺钉有限内固定结合T形外固定支架。40例骨折中开放性骨折18例，闭合性骨折22例。结果 40例随访中伤口Ⅰ期愈合32例，Ⅱ期愈合8例，骨折在一年内全部愈合。按Teeny方法评价优14例，良22例，可3例，差1例。结论 有限内固定结合外固定架固定治疗开放性胫骨Pilon骨折，疗效确切，对软组织干扰小，可减少并发症和致残率。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗双侧Pilon骨折6例体会

[目的]探讨有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗双侧Pilon骨折的临床疗效.[方法]采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗双侧Pilon骨折6例12侧.其中开放骨折4侧,闭合骨折8侧.Rtiedi-Allgower Ⅱ型5侧,Ⅲ型7侧.[结果]患者均获得13-36个月随访,平均24.6个月.疗效评价采用Mazur踝关节功能评分标准:优4侧,良5侧,可3侧,优良率75%.[结论]有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗双侧Pilon骨折疗效令人满意,值得推广应用.     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折疗效观察

目的回顾性分析有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法本院自2007年5月到2011年2月共对42例Ⅲ型（Ruedi-Allgower分型）Pilon骨折患者施行切开复位有限内固定结合跨踝关节外固定支架治疗,其中男29例,女13例;年龄19～69岁,平均38岁。结果所有病例均随访7～25个月,平均14个月。均未发生皮肤坏死或骨不愈合。结论有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法采用外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗24例Pilon骨折。结果 24例均获得随访,时间10~20个月。无骨不连、皮肤坏死发生。踝关节功能Mazur评分：优14例,良7例,可3例。结论外固定支架结合有限内固定可以获得术后骨折稳定,取得良好踝关节功能,是治疗Pilon骨折有效的手术方案。     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的　探讨有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法　采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折 14例。根据Ruedi Allgower骨折分型:Ⅰ型 3例,Ⅱ型 5例,Ⅲ型 6例。按Teeny踝关节功能评分标准进行疗效评价。结果　全部病例获得随访,随访时间 6个月 ~5年,平均 4 1年;骨折愈合时间 6~24周(平均 10 5周)。踝关节功能评分,优 9例、良 2例、可 2例、差 1例。结论　采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折,能减少并发症并获得较好疗效。     

Pilon骨折的微创治疗

目的探讨微创技术治疗Pilon骨折的手术方法、手术指征及其手术疗效。方法采用微创手术治疗的26例Pilon骨折患，平均年龄46．2岁；骨折类型：Rtiedi—Allgower-Pilon骨折分型Ⅰ型12例、Ⅱ型10例、Ⅲ型4例。3例行空心螺钉固定，14例行MIPPO技术钢板固定，9例应用外固定支架，其中4例使用外固定支架结合有限内固定。术后平均随访18．2个月。结果采用Mazur方法评估手术疗效，26例患，优18例、良7例、可1例，优良率92．3％。术后并发症包括创面不愈合1例、复位不良1例、关节退行性变2例。结论正确选择手术时机，术中良好复位，根据骨折类型选择微创固定方式是治疗Pilon骨折有效方法。     

有限内固定结合组合式外固定架治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折

1997-2003年采用有限内固定结合组合式外固定架治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折16例，取得较为满意效果，现报告如下。     

胫骨远端Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择

目的探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的治疗方法和临床疗效。方法2004年7月～2005年5月期间，收治Pilon骨折29例，其中PilonⅠ型骨折5例，Ⅱ型骨折16例，Ⅲ型骨折8例；闭合性Pilon骨折8例，开放性GustiloⅠ型Pilon骨折7例，GustiloⅡ型骨折9例，GustiloⅢ型骨折5例；急诊手术复位三叶草钢板内固定13例，有限切开复位、支架外固定5例，U型石膏外固定6例，延期手术复位内固定5例。结果按Mazur标准，优15例，良7例，可4例，差3例。结论根据骨折类型和软组织损伤程度，在适当的时问选择合适的治疗方案，是Pilon骨折治疗成功的关键。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.