Mirizzi综合征和胆囊癌

Mirizzi综合征是胆囊结石引起的一种少见并发症,约占整个胆囊切除手术患者的0.7%～1.4%。1948年Mirizzi首先描述此症为由于胆囊颈部或胆囊管的结石压迫肝总管而引起狭窄。Mcsherry等[1]根据炎症发展过程将其分为两型:仅有肝总管的外部压迫为型;胆囊与肝总管之间由于压迫性坏死导致胆囊肝总管瘘为型。胆囊结石可诱发胆囊癌已为广大学者所承认。本院1988年1月～1999年12月共收治Mirizzi综合征患者19例,其中3例合并胆囊癌,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组Mirizzi综合征胆囊结石患者19例,占同期因胆囊结石行胆囊切除5078例的0.4%,男性9例,女性10…     

Mirizzi综合征的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗。方法 对43例Mirizzi综合征的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果 Mirizzi综合征占同期慢性结石性胆囊炎手术病例的1.87%,20.9%(9/43)的病例经术前B超、PTC、ERCP确诊,术中确诊79.1%(34/43)。术中发现胆囊颈或胆囊管有结石嵌顿者占83.7%(36/43),Ⅰ型28例、Ⅱ型11例、Ⅲ型3例、Ⅳ型2例,全部病例经手术治疗愈,其中胆囊切除或部分切除28例、胆囊瓣补片加T型管引流4例、肝圆韧带补片T型管引流1例、胆道瘘口楔形切除胆道吻合修补3例、肝总管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术3例,随访2-7年,健康。结论 Mirizzi综合征是慢性结石性胆囊炎的并发症,B超能为诊断提供线索,PTC、ERCP是术前具确诊价值的检查;手术是确诊的另一手段。Mirizzi综合征手术治疗原则为切除胆囊,解除梗阻、防止胆道损伤,修复胆道、通畅引流胆汁,根据不同的类型分别选择胆囊切除或部分切除,各类胆道修补T型管引流、胆肠Roux-en-y吻合术,Mrizzi综合征手术治疗效果良好。     

手术治疗Mirizzi综合征21例报告

目的探讨胆囊结石并发Mirizzi综合征的诊断和手术方式。方法1995年5月~2005年5月收治Mirizzi综合征21例,采用手术治疗,手术方式为单纯胆囊切除6例,余15例加行以下手术T管引流3例,胆管瘘口修补7例(其中2例瘘口较大,采用残余胆囊壁修复胆总管,另切开正常胆总管壁行T管引流),胆道损伤整形修补加胆管探查T管引流术3例,胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例,胆总管外引流后Ⅱ期行胆总管空肠盆式吻合术1例。结果术后发生胆漏3例,经腹腔引流3~14d后治愈,无其他严重并发症。结论对病程长,多年反复发作的胆囊结石并发不同程度的梗阻性黄疸和胆管炎者应考虑Mirizzi综合征的可能。处理时按各类型的特殊性作相应的手术处理,可获得良好效果。     

Mirizzi综合征腹腔镜治疗的安全性分析

目的:探讨Mirizzi综合征行腹腔镜手术治疗的安全性。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2018年7月31例经腹腔镜探查证实为Mirizzi综合征患者的临床资料,并对其影像特点及手术方式进行总结。结果:术前31例均行腹部B超,28例行MRCP检查。按照Csendes及Beltran分型,术中确诊Ⅰ型24例,21例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),1例LC中转开腹行胆囊切除,2例行LC+腹腔镜肝总管修补+胆总管探查T管引流;Ⅱ型3例,2例行LC+腹腔镜胆总管修补+T管引流,1例中转开腹行胆囊切除+胆总管修补+T管引流术;Ⅲ型2例,均中转开腹行胆囊切除+胆囊瓣修补肝总管+T管引流术;Ⅳ型1例,中转开腹行胆囊切除+肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;Ⅴ_a型1例,行LC+腹腔镜横结肠修补术。结论:影像学检查可提高Mirizzi综合征的术前诊断,大部分Ⅰ型及部分Ⅱ、Ⅴ_a型可在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,而Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型局部解剖复杂,及时中转开腹可保障手术的安全性。     

伴胆囊胆管瘘的Mirizzi综合征:术前诊断与处理

作者1987年7月至1990年6月间诊断并治疗伴胆囊胆管瘘的 Mirizzi 综合征(Mirizzi 综合征Ⅱ型)5例,占同期垒部胆道手术病人的1.1%。6例患者均为女性,年龄57～71岁,既往均有胆囊炎胆囊结石史,因腹痛、发热及黄疸入院。超声波检查诊断胆囊结石2例,胆总管结石2例,胆囊未探及1例,其中伴肝内外胆管扩张2例.ERCP 显示位于胆囊管水平的胆总管或肝总管内均有充盈缺损之结石影,其中4例术前怀疑有胆囊胆管瘘的可能。术中发现胆囊明显萎缩,Calot's 三角粘连严重或形成炎性肿块致使分离困难,3例均先行胆囊底部切开探查,可见胆囊胆管瘘存在,并有结石嵌顿于瘘口,部份或全部进入胆管。取出结石,经瘘口探查胆总管后,3例行胆囊部份切除,用剩余的胆囊壁瓣修补胆管瘘口缺损,并行 T 管引流,另2例因胆管壁缺损大无法修     

萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜切除术35例报告

目的总结慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术治疗方法和经验。方法1996年1月～2006年5月,对35例慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,分离胆囊周围粘连,解剖Calot三角,游离胆囊管及胆囊动脉,选择性术中胆道造影,顺逆结合切除胆囊。结果腹腔镜胆囊切除31例。中转开腹4例：1例Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ型,行胆囊大部切除、胆总管T管引流;1例损伤胆管,行胆管修补、T管引流;2例胆囊周围广泛致密粘连,行开腹胆囊切除。15例术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,发现1例胆总管结石,引流2周后行十二指肠镜下乳头切开取石。腹腔镜术后胆漏3例,腹腔引流治愈。结论萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术治疗是安全的。仔细分离胆囊周围粘连,辨认壶腹部与胆囊管的交界,准确解剖Calot三角,掌握中转开腹时机,是成功完成手术的关键。     

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目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的病理特点，总结新的、合理的诊断与治疗方法。方法 对所收集的经手术证实的33例Mirizzi综合征进行回顾性分析。结果 33例均采用手术治疗，手术方式分别采用胆囊大部分切除、胆囊切除、胆囊切除加胆管或肝总管探查或胆肠内引流术。其中28例获随访，随访时间2－5年，痊愈22例，良好5例，欠佳1例。结论 Mirizzi综合征病理类型之一，术前诊断困难，需借助多种影像学技术。对不同病理类型的Mirizzi综合征应采取不同的手术方法。     

Mirizzi综合征诊治探讨

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征病人的诊断和外科治疗的手术方式。方法回顾性分析我院自2002-2012年间治疗的24名Mirizzi综合征患者,在临床症状、实验室检查、术前评估、术中探查发现、是否合并胆总管结石、不同的类型的手术操作和术后的并发症进行了分析。结果最常见的症状为腹部疼痛(100%)和黄疸(91.67%),所有患者肝功能均有改变。术前明确诊断有2例(8.33%),术中明确诊断有22例(91.67%)。胆囊肝总管瘘伴胆总管结石2例(8.33%)。CsendesⅠ型患者18例(75%),Ⅱ型4例(16.67%),Ⅲ型1例(4.17%)和Ⅳ型1例(4.17%)。单纯胆囊切除术进行18例(75%)。2(8.33%)例行胆囊切除+瘘孔关闭+T管引流术,2(8.33%)例行胆囊切除+胆囊瓣修补+T管引流术。2例(8.33%)行胆囊切除术+肝总管空肠吻合术(Roux-en-y)。23例(95.83%)完全恢复出院;1例出现胆漏,充分引流后出院。结论 Mirizzi综合征治疗成功的关键在于术前的认真准备和完善的检查,甚至在手术时,对每一例患者进行个体化治疗。     

Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗

目的　探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断和治疗。方法　对 2 3例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征进行回顾性分析。结果　 2 3例中行胆囊大部分切除术 10例 ,胆囊切除术 6例 ,胆囊切除及胆管瘘口修补术 3例 ,胆囊切除术及肝总管Roux en Y吻合术 2例 ,胆囊瓣补片加T型管引流 2例。 2 1例获随访 ,随访时间 2～ 6年 ,健康。结论　Mirizzi综合征是慢性结石性胆囊炎的并发症 ,B超能为诊断提供线索 ,ERCP是术前确诊价值的检查 ;手术是确诊的另一手段。对不同类型的Mirizzi综合征应作不同的处理和治疗。Mirizzi综合征手术治疗效果良好     

Mirizzi综合征21例诊治体会

目的:总结Mirizzi综合症的诊断和治疗经验,提高对疾病的认识,避免胆管损伤。方法:回顾性分析和总结我院1985年～1999年收治的21例病例。结果:Ⅰ型12例行胆囊切除术;Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型2例均行胆囊切除或胆囊大部分切除胆管壁修补T管引流;Ⅳ型1例,行胆囊切除,肝总管空肠Roux-y吻合术。有1例出现胆漏,胆管狭窄情况。结论:Mirizzi综合症术前诊断较困难,临床上应重视该疾病的临床特点,提高术前的诊断率。术中发现颈部结石嵌顿,应根据具体情况选择适当的手术方式,避免损伤胆管。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.