蝶窦外侧隐窝病变的诊断与鼻内镜治疗

目的：探讨如何正确诊断蝶窦外侧隐窝病变及经鼻内镜下翼突径路处理该区域病变的相关问题。方法：26例蝶窦外侧隐窝病变患者,术前均经高分辨率CT扫描和增强磁共振检查,在全身麻醉下行经鼻内镜下翼突径路清除蝶窦外侧隐窝病变,诊断为脑脊液鼻漏伴脑膜脑膨出者同时行颅底修补手术。结果：术后病理确诊,4例为脑脊液鼻漏伴脑膜脑膨出,均一次手术修补成功;10例为蝶窦囊肿;5例为非侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎;7例为慢性蝶窦炎。其中9例术后合并患侧颜面部上颌神经支配区域麻木感,但未给予特殊处理,约6个月后症状逐渐缓解。术后全部患者给予定期鼻内镜复查、糖皮质激素喷鼻剂、口服标准桃金娘油等治疗。随访6～53个月,病变无复发。结论：高分辨率CT扫描同时结合增强磁共振检查对于诊断蝶窦外侧隐窝病变具有重要意义;采用鼻内镜下经翼突入路处理蝶窦外侧隐窝病变,是一种微创、简捷、安全的手术入路。     

鼻内镜下治疗经蝶脑膜脑膨出致脑脊液鼻漏3例

目的：探讨经蝶脑膜脑膨出致脑脊液鼻漏的诊断及经鼻内镜下修补的可行性,总结修补的成功经验。方法：鼻内镜下切除经蝶脑膜脑膨出3例,并以肌肉、筋膜、人工硬膜等填塞致脑脊液鼻漏的颅底缺损部位。结果：3例患者均一次手术治愈,其中1例术后并发颅内感染（脑膜炎）,余均无并发症发生,随访6个月～3年,仅1例因医源性原因于术后半年复发,二次修补成功,余无复发。结论：经鼻内镜手术治疗经蝶脑膜脑膨出所致脑脊液鼻漏是可行的,并且是微创的、安全的。     

鼻内镜配合眉弓切口造窗修补额窦外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

我科于2001年6月～2002年10月收治5例额窦外伤性脑膜脑膨出、脑脊液鼻漏病人，全麻下经鼻内镜观察处理额隐窝、鼻外切口经额窦径路颅外修补，1期修复成功，同时保留了额窦的形态和功能，报道如下。     

外伤性脑膜脑膨出诊断与经鼻内镜手术

目的：报告5例外伤性脑膜脑膨出脑脊液鼻漏的经鼻内镜下手术治疗结果，探讨诊断和手术方法。材料和方法：1998年9月至2002年3月诊断为外伤性脑膜脑膨出并行鼻内镜手术修补的5例患者病例资料，脑膜脑膨出定性和脑脊液漏出部位的定位诊断主要依靠高分辨鼻窦cT扫描、MRI检查和MR和CT脑池造影。结果：蝶筛交界处顶壁膨出1例，左侧筛窦顶壁中部膨出1例，右侧蝶窦外侧壁膨出，筛板中后部有2处脑脊液信号与鼻腔通1例，右侧额窦后壁近额窦底膨出，伴发鼻窦炎1例，右侧筛窦顶壁前部膨出1例。手术一期修补成功，随访4～38个月。无手术中和手术后并发症。结论：脑膜脑组织膨出和脑脊液漏出位置的确定可依靠MR和CT脑池造影等，首选CT脑池造影；内镜下经鼻切除膨出脑膜组织并修补颅底安全精确，镜下手术处理膨出脑组织的关键要使用双极电凝器。     

鼻内镜下脂肪压塞技术修补前颅底脑脊液鼻漏和脑膜脑膨出

目的:总结经鼻径路内镜下脂肪压塞技术修补前颅底脑膜脑膨出和脑脊液鼻漏的初步经验。方法:接受经鼻内镜下脂肪压塞技术修补外伤性脑膜脑膨出患者1例,脑脊液鼻漏患者5例(外伤性1例,自发性4例);对术前和术中定位、手术过程、围手术期症状和随访情况等进行分析。结果:患者术前均经螺旋CT和MRI检查,6例术前均初步判定瘘孔位置,术中发现的瘘孔位置与术前影像定位一致;6例脑脊液鼻漏均一次修补成功;术后7d均无发热、无颅内感染征象;术后7d鼻腔填塞碘仿纱条出院,术后3～4周彻底清理鼻腔填充物,术后3、6个月内镜随访显示黏膜上皮化好;术后3年电话随访均无再漏、无颅内感染发生。结论:鼻内镜下脂肪压塞技术是修补前颅底特别是筛顶区域小型硬脑膜瘘孔的一种简便、安全的手术方式。     

外伤性脑膜脑膨出诊断与经鼻内镜手术

目的:报告5例外伤性脑膜脑膨出脑脊液鼻漏的经鼻内镜下手术治疗结果,探讨诊断和手术方法。材料和方法:1998年9月至2002年3月诊断为外伤性脑膜脑膨出并行鼻内镜手术修补的5例患者病例资料,脑膜脑膨出定性和脑脊液漏出部位的定位诊断主要依靠高分辨鼻窦CT扫描、MRI检查和MR和CT脑池造影。结果:蝶筛交界处顶壁膨出1例,左侧筛窦顶壁中部膨出1例,右侧蝶窦外侧壁膨出,筛板中后部有2处脑脊液信号与鼻腔通1例,右侧额窦后壁近额窦底膨出,伴发鼻窦炎l例,右侧筛窦顶壁前部膨出1例。手术一期修补成功,随访4～38个月。无手术中和手术后并发症。结论:脑膜脑组织膨出和脑脊液漏出位置的确定可依靠MR和CT脑池造影等,首选CT脑池造影;内镜下经鼻切除膨出脑膜组织并修补颅底安全精确,镜下手术处理膨出脑组织的关键要使用双极电凝器。     

脑膜脑膨出鼻内镜外科治疗

目的 总结鼻内镜手术治疗颅底脑膜脑膨出的方法 和临床经验.方法 运用内镜经鼻外科手术治疗鼻部脑膜脑膨出9例,采用自体阔肌筋膜片修补颅底缺损.结果 9例患者中,8例1次手术治愈,随访1～4年无复发.中位随访时间2年.1例复发,于术后1个月出现脑脊液鼻漏,再次手术以阔肌筋膜+人工脑膜修复,术后随访1年半未复发.术后并发症包括发热1例、脑脊液鼻漏1例,全部病例无颅内感染、颅内出血、脑水肿及脑积水等其他并发症.结论 内镜经鼻治疗颅底脑膜脑膨出不仅微创、安全,而且视野清晰,可更好地辨认漏口及其周围结构,是治疗鼻部脑膜脑膨出的首选手术方法 .准确定位漏孔,选用合适的修复材料及技术是手术成功的关键.     

蝶窦外侧隐窝真菌球的临床特征及手术治疗

目的探讨蝶窦外侧隐窝真菌球的临床特征及经鼻内镜下手术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年2月～2011年2月收治的21例蝶窦外侧隐窝真菌球患者的临床资料及手术后的随访结果。所有蝶窦外侧隐窝真菌球患者中,颞部头痛或眼外侧胀痛患者14例;涕中带血5例、视力下降2例。均行鼻内镜蝶窦开放手术,其中12例经嗅裂蝶窦开口处入路,5例经蝶窦前下壁开窗人路,4例经翼突根部入路。结果术中及术后所有患者均无并发症发生。术后随访12～24个月,21例患者临床症状均消失,术腔黏膜生长良好,蝶窦口开放良好,无复发病例。结论鼻窦CT检查有助于蝶窦外侧隐窝真菌球的诊断,鼻内镜手术具有微创和病灶获得彻底清除的优点,对于防止术后复发具有重要的意义。     

经前额入路硬脑膜外手术修补脑脊液鼻漏并脑膜脑膨出

目的：探讨脑脊液鼻漏并脑膜脑膨出的外科治疗方法。材料与方法：３例脑脊液鼻漏并脑膜脑膨出的病人接受经前额入路硬脑膜外手术修补。结果：３例病人全部一次手术成功,脑脊液鼻漏停止,脑膜脑膨出得到妥善处理,除１例病人术后嗅觉丧失外,未见其他手术并发症。结论：经前额入路硬脑膜外手术修补是治疗脑脊液鼻漏并脑膜脑膨出安全有效的手段     

内窥镜下经翼窝径路至蝶侧隐窝

多数脑膨出发生于额叶伴前颅底缺损 ,且缺损大多位于筛板。发生于颞叶的脑膨出及中颅底缺损很少见。L anza等 (1996 )指出内窥镜下切除前颅窝和筛顶区的脑膨出和脑脊液鼻漏修补 ,成功率可达 94 .4 % ;这部分归结于目前内窥镜手术器械能直接到达筛顶和前颅底。对于蝶窦中间区域的手术也可达到类似良好效果。但在蝶窦广泛气化形成窦外隐窝时 ,硬管内窥镜器械则不适宜。该文报道 1例膨出的颞叶经广泛气化的蝶窦侧隐窝顶壁的骨质缺损区入蝶窦 ,采用经翼腭窝径路内窥镜下成功切除膨出脑组织及修补颅底缺损。男性 ,39岁 ,以突然出现左侧鼻腔大量…     

Lateral sphenoid sinus recess cerebrospinal fluid leak: a case series

The lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus is one of the most common sites of meningocele and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Despite the availability of several techniques for closure of skull base defects occurring in this location, recurrence still poses a major challenge. This report reviews the experience of surgical repair of lateral sphenoid sinus recess CSF leak at a tertiary referral center and provides a brief discussion of this rare lesion. Nine surgeries were performed for six cases of spontaneous lateral sphenoid sinus recess CSF leak (two revisions and one repair of a new defect). Two patients presented with intracranial hypertension (ICH) and four with meningocele or meningoencephalocele. The transpterygoid approach was used in two procedures. A multilayer graft was used in seven cases and a nasoseptal flap in two. Three patients received lumbar or ventricular shunts, and one received acetazolamide for ICH management. Two minor complications were recorded, and the overall surgical success rate was 78 %. We conclude that nasoseptal flaps are a valid option for repair of recurrent CSF leaks, particularly in the lateral sphenoid sinus recess. Furthermore, identification and correction of ICH plays an essential role in the success of treatment in this patient population.     

Endonasal endoscopic repair of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks

OBJECTIVE: To analyze possible etiological factors of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and to assess the outcomes of endonasal endoscopic repair. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Academic neurosurgical hospital.Patients Twenty-one consecutive patients who presented with spontaneous CSF leak and underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery from January 1999 through December 2001. INTERVENTION: Preoperative examination included computed tomographic scans; nasal endoscopy; measurement of glucose concentration in the nasal discharge; and, in some cases, cisternographic evaluations via computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Telescopes, conventional endoscopic sinus surgery instruments, and a microdebrider were used for all patients who underwent endonasal surgery. A combination of plastic materials, ie, abdominal fat, fascia lata, rotated middle turbinate flaps, and fibrin glue, were used for fistula repair. RESULTS: At the time of surgery, CSF fistulas were found in the cribriform plate (6 patients), in the fovea ethmoidalis (6 patients), and in the sphenoid sinus (9 patients). In 5 of the 6 patients who had an extremely pneumatized sphenoid sinus, the source of the leak was located in the lateral extension of the sinus. A meningocele protruding through the bone defect was the source of the leak in 10 patients. Postoperative follow-up lasted from 9 to 42 months, and 20 patients were considered cured. There was only 1 recurrence, in a patient whose CSF rhinorrhea originated in the deep lateral recess of an overpneumatized sphenoid sinus. Thus, the overall success rate was 95.2%. There were no postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Possible etiological factors of this disease include obesity, congenital malformations of the skull base, an overpneumatized sphenoid sinus (particularly in its lateral extensions), and the empty sella syndrome. Endoscopic endonasal repair of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea appears to be a safe and successful procedure. However, techniques for endoscopic closure of CSF fistulas in the lateral part of the sphenoid sinus need further perfecting.     

Endoscopic transnasal transpterygopalatine fossa approach to the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus

OBJECTIVES: Lesions affecting the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus are rarely discussed in the literature as a separate entity. This region is difficult to visualize and manipulate through the transnasal routes, especially when extensive pneumatization is present. External approaches to this area involve extensive surgery and are associated with significant morbidity. The objectives of this study are to present our experience with the endoscopic transpterygopalatine fossa approach as a method for exposing and manipulating lesions of the lateral recess of the sphenoid and to illustrate the detailed surgical steps of the procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Clinical charts of patients who had lesions originating from or extending into the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus and who were treated at our institutions from September 1995 to June 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. All these patients were managed by the endoscopic transpterygopalatine fossa approach. RESULTS: Twelve patients (7 males and 5 females) were included in the study. Lesions included seven cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and five tumors. One patient with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the sphenoid died of his disease. All CSF leaks were successfully repaired, and benign tumors were removed with good local control through the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic transpterygopalatine fossa approach is an excellent approach for dealing with lesions of the sphenoid lateral recess.     

Endoscopic repair of frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks

OBJECTIVE: To describe endoscopic management of frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. METHODS: We reviewed all frontal sinus CSF leaks treated using an endoscopic approach at our institutions from 1998 to 2003. CSF leaks originated immediately adjacent to or within the frontal recess or frontal sinus proper for inclusion in the study. Data collected included demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, site and size of skull-base defect, surgical approach, repair technique, and clinical follow up. RESULTS: Seven frontal sinus CSF leaks in six patients were repaired endoscopically. Average age of presentation was 45 years (range 25-65 years). Aetiology was idiopathic (three), congenital (one), accidental trauma (one), and surgical trauma (two). All patients presented with CSF rhinorrhea; two patients presented with meningitis. Four defects originated in the frontal recess, while two others involved the posterior table and frontal sinus outflow tract. Four patients had associated encephaloceles. We performed endoscopic repair in all six patients with one patient requiring an adjuvant osteoplastic flap without obliteration. All repairs were successful at the first attempt with a mean follow up of 13 months. All frontal sinuses remained patent on both post-operative endoscopic and radiographic exam. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic repair of frontal sinus CSF leaks and encephaloceles can be an effective method if meticulous attention is directed toward preservation of the frontal sinus outflow tract, thus avoiding an osteoplastic flap and obliteration. The major limiting factor for an endoscopic approach is extreme extension superiorly or laterally within the posterior table beyond the reach of current instrumentation.     

Management of multiple spontaneous nasal meningoencephaloceles

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Multiple spontaneous nasal meningoencephaloceles in the same patient are rare lesions. Although many skull base defects occur after prior trauma or surgery, otolaryngologists must be aware of the potential for spontaneous encephaloceles. We present our experience with this unusual condition and discuss its pathophysiology and unique management issues. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. METHODS: Review of medical records, radiographic images, and cerebrospinal fluid pressures. RESULTS: We identified 5 patients with multiple, simultaneous, spontaneous encephaloceles: 4 patients with 2 encephaloceles and 1 patient with 3 encephaloceles (11 in all). Locations of the 11 encephaloceles were sphenoid lateral recess (6), frontal sinus with supraorbital ethmoid extension (2), ethmoid roof (1), frontal sinus (1), and central sphenoid (1). Three patients had bilateral sphenoid lateral recess encephaloceles, accounting for all six in that location. All four patients with available radiographic studies demonstrated empty sella turcica. Surgical approaches included endoscopic transpterygoid approach to the lateral sphenoid recess (3), endoscopic approach to ethmoid and central sphenoid (3), and osteoplastic flap with frontal sinus obliteration (2). We had 100% success at latest endoscopic follow-up (mean period, 17 mo). Three patients had postoperative lumbar punctures with mean cerebrospinal fluid pressure of 28.3 cm water (range, 19-34 cm; normal range, 0-15 cm). Conclusions: Multiple spontaneous encephaloceles can be managed safely and successfully using endoscopic and extracranial approaches. A high index of suspicion for this diagnosis must be maintained, especially in patients with radiographic evidence of laterally pneumatized sphenoid sinuses or empty sella. Spontaneous encephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid leaks represent a form of intracranial hypertension.     

Endoscopic management of sphenoid sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks

OBJECTIVES: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks that originate within the sphenoid sinus pose a unique surgical challenge due to difficulties with access and visualization The objective of this report is to illustrate concepts for the successful management of sphenoid sinus CSF leaks. METHODS: Retrospective data analysis was performed on 9 patients who presented to a tertiary care medical center for endoscopic repair of a sphenoid sinus CSF leak from January 2002 to January 2006. RESULTS: The patient cohort included 7 women and 2 men with a mean age of 51.7 years. In 5 cases the CSF leak was caused by a previous neurosurgical procedure; the other 4 cases were idiopathic. An endoscopic pterygomaxillary fossa approach was required in 4 cases. A layered reconstruction of the sphenoid sinus wall with collagen allografts (cadaveric acellular dermal allograft, 8 patients; bovine collagen membrane, 1 patient) and mucosa under endoscopic visualization with intraoperative surgical navigation was performed in all cases. The reconstruction was buttressed with autologous bone in 2 cases and with cartilage in 2 cases. Fibrin sealant was used in 7 cases. Two patients developed transient diabetes insipidus after the repair. Two patients developed a recurrent CSF leak necessitating revision repair 2 and 15 months, respectively, after the initial repair procedure. The average hospital stay was 6.5 days. The mean length of follow-up was 21.1 months. CONCLUSIONS: This series demonstrates that minimally invasive endoscopic repair of sphenoid sinus CSF leaks may be accomplished with an acceptable rate of morbidity and excellent outcomes. Extended endoscopic approaches, including the pterygomaxillary fossa approach, may be useful in selected instances.     

Asociación entre fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y persistencia del canal de Sternberg: ¿coincidencia o causa?

Endoscopic surgical techniques allow treating various pathological diseases of the cranial base, including cerebrospinal fluid leaks (CSF). These approaches have a high success rate and reduce surgical time and morbidity. However, when they are located in the lateral wall of the sphenoid, the surgery is more complex. In our case, the CSF appeared to be related with a Sternberg's canal. Predisposing factors were also associated with an extensive unilateral pneumatization of the sinus and benign intracranial hypertension. The closure of the leak was achieved using an endoscopic transethmoidal transpterygoid approach for proper exposition of the lateral wall of the sphenoid. After five years of monitoring, the patient has had no more episodes of rhinoliquorrhea.     

Endonasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks of the sphenoid sinus

BACKGROUND: Multiple reports have demonstrated the efficacy of the transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the anterior cranial base. The literature, however, lacks a comprehensive clinical study specifically addressing the transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinus. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the factors that significantly affect the surgical outcome after transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinus. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent an endoscopic transnasal repair of CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinus at our teaching hospitals. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinuses that were repaired by the transnasal endoscopic approach were included in our study. Causes of the CSF leaks included trauma, surgery, neoplasms, and idiopathic causes. Obliteration was the most common technique used to repair the CSF fistulas (used in 15 [58%] of 26 procedures). Grafting materials included banked pericardium, mucosa, turbinate bone, and mucoperichondrium placed by underlay or onlay grafting or abdominal fat used to obliterate the sphenoid sinus. Twenty-two patients were successfully treated on the first attempt. A persistent leak in 2 patients with previously unrecognized high-pressure hydrocephalus was repaired during a second endoscopic surgery, quickly followed by ventriculoperitoneal shunting. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming an adequate repair, other factors such as the cause, the size of the defect, the technique and material used to repair the defect, and perioperative management do not affect the surgical outcome significantly. Untreated high-pressure hydrocephalus can lead to a recurrence or persistence of the leaks and should be suspected in patients with posttraumatic, idiopathic, or recurrent CSF leaks.     

Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks after neurosurgical procedures

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks has proven to be effective and safe. CSF rhinorrhea is a well-known complication of neurosurgical procedures in the anterior cranial fossa. We present a series of endoscopic repairs of CSF rhinorrhea secondary to neurosurgical procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of 13 cases. METHODS: Thirteen patients are included in the study. Eleven had CSF leaks after hypophysectomy, one after clipping of an anterior circle of Willis aneurysm, and one after posttraumatic frontal lobe debridement. Leaks were identified intraoperatively during the neurosurgical procedure (n = 8) or with intrathecal fluorescein injection during a separate procedure (n = 5). Repair was performed by exposing the skull base defect, debriding the defect margins, and sealing the defect with a free mucosal graft or abdominal fat. RESULTS: Leaks were identified in the sphenoid (n = 12) and posterior ethmoid (n = 1) sinuses. Nine patients had lumbar drains placed. One patient had recurrence of CSF rhinorrhea 2 months after initial repair requiring a revision procedure. No other recurrences were noted. One patient developed postoperative meningitis requiring intravenous antibiotics and a prolonged hospital stay. No other postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic repair is a safe and effective treatment for CSF rhinorrhea encountered as a neurosurgical complication.