不同剂量布托啡诺诱导对全麻患者脑电双频指数及气管插管反应的影响

目的评估不同剂量布托啡诺复合丙泊酚诱导对全麻患者脑电双频指数（BIS）及气管插管反应的影响。方法择期全麻手术患者100例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为五组,每组20例。B30、B40、B50、B60组分别给予布托啡诺30、40、50、60μg/kg,F组给予芬太尼4μg/kg。记录麻醉前3min（T0）、给阿片类药前即刻（T1）、给阿片类药后3min（T2）、插管前即刻（T3）、插管后即刻（T4）、插管后3min（T5）、6min（T6）各时间点血浆靶浓度（Cp）、BIS、HR及MAP。结果与F组比较,B40、B50、B60组在T2～T6时BIS下降明显（P〈0.05）。F组在T2、T3、T5、T6时HR、MAP下降明显;F、B30组在T4时HR、MAP上升明显,而B50、B60组变化不明显。结论布托啡诺复合丙泊酚诱导可进一步降低全麻患者的BIS,对丙泊酚镇静有较强的协同作用,静脉注射40～60μg/kg布托啡诺具有较好的镇静作用,可以较好地抑制气管插管反应。     

不同剂量芬太尼复合丙泊酚对小儿全麻诱导期应激反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量芬太尼诱导气管插管对小儿血流动力学和血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)的影响。方法40例择期全麻患儿,按不同剂量芬太尼随机均分四组:Ⅰ组1.0μg/kg,Ⅱ组2.0μg/kg,Ⅲ组2.5μg/kg,Ⅳ组3.0μg/kg。诱导使用咪唑安定0.1mg/kg,芬太尼1.0、2.0、2.5、3.0μg/kg,丙泊酚2.5mg/kg和维库溴铵0.1mg/kg。分别于麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后2min(T1)、插管后1、2min(T2、T3)记录HR、SBP和DBP。分别于T0、插管后3、5min(T4、T5)测血浆E和NE浓度。结果与T0时比较,各组患儿在T1时SBP、DBP均明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);T2、T3时Ⅰ组SBP明显增高(P<0.01),DBP增高,HR增快,但差异无统计学意义;Ⅱ~Ⅳ组SBP有所下降(P<0.05或P<0.01)。T1~T3时Ⅱ~Ⅳ组SBP及Ⅲ、Ⅳ组DBP较Ⅰ组降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);Ⅳ组HRT1时较Ⅰ组减慢(P<0.05)。T2、T3时Ⅱ~Ⅳ组HR较Ⅰ组减慢(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组血浆E和NE浓度在T4时明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论芬太尼2.0~2.5μg/kg能较好地抑制小儿全麻诱导气管内插管时的应激反应。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的比较

目的观察舒芬太尼对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法 60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级拟行全身麻醉扁桃体、腺样体切除术的患儿随机均分为两组:舒芬太尼组(S组),诱导用舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg;芬太尼组(F组),诱导用芬太尼3μg/kg。分别记录并测定麻醉前5 min(T0)、气管插管时(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、5 min(T3)SBP、DBP、HR、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)的变化。结果 S组血流动力学较F组明显稳定,T1~T3组F组SBP、DBP明显高于、HR明显快于T0时和S组(P<0.05);T1~T3时F组NE、Cor、Glu明显高于T0时和S组(P<0.05),S组各时点NE、Cor、Glu无明显改变。结论舒芬太尼能有效抑制小儿全麻诱导期的应激反应,血流动力学更稳定。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼对气管插管应激反应的影响

目的探讨不同剂量舒芬太尼对气管插管应激反应的影响。方法 60例(ASAI—Ⅱ级)择期气管内插管全麻手术患者随机分为A、B、C3组,全麻诱导均采用地塞米松10mg,咪唑安定0.05mg/kg,异丙酚1.5mg/kg和维库溴铵0.15mg/kg,A组使用芬太尼3μg/kg,B组使用舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg,C组使用舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg。分别观察3组患者于T0、T1、T2、T3和T4各个时间点SBP、MAP、HR和RPP。并比较3组患者SBP、MAP、HR和RPP。结果气管插管后均出现不同程度心血管应激反应,T2、T3、T4各时点SBP、MAP、HR和RPP等应激反应指标均高于T1时点指标(P0.05);A组和B组T2、T3时点SBP、MAP、HR和RPP等应激反应指标高于C组(P0.05)。结论 0.5μg/kg舒芬太尼全麻诱导比传统芬太尼3μg/kg和舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg插管时血流动力学更稳定,可以获得较理想的抑制气管插管反应的效果。     

欧普乐喉罩对腹腔镜胆囊切除术全麻患者应激反应的影响

目的评价全麻欧普乐喉罩(OPLAC-LMA)通气对患者应激反应的影响。方法选择40例全麻腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机均分为全麻欧普乐喉罩组(Ⅰ组)和气管插管组(Ⅱ组)。监测BP、HR、ECG、SpO2、PETCO2,并于诱导前(T0)和诱导后3min(T1)、6min(T2)、10min(T3)抽血查血浆肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度。结果Ⅱ组T1、T2时的HR、SBP、DBP及血浆E、NE水平明显高于T0时和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论全麻欧普乐喉罩通气用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,应激反应明显轻于气管插管。     

不充气喉罩及气管插管对子宫切除全麻患者应激反应的影响

目的 观察子宫切除全麻患者应用不充气喉罩或气管插管对血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)的影响.方法 选择40例经腹子宫切除患者,全麻诱导后随机均分成应用一次性不充气欧普乐喉罩(LMA)组和气管插管(TT)组.监测HR、BP、SpO2、PETCO2和ECG等,并分别于麻醉诱导前(T0)、置入喉罩或气管插管后1 min(T1)、3 min(T2)、5 min(T3)各时点的血浆E、NE浓度.结果 TT组T1、T2时HR明显快于T0时及LMA组(P<0.05),SBP、DBP明显高于T0时及LMA组(P<0.05),两组T0～T3时E水平无明显变化,TT组NE在T1、T2时明显高于T0时及LMA组(P<0.05).结论 子宫切除全麻患者应用不充气喉罩比气管插管明显减少应激反应发生、并能有效通气,可安全应用.     

分步靶控不同浓度丙泊酚诱导下气管插管对血流动力学的影响

目的比较不同丙泊酚靶控浓度或并用芬太尼诱导下气管插管对血流动力学的影响。方法 18～50岁病人60例,随机分为A、B、C三组,分别在丙泊酚效应室浓度4μg.ml-1、6μg.ml-1和丙泊酚4μg.ml-1＋芬太尼4μg.kg-1麻醉后行气管插管,记录诱导前（T0）、插管前即刻（T1）和插管后即刻（T2）,1min（T3）,3min（T4）,5min（T5）的MAP、HR及BIS值。结果与T0相比,A组T2、T3、T4、T5时MAP、HR增高,B组T2时MAP、HR和T3、T4时HR增高,T1、T4、T5时MAP下降;C组T1时MAP、HR下降。与A组相比,除B组T1时HR无明显差别外,B和C组T1、T2、T3、T4、T5时MAP、HR均下降;与B组相比,C组T2、T3时MAP下降,T1、T2、T3、T4、T5时HR下降。与T0相比,三组T1、T2、T3、T4、T5的BIS值降低均有统计学意义,并且诱导及插管期间B组较A、C组BIS值降低有统计学意义。结论 4μg.ml-1丙泊酚不能有效抑制气管插管引起的血流动力学波动,6μg.ml-1丙泊酚能较好抑制气管插管时的血流动力学波动,4 ug.ml-1丙泊酚合用芬太尼能更好地减轻气管插管时的心血管不良反应。     

不同剂量瑞芬太尼复合靶控输注异丙酚对心脏瓣膜置换术病人气管插管时血液动力学反应的影响

目的 评价不同剂量瑞芬太尼复合靶控输注(TCI)异丙酚对心脏瓣膜置换术病人气管插管时血液动力学反应的影响.方法 拟行心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病病人30例,随机分为3组(n=10):芬太尼组(Ⅰ组)、小剂量瑞芬太尼组(Ⅱ组)和大剂量瑞芬太尼组(Ⅲ组).麻醉诱导:Ⅰ组静脉注射芬太尼10 μg/kg,然后持续静脉输注芬太尼10 μg·kg-1·h-1;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组静脉注射瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,然后分别持续静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.5、1.0 μg·kg-1·min-1.3组静脉注射芬太尼或瑞芬太尼后3min开始TCI异丙酚,初始血浆靶浓度为1.0 μg/ml,逐渐递增至2.0 μg/ml.静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg后气管插管.分别在麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导期间血压最低值时(T1)、插管前即刻(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、插管后2 min(T4)及插管后5 min(T5)时记录心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、心脏指数(CI)、外周血管阻力指数(SVRI)及左室每搏功指数(LVSWI),并于上述时点测定混合静脉血氧饱和度(S(v)O2).记录诱导期间低血压及气管插管心血管反应的发生情况.结果 3组间麻醉诱导期间低血压及气管插管心血管反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与T0比较,各组T1,2时HR和MAP均降低,Ⅱ组T3时HR和MAP升高,Ⅲ组T4时MAP降低,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组T2-4时S(v)O2升高(P＜0.05);3组间各时点CVP、PCWP、CI、LVSWI和S(v)O2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 复合TCI异丙酚(血浆靶浓度2.0 μg/ml)时,静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg负荷剂量后,持续静脉输注0.5 μg·kg-1·min-1麻醉诱导时血压和HR下降适度,可较好地抑制心脏瓣膜置换术病人气管插管时血液动力学反应.     

不同剂量右美托咪啶抑制气管插管诱发患者心血管反应效应的比较

目的 比较不同剂量右美托咪啶抑制气管插管诱发患者心血管反应的效应.方法 拟在全麻下行择期上腹部手术患者120例,年龄18～60岁,体重45～80 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为4组(n=30):对照组(C组)、低、中、高剂量右美托咪啶组(M1～3组),分别在麻醉诱导前15 min静脉输注15 ml生理盐水、右美托咪啶0.25、0.50和1.00μg/kg,输注时间15 min.麻醉诱导后,BIS值≤60并维持5 s时行气管插管后机械通气.于输注右美托咪啶前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、气管插管后1、3、5、10 min(T3～6)时记录BP和HR;颈内静脉采血,测定血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度.结果 与T0时比较,T1时M1～3组HR降低、M3组BP升高,T4～6时C组和M1组血浆E和NE浓度升高(P＜0.05);与T1时比较,C组和M1组T2时BP和HR降低,T3～5时BP和HR升高(P＜0.05);T1～6时M3组较M2组BP升高(P＜0.05).结论 静脉输注右美托咪啶剂量达0.5μg/kg时,可显著抑制伤害性刺激诱发的应激反应.     

不同剂量雷米芬太尼对气管插管反应的影响

目的 观察不同剂量雷米芬太尼用于全麻诱导气管插管时的心血管反应,探讨其最佳的全麻诱导剂量.方法 将96例择期行腹部手术的患者随机均分为四组.全麻诱导均采用咪唑安定0.06 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg;雷米芬太尼剂量分别为1μ9/kg(R1组)、2μg/kg(R2组)、3μ9/kg(R4组)和4μg/kg(R4组).记录诱导前(T0)、诱导后气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后1min(T3)、2min(T4)、3min(T5)、5min(T6)和10min(T7)的SBP、DBP、HR的变化.结果 与T0比较,各组T1时SBP、DBP均明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),R1组T2、T3时SBP显著升高(P<0.05).与T0比较,各组患者T1时的HR均明显减慢(P<0.01),R1组患者T2、T3时HR显著增快(P<0.05或P<0.01).R2、R3组气管插管期间血压波动幅度均较R1、R4组小(P<0.05).结论 采用2～3μg/kg的雷米芬太尼麻醉诱导可有效抑制气管插管时的心血管反应.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.