原发灶不明的转移性鳞癌17例临床分析

目的通过对原发灶不明的颈部转移性鳞癌病例的临床分析,了解其临床特点及颈部淋巴结的分布,为临床对此病的诊断、治疗和预后判断提供帮助。方法分析原发灶不明的颈部转移性鳞癌17例的临床特点、颈部淋巴结分布、治疗方法。结果 17例患者中颈部淋巴结复发7例（41.4%）,2例发生远处转移,5例行可疑原发灶所在部位放疗,无一例出现原发灶,未行放疗者12例中7例最终出现原发灶。结论颈部淋巴结的位置与原发肿瘤来源之间的转移规律有助于原发不明的颈部转移性鳞癌的正确诊断;在此基础上,应积极将可疑原发灶包括在治疗中,并根据可疑原发肿瘤的类型选择手术或放射治疗。     

超声诊断原发灶不明的心脏转移性肝细胞癌一例的报告

患者女,55 岁,因胸前区不适伴乏力 5 天,于我院就诊。体格检查：心律齐,胸骨左缘4、5肋间可闻及2/6级舒张期隆隆样杂音,未扪及震颤。超声心动图(UCG)示：右心房增大,内可见一大小约7.7 cm×5.0 cm的稍高回声团,形态不规则,呈分叶状,似可见一蒂与右房外侧壁(近房室环处)相连,其随心动周期呈往返运动,并于舒张期稍突向右室(图A)。下腔静脉肝段内径增宽,约2.5 cm,下腔静脉汇入右心房处(膈肌平面及偏下)管腔内可见实性低回声团块(图B),与右心房内实性团块相连,突入长度约1.4cm。诊断提示：右心房肿瘤(粘液瘤？)突入下腔静脉。胸部+全腹增强CT示：右心可见一软组织密度肿块影,边界清楚,大小约7.1 cm×4.6 cm,增强后轻度强化(图C);左右肺动脉可见充盈缺损影;余处未见异常。诊断提示：右心占位,考虑粘液瘤可能,请结合UCG;左右肺动脉充盈缺损,系肺栓塞。术中见：右房肿瘤大小约7.0 cm×5 cm,肿瘤部分质地韧,表面大量絮状物漂浮,肿瘤多处附着(右房前下壁、下腔静脉近端前壁及左侧壁);左肺动脉上下叶动脉分叉处较多肿瘤组织脱落导致栓塞,右肺动脉近端未见明显栓塞。术后病理示：“右房”恶性肿瘤,免疫组化(图D)：CK(+),HCK(-),LCK(+),Heppar1(+),ki-67(+、约90%)。结合HE及免疫组化染色结果提示“右房”查见癌,考虑肝细胞癌转移。患者未做磁共振或PETCT检查。术后多次行腹部影像学检查(超声及增强CT)均未见肝脏占位性病灶。     

Pump-probe imaging of pigmented cutaneous melanoma primary lesions gives insight into metastatic potential

Metastatic melanoma is associated with a poor prognosis, but no method reliably predicts which melanomas of a given stage will ultimately metastasize and which will not. While sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has emerged as the most powerful predictor of metastatic disease, the majority of people dying from metastatic melanoma still have a negative SLNB. Here we analyze pump-probe microscopy images of thin biopsy slides of primary melanomas to assess their metastatic potential. Pump-probe microscopy reveals detailed chemical information of melanin with subcellular spatial resolution. Quantification of the molecular signatures without reference standards is achieved using a geometrical representation of principal component analysis. Melanin structure is analyzed in unison with the chemical information by applying principles of mathematical morphology. Results show that melanin in metastatic primary lesions has lower chemical diversity than non-metastatic primary lesions, and contains two distinct phenotypes that are indicative of aggressive disease. Further, the mathematical morphology analysis reveals melanin in metastatic primary lesions has a distinct “dusty” quality. Finally, a statistical analysis shows that the combination of the chemical information with spatial structures predicts metastatic potential with much better sensitivity than SLNB and high specificity, suggesting pump-probe microscopy can be an important tool to help predict the metastatic potential of melanomas.OCIS codes: (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging, (180.5810) Scanning microscopy, (320.7150) Ultrafast spectroscopy     

P16 and HPV discordance in metastatic carcinoma of cervical lymph nodes of unknown primary

The prognostic utility of HPV in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and non‐OPSCC as has been well documented. Currently, a standardized IHC scoring system does not exist and is needed to define HPV positivity. We have recently seen a patient that provides a caution in using p16 status as a diagnostic aid.     

Metastatic adeno or undifferentiated carcinoma from an unknown primary site--natural history and guidelines for identification of treatable subsets

Two hundred and eighty-six patients presenting with metastatic adenocarcinoma or undifferentiated carcinoma whose primary site was not identified by clinical history, physical examination and chest radiograph have been studied. Median survival from presentation was 22 weeks. Factors independently predicting improved survival were lymph node presentations, good performance status and body weight loss of less than 10 per cent. In 88 (31 per cent) patients the primary tumour site was subsequently identified, in 58 (20 per cent) during life. Lung cancer was the most frequently identified primary tumour, and in only 32 (11 per cent) of the patients was a 'treatable' primary tumour (i.e. germ cell, breast, ovarian, prostate, thyroid cancer or lymphoma) identified. Among the treatable primary tumours were those in eight out of 16 female patients presenting with axillary metastases who were subsequently shown to have primary breast cancer and four of 13 females presenting with ascites who were found to have primary ovarian cancer. Prostatic cancer was confirmed in five out of 13 men with raised serum acid phosphatase. Of 22 patients with elevated serum alphafoetoprotein (AFP) or beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin levels (beta HCG) 18 had some features of the 'atypical teratoma syndrome'. Of the total of 32 patients with treatable tumour types, 29 (90 per cent) were identified during life. Median survival for patients with treatable tumour types identified during life was 104 weeks, compared with 22 weeks for the group as a whole. Retrospective immunocytochemical staining of the original biopsy showed that prostatic specific antigen and antibodies to beta HCG and AFP were diagnostically useful, but a series of organ site non-specific markers of histogenesis or cellular differentiation (carcinoembryonic antigen, secretory component for IgA, peanut lectin binding, epithelial membrane antigen and keratin) showed no significant correlations with identified primary sites, responsiveness to empirical chemotherapy or survival. Metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma or adenocarcinoma from an unknown primary site represents 6.5 per cent of all referrals to the medical oncology unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. We offer guidelines for the rapid identification of the limited number of primary sites for which effective and specific forms of systemic treatment are available.     

18F-FDG PET/CT检测淋巴结转移癌原发灶

目的 观察¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检测淋巴结转移癌原发灶的价值。方法 回顾性分析133例接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查的淋巴结转移癌患者,以临床综合诊断结果为标准,与淋巴结免疫组织化学结果对比,评估PET/CT检出淋巴结转移癌原发灶的效能。结果 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检出淋巴结转移癌原发灶的敏感度、特异度、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为84.09%(37/44)、82.02%(73/89)、17.98%(16/89)、15.91%(7/44)、69.81%(37/53)及91.25%(73/80),淋巴结免疫组织化学分别为41.03%(16/39)、69.15%(65/94)、30.85%(29/94)、58.97%(23/39)、35.56%(16/45)及73.86%(65/88),前者的敏感度高于后者(P＜0.001);¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT及淋巴结免疫组织化学检出淋巴转移癌原发灶的曲线下面积分别为0.83和0.62。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT用于检测淋巴结转移癌原发灶具有一定临床应用价值。     

Intralesional and systemic immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma and dramatically improved patient outcomes. Ipilimumab, an inhibitor of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), was the first immunotherapeutic agent to demonstrate improved survival in advanced melanoma. More recently, other immune checkpoint inhibitors, including the programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have demonstrated efficacy in locally advanced unresectable and metastatic melanoma. In addition to systemically delivered immunotherapies, intralesional therapies such as talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC) play an important role in the treatment of locoregionally advanced and metastatic melanoma.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the mechanisms behind immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clinical evidence of their efficacy is presented and discussion of new patterns of response and associated immune related adverse events associated with immunotherapy are provided.

Expert opinion: Treatment options for locally advanced and metastatic melanoma are expanding with new developments in immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The utility of these novel therapies in the adjuvant setting is currently being explored. The ideal treatment of metastatic melanoma continues to be multimodal, combining systemic treatments, intralesional and regional therapies, surgery and radiotherapy to achieve optimal outcomes.     

Isolated limb perfusion for stage I melanoma of the extremity: a comparison of melphalan and dacarbazine (DTIC)

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) for melanoma of the extremity was first used clinically more than 30 years ago. Although ILP with chemotherapeutic agents has become routine practice in many oncologic centers, few studies have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of particular agents. Two consecutive groups of 100 patients with stage I extremity melanoma of 1.5 mm thickness or greater were treated by ILP with either melphalan (L-PAM) or dacarbazine (DTIC). Demographics, clinical and pathologic stage, disease site, and complications were similar in both groups. No significant difference in the overall incidence of recurrent disease at two years was found between patients treated with either DTIC or L-PAM (22% vs 16%, respectively; P = .28). Patients who had perfusion with L-PAM, however, had a lower incidence of in-transit metastasis and recurrence at the scar than those having DTIC therapy (4% vs 12%, P = .06) at two years of follow-up. This preliminary report suggests that L-PAM may be more effective than DTIC in controlling scar recurrences and in-transit metastasis. Continued follow-up of this series of patients, with further analysis of patterns of recurrence and disease-free and overall survival at five years, will be necessary to better define the relative efficacy of L-PAM and DTIC in isolated limb perfusion.     

Isolated splenic metastasis from primary lung adenocarcinoma

Metastatic disease involving the spleen is uncommon, and isolated metastasis to the spleen is extremely rare. Most patients with splenic metastases have widely disseminated metastatic disease. A current literature review shows the incidence of isolated splenic metastasis ranges from 0 to 26% of all patients with splenic metastases. The reported primary malignancies of patients with splenic metastases include lung, colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, thyroid, pancreatic, gastric cancers, and, most commonly, melanoma. Although most patients with splenic metastases are clinically asymptomatic for splenic lesions, there have been reports of painful splenomegaly, splenic vein thrombosis, and splenic rupture, making diagnosis and consideration of prompt therapeutic intervention important. The time from diagnosis of a primary lung tumor to the discovery of splenic metastases ranges from 0 to 8 years in the literature. We report a rare case of an asymptomatic, isolated splenic metastasis in a 72-year-old man diagnosed 25 months after resection of an adenocarcinoma of the lung.     

原发灶不明转移癌的临床诊断

原发灶不明转移癌是一类经病理学诊断确诊为转移性,但是无法明确原发位点的恶性肿瘤.在全球范围内,原发灶不明转移癌是最常见的十大恶性肿瘤之一,死亡率位列第4.原发灶不明转移癌的治疗以经验性化疗为主,患者预后普遍较差.明确肿瘤的原发部位,有助于临床医生制定针对性的治疗方案,缓解患者焦虑情绪,从而提高生存率和改善生存质量.目前临床用于原发灶不明转移癌的方法主要有临床评估、影像学检查和组织病理学检查.近年来,随着分子生物学和生物信息学技术的飞速发展,基因分子检测显示出巨大的潜力,并已逐渐应用于原发灶不明转移癌的临床诊断.本文就原发灶不明转移癌的临床诊断方法相关进展作一综述.     

全身18F-FDG PET/CT在原发灶不明的颈部转移癌中的应用价值

目的初步探讨全身18氟[18F]-FDGPET/CT在原发灶不明的颈部转移癌中的应用价值。方法对42例原发灶不明的颈部转移癌患者行全身18F-FDGPET/CT检查,分别对单独PET图像、单独CT图像及PET/CT融合图像进行判读,所得结果与病理和/或随访结论比较。结果PET/CT对原发灶检出率优于单独PET及单独CT(灵敏度分别为59.5%(25/42)、35.7%(15/42)、及23.8%(10/42),χ2值分别为8.100及13.067,P<0.01,均有显著统计学差异)。28.6%患者(12/42)经PET/CT检查后发现分期改变(包括4例未找到原发灶患者)。在29例已行颈部肿块切除病例中,有5例局部仍可见异常高代谢灶,提示肿瘤残余。PET/CT、单独PET及单独CT假阳性率分别为4.8%(2/42)、16.7%(7/42)及9.5%(4/42)。结论18F-FDGPET/CT全身显像对于寻找原发灶不明的颈部转移癌患者的原发灶、了解肿瘤生物学特性及全身侵犯情况有重要的临床价值,有利于临床及时制定或调整治疗方案。