作好胰头癌外科治疗的基本策略与思考

胰头癌是恶性程度极高的消化系统肿瘤,起病隐匿,发展迅速,极易侵犯肠系膜血管及门静脉,手术切除率较低.胰十二指肠切除术作为胰头癌外科治疗的主要手术方式,手术难度及创伤较大,手术方式及切除范围仍存在一定争议.外科医师应该在手术安全性、可切除性及根治性三方面作好充分的思考、采取妥善的策略.

Abstract：

Pancreatic head cancer is one of the most malignant tumor in gastrointestinal tract, which has the characteristics of rapid progression and low resection rate due to the involving of superior mesenteric vessels and portal vein. Pancreaticoduodenectomy still plays the center role in surgical management of pancreatic head cancer, however it remains some controversial in operative methods choice and extended pancreatectomy procedure. Surgeons should take sufficient considerations and make appropriate strategy preoperatively to ensure the safety, resectability and radical resection of surgery treatment.     

选择性动静脉优先处理的根治性胰十二指肠切除术

Radical pancreaticoduodenectomy is the most effective method for the treatment of malignant tumor of pancreatic head.Safe and complete resection of the uncinate process of the pancreas is the most diff...     

胰十二指肠切除联合D2＋胰周淋巴结清扫术

对可切除的胰头癌、远端胆管癌和壶腹周围癌,根治性切除是其预后的重要决定性因素之一。为了达到Rn切除,临床上有多种切除方式如胰头十二指肠切除＋胰周淋巴结的清扫术等。南京医科大学第一附属医院设计和应用了胰头十二指肠切除联合D2＋胰周淋巴结清扫术（在胰十二指肠切除术基础上进行广泛的腹膜后淋巴结清扫）治疗远端胆管癌,安全有效。     

胰头癌胰十二指肠切除术切缘癌细胞残留(R1)的研究和对临床实践的启示

目的探讨胰头癌胰十二指肠切除术切缘癌细胞残留(R1)的发生率及其对临床实践的启示。方法 2010年11月～2012年3月我科同一个手术组对28例胰头癌行根治性胰十二指肠切除(标准化组,n=28),标本除常规取胰腺颈部断端、胆总管断端、胃体空肠断端外,还常规标记和切取肠系膜上静脉沟切缘、钩突切缘与胰头后表面切缘,切缘表面有肿瘤细胞残留为R1。回顾分析我科同一个手术组2009年2月～2010年11月38例胰头癌行根治性胰十二指肠切除(非标准化组,n=38),比较2组R1发生率。结果标准化组R1发生率53.6%(15/28)显著高于非标准化组13.2%(5/38,χ2=12.467,P=0.000)。标准化组肠系膜上静脉沟切缘(9/15,60.0%)和钩突切缘(8/15,53.3%)是最常受累及的切缘,33.3%(5/15)的患者同时累及2个切缘。结论对胰十二指肠切除标本进行标准化取材能够显著提高R1的发生率,提供准确的病理信息。术中应该尽可能根治性切除钩突部,必要时联合切除肠系膜上静脉,以降低R1的发生率。     

经肠系膜入路的胰十二指肠根治性切除术

胰十二指肠根治性切除术是可能治愈胰头癌和壶腹周围癌的惟一有效方法.早期明确肠系膜上动脉(SMA)是否受侵犯及其侵犯程度,对术中术式决策及判断患者的预后具有重要的指导意义.基于肿瘤的手术切除应遵循无瘤、足够的切除范围、安全的切缘、充分的淋巴结清扫等原则.采用肿瘤无接触、肿瘤整块切除及肿瘤供应血管优先处理等技术,笔者提出经肠系膜入路的根治性胰十二指肠切除术.2011年12月至2012年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院采用该术式为24例胰头和壶腹周围癌患者顺利施行了胰十二指肠根治性切除术,近期疗效满意.     

胰头癌胰十二指肠切除术后残胰复发行全胰切除术一例

胰腺癌是一种恶性程度极高的肿瘤,术后5年生存率不足20％。大部分患者在术后1～2年复发。对于可切除的胰腺癌复发可考虑再次手术切除。目前,胰十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD）术后残留胰腺癌复发行全胰切除的文献报道极少。我们诊治1例胰头导管腺癌PD术后11个月残胰复发行全胰切除术的病例,现报道如下。     

开腹、腹腔镜、达芬奇机器人胰十二指肠切除选择之我见

正1935年Whipple首次报告传统意义的开腹胰十二指肠切除术(open pancreaticoduodenectomy,OPD),1994年Gagner和2003年Giulianotti等分别首次报告腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术(laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy, LPD)和达芬奇辅助机器人胰十二指肠切除术(robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy, RPD)。近5年来,随着腹腔     

联合肠系膜门静脉切除的胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头腺癌

胰腺癌侵犯门静脉被视为切除手术的禁忌证，一般认为门静脉系统孤立的肿瘤侵犯是根治性切除的最大障碍。而胰十二指肠切除术中联合肠系膜门静脉切除的价值一直存有争议。本文的主要目的是比较胰头癌病人接受单纯或联合胰十二指肠切除术两组的死亡率、发病率、长期生存率以及术后预后参数。自1989年至2003年，共45例相连续的胰头癌病人接受胰十二指肠切除术，术中发现肠系膜上静脉或（和）门静脉被肿瘤侵犯而联合施行肠系膜门静脉切除（VR＋组）。同期88例胰头部腺癌病人接受了胰十二指肠切除而未联合肠系膜门静脉联合切除术（VR-组）。     

一种新的胰头癌分型和胰十二指肠切除个体化消化道重建

2014年美国肿瘤统计年鉴指出,胰腺癌在癌症死亡率中高居第4位,每年估计有46 420例病人被诊断为胰腺癌,另外约有39 590例病人因胰腺癌而死亡,其中大部分为胰头癌[1]。根治性胰十二指肠切除术(radical of pancreaticoduodenectomy,RPD)是目前唯一对胰头癌有可能达到治愈效果的手术。由于胰头周围有门静脉(portal vein,PV)/肠     

胰十二指肠切除术

1胰十二指肠切除术的历史回顾 十九世纪末，对壶腹癌的治疗还是采用姑息性胆囊空肠吻合术，但外科医生也开始尝试一些根治性的手术方法。胰十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy，PD）就是从这时起步的。     

胰腺癌外科治疗新进展

胰腺癌的诊断和治疗问题仍极具挑战性。虽无前瞻性的研究结果报道,仍提倡对“可切除”及“可能切除”的胰腺癌患者进行新辅助治疗,以提高R0切除率。近年来针对腹膜后切缘问题不断有术式改进的报告,如动脉优先入路、提拉悬吊技术、钩突优先入路等,丰富了传统的切除方式。鉴于病理学对R0及R1切除判断标准的再评价,应重新审视R1切除对改善患者预后的价值和意义。在淋巴结清扫范围方面,基于若干临床随机对照研究结果,以日本胰腺学会淋巴结分组为基础,目前研究者们普遍认为应清扫至第二站淋巴结。由解剖学层面对胰腺系膜的探讨及临床应用有助于提高腹膜后切缘的阴性率。     

腹腔镜前入路静脉优先与右后入路动脉优先联合切除钩突的优势

随着腹腔镜胰腺手术技术水平的快速提高,腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术在国内部分胰腺中心已逐渐开展。钩突切除是腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术的关键步骤之一,影响着手术时间、术中出血量、肿瘤的R0切除等,如何较好处理钩突切除仍是腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术的难点之一。目前,腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术钩突切除的方法众多,各有利弊。笔者结合自身经验,总结了在腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术中采用前入路静脉优先联合右后入路动脉优先的方法切除钩突,可大大缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,提高肿瘤的R0切除率。在临床实践中该入路优势明显,安全可行。     

胰腺钩突部根治性完整切除的新方法(附306例报告)

目的 探讨壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤患者胰腺钩突部根治性完整切除的技巧和方法.方法 2005年3月至2010年3月共连续完成了306例壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤的根治性胰十二指肠切除(RPD),男性169例,女性137例;发病年龄37～79岁,平均58岁.其中胰头颈部肿瘤151例,胆总管下端肿瘤48例,壶腹部肿瘤55例,十二指肠乳头部肿瘤52例.采用肠系膜上血管交换和胰腺钩突部血流控制法顺利完成所有患者的钩突部根治性完整切除;消化道重建均采用Child法;胰肠吻合均采用简化的捆绑式胰肠吻合术.结果 306例接受RPD的患者中,手术时间4～6 h,出血量200～600 ml,无术中及术后胰腺钩突部位的出血.术后患者出血发生率和病死率分别为3.3%和0.9%;术后胰瘘和胆瘘发生率分别为1.6%和0.6%,胆瘘、胰瘘患者均在B超引导下经穿刺引流等保守治疗后痊愈.随访至2010年3月,未见因肠系膜上血管周围肿瘤复发死亡患者.结论 采用肠系膜上血管交换和胰腺钩突部血流控制法可顺利完成壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤患者胰腺钩突部的根治性完整切除;并可减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间,减少肠系膜上静脉和(或)肠系膜上动脉的误切,可避免因胰腺钩突部残留引起的术后胰腺组织坏死脱落、感染和出血;还可从理论上减少肿瘤细胞播散的机会.     

区域淋巴结廓清在胰头癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨区域淋巴结廓清结合胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌的有效性和安全性。方法 在常规胰十二指肠切除术(Whipple)基础上，进行区域淋巴结廓清，同时清除从腹腔动脉干至肠系膜下动脉的后腹膜组织，重点清除肠系膜根部淋巴结(14组)、肝十二指肠韧带内淋巴结(12组)、腹主动脉旁淋巴结(16组)、以及肝动脉旁(8组)、腹腔动脉旁(9组)淋巴结。结果 53例胰头癌病人施行了以区域淋巴结廓清为重点的胰头癌根治术，其中有3例合并切除了受浸润的一段肠系膜上静脉。手术无严重并发症发生，病人均痊愈出院。53例病人中有38例(72％)发生淋巴结转移，其中以胰头后(13组)、肠系膜根部(14组)发生率最高；14组淋巴结中各亚组转移率较为平均；发生第二站淋巴结转移的比例高达63％；肿瘤大小与淋巴结转移不成正比，小于2cm的肿瘤已经有第二站淋巴结的转移；术后1，2，3，5年生存率分别为70％，52．8％，26．7％，17．8％。结论 胰头癌的淋巴结转移呈现发生早、播散远和以肠系膜根部等部位为重点的特征，以区域淋巴结廓清为重点的胰头癌根治术能较为彻底地清除区域内淋巴结以及后腹膜组织，有助于保证手术的彻底性。     

Strategies for the treatment of invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and how to achieve zero mortality for pancreaticoduodenectomy

Although various therapeutic modalities are available for carcinoma of the pancreas, "curative resection" is the most important. Thus, the aim of surgery for carcinoma of the pancreas is local complete resection of the carcinoma. Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas invades through the pancreatic parenchyma, following the arteries, veins, and especially nerves between the parenchyma and fusion fascia, and then spreads horizontally toward the superior mesenteric artery or celiac axis. We suggest techniques for resection of the extrapancreatic nerve plexus in the head of the pancreas during a Whipple procedure for carcinoma of the pancreas, from the perspective of surgical anatomy and pathology, to achieve "curative resection". We suggest that: (1) en-bloc resection of the right side of the superior nerve plexus and the first and second nerve of the pancreatic head should be performed. With this technique, it is possible to avoid cutting these nerves. It is easy to perform this procedure, as follows. First, the superior mesenteric artery and vein are encircled with tape. Next, the superior mesenteric artery should be moved to the right side of the superior mesenteric vein under this vein. In addition, (2) the entire cut end of the nerve plexus should be investigated during the operation, using frozen specimens, and confirmed to be negative for cancer. If the cut end is positive for cancer, additional resection of the nerve plexus should be performed to achieve curative resection. It is impossible to completely determine whether the cut end of the nerve plexus is positive or negative for carcinoma after surgery, because the cut end is long and some specimens are deformed by formalin fixation; thus, it is difficult to identify the true surgical cut end. With regard to reconstruction, we perform a modified Child method with pancreaticojejunostomy (end-to-side), choledochoduodenostomy (also end-to-side), and gastrojejunostomy with Braun's anastomosis. The greater omentum is set around the pancreaticojejunostomy to prevent pancreatic juice from spreading in the abdomen. Careful management of the intraabdominal drainage tubes after the operation is crucial. With the operative procedure and postoperative controls described above, operative mortality was zero in 114 consecutive patients in our series who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

肠系膜上动脉路径在胰十二指肠切除及合并血管切除术中的应用

目的：探讨经肠系膜上动脉途径行胰头十二指肠切除及合并血管切除的可行性及优劣。 方法：2012年9月—2014年2月采用肠系膜上动脉旁路径的方法实施胰头十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌及壶腹周围癌16例,其中实施门静脉、肠系膜上静脉切除重建手术5例。患者均首先显露、游离肠系膜上动、静脉并清除其周围的神经淋巴组织,再打通胰后隧道并切断胰腺颈部,最后切除胰腺钩突或被侵犯的门静脉、肠系膜上静脉。 结果：15例术后顺利恢复后出院,1例术后出现肾功能衰竭、肺部感染,放弃治疗自动出院。术中平均出血量为470 mL,平均手术时间4.5 h,无手术中及术后死亡。5例术后出现胰瘘等并发症,均经保守治疗后痊愈。切缘病理检查均阴性,淋巴结及后腹膜神经、淋巴组织阳性检出率较高。 结论：经肠系膜上动脉途径行胰头十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌及壶腹周围癌安全可行,并可增加R0切除率。     

胰十二指肠切除术后外科相关并发症的分析与处理

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后外科相关并发症发生的原因与处理措施.方法 回顾性研究1995年1月至2010年4月共412例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,男性232例,女性180例,分析其术后并发症发生的影响因素与治疗方法.结果 本组中共有153例患者出现并发症214例次,总发生率为37.1%.术后30 d内死亡19例,总病死率4.6%.统计学分析显示,胰腺钩突全切除与否(P=0.022)、胰肠吻合方式(P=0.005)、胰管直径(P=0.007)及残余胰腺质地(P=0.000)与胰瘘的发生具有相关性;未进行胰腺钩突全切除(P=0.002)、术中失血量≥600ml(P=0.000)及合并胰瘘者(P=0.000)术后出血发生率显著增高;保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组术后胃排空障碍的发生率显著高于传统胰十二指肠切除术组(P=0.000).多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰管直径及胰腺质地是影响胰瘘发生的独立危险因素;未进行胰腺钩突全切除、术中失血量≥600ml及胰瘘为影响术后出血的独立危险因素;联合血管切除或腹膜后淋巴清扫的患者与未行血管切除或腹膜后淋巴清扫的患者相比,并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 合并慢性胰腺炎及胰管扩张的患者可行胰肠端侧黏膜对黏膜吻合,而端端或端侧套入式吻合更适于胰管不扩张或胰腺质软者;完整切除钩突、术中仔细止血是预防术后出血的重要因素;胰瘘是并发术后出血的重要原因之一.联合肠系膜上静脉或门静脉切除及腹膜后淋巴结清扫不会增加术后并发症的发生率.     

Surgical techniques for pancreatic cancer

Surgical resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma offers the only chance for long-term cure. Over the past 2 decades significant advances have been made in both the surgical techniques and the perioperative care of patients with pancreatic cancer. The operative management of pancreatic cancer involving the head, neck, and uncinate process consists of 2 phases: first, assessing tumor resectability and then, if the tumor is resectable, completing a pancreaticoduodenectomy and restoring gastrointestinal continuity. In this article, we describe our current techniques for resection of pancreatic cancer, review operative palliation for unresectable cancer, and discuss several controversies in the operative management of pancreatic cancer including: 1) the role of extended lymphadenectomy, 2) pylorus preservation and 3) pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy for pancreatic duct reconstruction.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation improves survival. A prospective, single-institution experience.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate prospectively survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, comparing two different postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation protocol to those of no adjuvant therapy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Based on limited data from the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group, adjuvant chemoradiation therapy has been recommended after pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head, neck, or uncinate process of the pancrease. However, many patients continue to receive no such therapy. METHODS: From October 1991 through September 1995, all patients with resected, pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the head, neck, or uncinate process of the pancreas were reviewed by a multidisciplinary group (surgery, radiation oncology, medical oncology, and pathology) and were offered three options for postoperative treatment after pancreaticoduodenectomy: 1) standard therapy: external beam radiation therapy to the pancreatic bed (4000-4500 cGy) given with two 3-day fluorouracil (5-FU) courses and followed by weekly bolus 5-FU (500 mg/m2 per day) for 4 months; 2) intensive therapy: external beam radiation therapy to the pancreatic bed (5040-5760 cGy) with prophylactic hepatic irradiation (2340-2700 cGy) given with and followed by infusional 5-FU (200 mg/m2 per day) plus leucovorin (5 mg/m2 per day) for 5 of 7 days for 4 months; or 3) no therapy: no postoperative radiation therapy or chemotherapy. RESULTS: Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed in 174 patients, with 1 in-hospital death (0.6%). Ninety-nine patients elected standard therapy, 21 elected intensive therapy, and 53 patients declined therapy. The three groups were comparable with respect to race, gender, intraoperative blood loss, tumor differentiation, lymph node status, tumor diameter, and resection margin status. Univariate analyses indicated that tumor diameter < 3 cm, intraoperative blood loss < 700 mL, absence of intraoperative blood transfusions, and use of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy were associated with significantly longer survival (p < 0.05). By Cox proportional hazards survival analysis, the most powerful predictors of outcome were tumor diameter, intraoperative blood loss, status of resection margins, and use of postoperative adjuvant therapy. The use of postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation therapy was a predictor of improved survival (median survival, 19.5 months compared to 13.5 months without therapy; p = 0.003). The intensive therapy group had no survival advantage when compared to that of the standard therapy group (median survival, 17.5 months vs. 21 months, p = not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemoradiation therapy significantly improves survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head, neck, or uncinate process of the pancreas. Based on these survival data, standard adjuvant chemoradiation therapy appears to be indicated for patients treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the head, neck, or uncinate process of the pancreas. Intensive therapy conferred no survival advantage over standard therapy in this analysis.     

Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis

Debilitating abdominal or back pain remains the most common indication for surgery in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The surgical approach to chronic pancreatitis should be individualized based on pancreatic and ductal anatomy, pain characteristics, baseline exocrine and endocrine function, and medical co-morbidity. No single approach is ideal for all patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic ductal drainage with pancreaticojejunostomy targets patients with a dilated pancreatic duct and produces good early postoperative pain relief; however, 30%–50% of patients experience recurrent symptoms at 5 years. Resection for chronic pancreatitis should be considered (1) when the main pancreatic duct is not dilated, (2) when the pancreatic head is enlarged, (3) when there is suspicion of a malignancy, or (4) when previous pancreaticojejunostomy has failed. Re-sectional strategies include pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, total pancreatectomy, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (Beger procedure), or local resection of the pancreatic head with longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy (Frey procedure). Superior results are obtained when the pancreatic head is resected, either completely (pancreaticoduodenectomy) or partially (Beger or Frey procedure). Although pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy remains the gold standard resection procedure, there is evidence that newer operations, such as the Beger resection, may be as effective in regard to pain relief and better in respect to nutritional repletion and preservation of endocrine and exocrine function. Received: April 20, 2002 / Accepted: May 13, 2002 Offprint requests to: H.A. Reber