双相抑郁与单相抑郁的临床对照研究

目的：探讨双相抑郁与单相抑郁临床特征的区别。方法：惧单相抑郁症患者３２例,双相抑郁症患者４０便,从临床的角度进行对照研究。结果：单相抑郁症患者多见焦虑、自杀行为;而双相抑郁却以精神运动性迟滞突出。治疗上单相抑郁症患者抗抑郁剂疗铲明显优于舒必利,而对双相抑郁症病从舒必利与抗抑郁剂同样有效,且舒必利有药物副反应小,不易转躁的特点。结论：舒必利可作为双相抑郁症病伯首选药物,临床特征有助于对双相抑郁与单相     

单相与双相抑郁障碍患者临床特征的对照研究

目的比较单相与双相抑郁障碍患者的临床特征,为单相和双相抑郁障碍的鉴别诊断提供参考。方法连续入组2012年6月-2013年11月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院住院、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的单相抑郁障碍(单相组,n=72)和双相抑郁障碍(双相组,n=64)患者,收集并分析两组一般人口学资料和临床特征,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁症状。结果单相组女性及已婚患者比例均高于双相组(χ2=18.74、4.68,P0.05或0.01);双相组平均起病年龄小于单相组(t=-2.13,P=0.035);双相组性格外向者比例高于单相组(χ2=9.74,P=0.002);单相组有病前诱因者比例高于双相组(χ2=18.96,P0.01);双相组伴不典型抑郁症状者比例高于单相组(χ2=24.60,P0.01);双相组既往抑郁发作次数多于单相组(Z=-5.37,P0.01);单相组HAMD-17总评分及躯体化焦虑和食欲减退因子评分均高于双相组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.78~-2.06,P0.05或0.01)。结论单相与双相抑郁障碍患者在性别、婚姻状况、发病年龄、是否有病前诱因、是否伴不典型抑郁症状、既往发作次数及HAMD-17评分方面存在差异。     

单相抑郁与双相抑郁障碍临床特征的对照研究

目的探讨单相抑郁与双相抑郁障碍的临床特征和现象学上的异同。方法以单相抑郁144例和双相抑郁96例为研究对象,对两者一般资料及临床特征进行对照分析,以基线和治疗6周时汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）总分评价疗效。结果单相抑郁患者中家族史阳性率低,合并焦虑、自杀意念多见,治疗6周时总有效率为72．2％,而双相抑郁患者中伴激越、精神病性症状、不典型抑郁症状突出,治疗6周时总有效率为52．1％。结论单相抑郁与双相抑郁临床特征及现象学方面有所不同,单相抑郁治疗效果更好。发病年龄早、有家族史、外向个性、临床表现伴不典型抑郁表现等因素可能提示为双相抑郁。     

双相障碍与单相抑郁患者雌二醇和催乳素水平对照研究

目的探讨双相障碍、单相抑郁患者与健康人群之间雌二醇、催乳素水平差异以及性激素水平与躁狂、抑郁症状之间的相关性。方法选取2014年1月-2015年5月收住北京回龙观医院的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)双相情感障碍、抑郁发作诊断标准的患者99例(男性55例,女性44例)。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)、蒙哥马利-艾森贝格抑郁量表(MADRS)评估抑郁症状,采用贝克-拉范森躁狂量表(BRMS)评估躁狂症状;选取与患者组性别、年龄及受教育程度相匹配的42例健康人作为对照组。采用化学发光免疫分析法检测研究对象周围血中雌二醇、催乳素水平。结果催乳素水平在双相障碍组、单相抑郁组以及健康对照组之间差异有统计学意义(F=6.575,P0.05),而三组雌二醇水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),催乳素水平与BRMS评分呈正相关(r=0.361,P=0.033),雌二醇水平与抑郁症状及躁狂症状评分相关均不显著(P0.05)。结论心境障碍患者存在性激素水平的改变;性激素水平与情感症状严重程度存在相关性。     

双相情感障碍抑郁相与单相抑郁发作临床分析

目的:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作进行临床分析。方法:对双相情感障碍抑郁相和单相抑郁发作患者各30例进行临床分析。结果:双相情感障碍抑郁相有如下特点:①发病年龄早;②女性多见;③具有“精力过盛”性人格;④一级亲属中有双相障碍的家族史;⑤症状多为非典型抑郁发作或伴有精神病性症状。结论:如首次抑郁发作的症状符合以上特点,则可能以后发展为双相情感障碍,应使用足量心境稳定剂,谨慎使用抗抑郁剂,以免转为躁狂发作。     

双相情感障碍抑郁发作与单相抑郁发作患者的记忆功能比较

目的 探讨双相情感障碍抑郁发作患者与单相抑郁发作患者的记忆功能损害的差异.方法 收集符合DSM-IV-TR的30例双相情感障碍抑郁发作患者和30例单相抑郁发作患者.采用韦氏记忆量表（WMS）评定两组记忆功能,汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）评定抑郁严重程度.结果 双相情感障碍抑郁发作组理解记忆、延迟理解记忆、视觉再生、延迟视觉再生得分均明显低于单相抑郁发作组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t分别为14.54,7.99,18.69,9.93;P＜0.05）.结论 抑郁症状严重程度相同时,双相情感障碍抑郁发作对记忆功能的损害比单相抑郁发作对患者的影响更重.     

单相与双相抑郁障碍患者外周血GSK-3β差异表达的研究

目的 探讨单相和双相抑郁患者外周血单核细胞内糖原合成酶激酶-3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3 GSK-3β)蛋白表达差异。方法 从门诊及病房患者中选取单相及双相抑郁障碍患者各30例。正常对照30例。入组当天收集受试者一般资料,并评定单相及双相抑郁组汉密顿抑郁量表（hamilton depression scale HAMD）评分,取受试者静脉血并提取其外周血单核细胞。利用免疫印迹法检测其细胞中总糖原合成酶激酶-3β(total glycogen synthase kinase-3beta总GSK-3β)及磷酸化GSK-3β(phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta p-GSK-3β)蛋白含量。结果 (1).单相与双相抑郁障碍组患者p-GSK-3β/总GSK-3β比值均较正常组增加,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）;双相较单相抑郁障碍组p-GSK-3β/总GSK-3β比值增加,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。(2).双相抑郁障碍患者p-GSK-3β/总GSK-3β比值与其HAMD分数呈正相关（R=0.424...     

单相抑郁与双相抑郁差异的研究进展

抑郁症因其病因不清、致病因素复杂、发病机制不清,一直以来都是精神科领域聚焦研究的热点和难点。单相抑郁与双相抑郁均以情绪低落、兴趣减少或愉快感丧失、精力不济或疲劳等为临床特征。由于二者表现的相似性,给临床诊断带来很大的困扰。现综述单、双相抑郁在临床特点、生化代谢、脑功能影像、面部表情识别与认知功能等方面的差异,为临床鉴别两者提供理论依据,以期提高临床用药的准确性与安全性。     

精神分裂症、双相障碍和单相抑郁障碍患者自知力比较

目的探讨精神分裂症、双相障碍及单相抑郁障碍患者自知力的差异、影响因素及自知力与诊断的关系。方法在广州市惠爱医院连续入组符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症、双相躁狂、双相抑郁、单相抑郁诊断标准的住院患者395例,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、自知力和治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)分别评定患者的临床症状和自知力水平,通过协方差分析方法进行症状严重程度及自知力水平比较,采用多元逐步线性回归分析比较入院时各因素对自知力的影响。结果入院时精神分裂症组、双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组、单相抑郁组的ITAQ总评分分别为(5.66±0.39)分、(5.95±0.50)分、(9.73±0.95)分、(9.36±0.94)分,四组比较差异有统计学意义(F=8.40,P0.01)。出院时精神分裂症组、双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组、单相抑郁组ITAQ总评分分别为(12.27±0.38)分、(14.46±0.49)分、(13.64±0.94)分、(12.98±0.92)分,四组比较差异有统计学意义(F=4.32,P=0.005)。多元逐步线性回归分析显示,入院时自知力水平、诊断、性别均为自知力变化的影响因素(β=-0.405、2.103、-1.482,P均0.05)。结论住院精神障碍患者在急性期,自知力水平变化与疾病谱系变化存在相关性。随着疾病谱系的发展,抑郁障碍、双相情感障碍、精神分裂症患者的自知力缺损程度逐渐加重。此外,自知力的变化受入院时自知力水平、诊断、性别等诸多因素的影响。     

单相、双相抑郁障碍患者血浆神经肽Y及P物质水平的比较

目的:探讨单相抑郁障碍(UDD)与双相抑郁障碍(BDD)患者血浆神经肽Y(NPY)及P物质(SP)水平差异及影响因素。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法检测35例UDD患者(UDD组)、38例BDD患者(BDD组)及35名健康对照者(对照组)血浆NPY及SP水平;以中文版心境障碍问卷(MDQ)及轻躁狂症状清单(HCL-32)筛查患者既往心境状况;应用一般状况问卷、汉密尔顿抑郁量表-17项(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及Young躁狂量表(YMRS)评定患者症状及严重程度。结果:血浆NPY水平UDD组[(5.74±1.79)μg/ml]、BDD组[(5.95±2.15)μg/ml]明显低于对照组[(8.07±3.22)μg/ml](P均0.05);血浆SP水平UDD组[(6.24±2.68)μg/ml]、BDD组[(5.78±1.49)μg/ml]明显高于对照组[(4.08±1.54)μg/ml](P均0.01); UDD与BDD组间血浆NPY及SP水平比较差异无统计学意义;UDD组及BDD组血浆SP水平均与HAMD睡眠障碍因子呈正相关(r=0.67,r=0.59;P均0.05)。结论:UDD与BDD患者均存在着相似的NPY能及SP能神经元功能紊乱。     

Dexamethasone suppression test in depression with reversible dementia

Depression with reversible dementia occurs frequently in the elderly and may be a diagnostic problem. The 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed in 175 elderly psychiatric patients. Abnormal DSTs occurred in both patients with primary degenerative dementia (n = 43, 34.9%) and those with major depression without cognitive dysfunction (n = 59, 66.1%). This finding suggests the presence of common hypothalamic abnormalities in these two disorders. There was no difference in the incidence of abnormal DSTs among depressives with a reversible dementia (n = 28, 78.6%), cognitively intact depressives (n = 59, 66.2%), and depressives who also had primary degenerative dementia (n = 24, 70.8%). An abnormal DST is not clinically useful in predicting the outcome of dementia in depressed patients with cognitive dysfunction.     

Dexamethasone suppression test and TRH test in endogenous depression

Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test were performed in 34 patients with endogenous depression. Compared with 33 psychiatric controls (limit of discrimination for serum cortisol of 275 nmol/l = 10 micrograms/100 ml) the specificity of the DST was 91% and the sensitivity was 65%. Compared with 24 healthy subjects the sensitivity of the TRH test was 24%, and the combined sensitivity for the DST and the TRH test was 76%. In contrast to the TRH test the DST showed a significant relationship (r = 0.54, P less than 0.01) to the Hamilton Rating Score. Repeating the tests after clinical recovery parallel changes of the two tests were found in 14 of 19 patients with abnormal DST in the depressed phase. In the remaining five patients the DST normalized, while the TRH test remained unchanged. It is suggested that both the apparent higher diagnostic sensitivity and the higher rate of normalization after clinical recovery of the DST is due to the dependency of the severity of depression.     

Prevalence of bipolar II disorder in atypical depression

The diagnostic validity of atypical depression is based on its superior response to monoamine oxidase inhibitors compared to tricyclic antidepressants, and on latent class analysis. The studies on atypical depression have often not included bipolar patients. The aim of the present study was to find the prevalence of bipolar II disorder among DSM-IV atypical depression outpatients. Bipolar II and unipolar atypical depressions were also compared to find if they were variants of the same disorder or if instead they were different disorders. One hundred and forty consecutive unipolar and bipolar II outpatients, presenting for treatment of an atypical major depressive episode, were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. The prevalence of bipolar II disorder was 64.2%. The age at baseline and onset were significantly lower in bipolar II versus unipolar patients. All the other variables (MADRS items, duration of illness, severity, gender, psychosis, comorbidity, chronicity, recurrences) were not significantly different. The prevalence of bipolar II disorder among atypical depressed outpatients was higher than previously reported. Received: 27 July 1998 / Accepted: 19 January 1999     

Dexamethasone suppression test in dementia

The performance of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) was investigated in 60 demented patients including 14 patients admitted to a psychogeriatric assessment ward, 29 electively admitted patients and 17 long-stay patients in comparison with 37 normal control subjects. It was shown that acutely admitted patients had the highest rate of DST non-suppression (86%), whilst electively admitted patients had the lowest rate (55%) in comparison with normal controls (11%). In the electively admitted group abnormal DST results and Cortisol Suppression Index and DST non-suppressors showed depressive signs more frequently than suppressors. There was no association between DST results and age, weight, cognitive, behavioural, cortical dysfunction and degree of cerebral atrophy as determined by CT scan results.     

Dexamethasone suppression test, TRH test and Newcastle II depression rating in the diagnosis of depressive disorders

The dexamethasone suppression test (DST), the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test and the Newcastle II depression rating (NII) were compared with the clinical diagnosis and evaluated in 61 patients fulfilling the criteria of an affective disorder according to the DSM-III classification. A statistically significant correlation between clinical diagnosis and DST as well as NII, but not between clinical diagnosis and TRH test, was found. There was no correlation between DST and the severity of depression according to the Hamilton depression rating. The nosographic and the diagnostic specificities and sensitivities for the DST, TRH test and NII and DST and NII, a nosographic sensitivity of 50% and a nosographic specificity of 84% were found. Correspondingly, the diagnostic sensitivity was 43% and the diagnostic specificity was 88%. The DST and the TRH test were found of no value in the prediction of the response to antidepressive treatment. Mainly because of a low diagnostic sensitivity the NII, the DST and the TRH test are of limited value in the diagnosis of depressive disorders.     

Postpartum bipolar depression: a case study

PURPOSE. This case study of a 29‐year‐old married woman with postpartum bipolar depression demonstrates the importance of an accurate differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient presenting with symptoms of postpartum depression. CONCLUSION. Although many of the signs and symptoms of unipolar depression and bipolar depression are identical, there are some important differences. Careful evaluation of symptoms and a thorough psychiatric history leads to accurate diagnosis and successful treatment outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. All women presenting with postpartum depression should be screened for bipolar disorder as the treatment of bipolar depression differs substantially from unipolar depression.     

Increased pituitary volume in patients with established bipolar affective disorder

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has been demonstrated in bipolar disorder (BD), but previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of pituitary gland volume in BD have reported variable findings. In this MRI study we investigated pituitary volume in 26 patients with established bipolar I disorder (8 males and 18 females, mean age = 38.4 years) and 24 matched controls (7 males and 17 females, mean age = 38.7 years). The BD patients had a significantly larger pituitary volume as compared with controls, but there was no association between pituitary volume and illness duration, number of manic/depressive episodes, daily medication dosage, family history, or clinical subtype (i.e., psychotic and nonpsychotic). Pituitary volume was larger in females than in males for both groups. These results support previous neuroendocrine findings that implicate HPA axis dysfunction in the core pathophysiological process of BD.     

Dexamethasone suppression test in acute grief reaction

The authors report a study on the response to the dexamethasone suppression test of bereaved first-degree relatives. Of the 21 subjects who took part two were non-suppressors (plasma cortisol greater than 138 mmol/l), but their grief scores were no higher than the suppressors. Both subjects showed a suppressor response 3 months later.     

单、双相抑郁症自杀行为遗传效应的比较研究

目的　探讨单、双相抑郁症患者自杀行为的遗传效应有否差异。方法　对1 1 5例单相抑郁症及1 84例双相抑郁症患者应用家族史法进行研究,用多基因阈值理论进行遗传率的估算。结果　单、双相抑郁症患者自杀危险性均较其一级亲属高;患者一级亲属自杀危险性均较对照组一级亲属高;单相抑郁症患者自杀危险性较双相抑郁症患者高;单相抑郁症患者一级亲属自杀危险性较双相抑郁症患者一级亲属高;单相抑郁症患者自杀行为的加权平均遗传率及标准误较双相抑郁症的高,均有显著性差异。结论　单、双相抑郁症患者自杀行为均有明显的遗传效应;单、双相抑郁症患者自杀行为遗传效应存在差异,更应注意对单相抑郁症患者及一级亲属自杀行为进行监测、预防。