回顾性比较Poser标准和McDonald标准

目的比较Poser标准和McDonald标准在多发性硬化诊断中的差异。方法对80例新诊断为多发性硬化患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分别应用Poser标准和McDonald标准对其进行诊断分类。结果80例患者中48例(60.00%)行脊髓MRI检查,阳性率为83.33%(40/48)。应用Poser标准,41例(51.25%)为临床确诊,10例(12.50%)为实验室确诊,17例(21.25%)为临床可能,余12例(15.00%)未能进行诊断分类。应用McDonald标准,45例(56.25%)为确诊多发性硬化,35例(43.75%)为可能多发性硬化。经Poser标准临床确诊的41例患者中,除4例不完全符合McDonald标准中确诊多发性硬化条件外,其余37例均符合;实验室确诊的10例患者中,4例符合McDonald标准中确诊多发性硬化条件,其余6例为可能多发性硬化。经McDonald标准确诊的45例患者中,37例符合Poser标准中临床确诊条件,4例为实验室确诊,1例为临床可能,余3例为原发进展型多发性硬化。18例患者(33.33%)脑脊液寡克隆区带检测阳性,26例(40.63%)IgG合成率升高。4例患者脑脊液寡克隆区带或IgG检测呈阳性反应且MRI病灶≥2个,经McDonald标准诊断为确诊多发性硬化。结论McDonald标准较Poser标准更为完善,尤其适用于原发进展型多发性硬化及临床孤立综合征患者。同时应用脊髓MRI检查以及脑脊液寡克隆区带和IgG检测有利于提高McDonald标准诊断的敏感性。     

McDonald标准对多发性硬化的诊断意义

目的 研究McDonald标准对多发性硬化(MS)的诊断意义.方法 对47例MS患者,其中视神经脊髓型MS(OSMS)17例、传统型MS(CMS)30例,进行病史收集、查体及MRI,诱发电位、脑脊液检查.运用McDonald标准对MS患者进行诊断.采用Fisher精确检验对两亚型诊断结果 进行比较.结果 OSMS亚组符合McDonald标准确诊MS 16例(94.1%)、可能MS1例(5.9%),CMS亚组符合确诊MS 20例(66.7%)、可能MS 10例(33.3%),两亚组确诊比率的差异有统计学意义(OR=0.1250,95%CI:0.0144～1.083,P<0.05).其中,不需附加证据而符合临床确诊的OSMS患者为16例,而CMS患者为17例,另3例需要结合MRI和脑脊液证据后确诊.结论 McDonald标准诊断OSMS的准确性高于CMS,尤其在确诊MS时更明显.其原因可能与该标准确诊OSMS时主要依赖临床症状和体征,而对CMS需要严格的MRI证据的规定有关.     

两种多发性硬化诊断标准的比较

目的 针对诊断多发性硬化（MS）的McDonald标准、Poser标准的有效性做比较。方法 按中枢神经系统（CNS）受累的临床表现将35例MS患者分为脊髓型和非脊髓型两个亚组,并对部分患者进行了随访观察,用卡方检验对两种诊断标准进行比较分析。结果 两种诊断标准对脊髓型、非脊髓型MS的诊断阳性率接近（P＞0．05）,但McDonald标准中诊断不能的例数相对较多（P＜0．05）,经随访观察均证实为MS。结论 Poser标准对MS诊断的有效性优于McDonald标准,但对其在诊断进展型MS时的MS时的病程规定有待于进行改良或者灵活运用。MS诊断的有效性优于McDonald标准,但对其在诊断进展型MS时的病程规定有待于进行改良或者灵活运用。     

McDonald多发性硬化诊断标准的应用性评价

多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis，MS）的诊断主要基于中枢神经系统病灶在时间上和空间上多发性的临床证据，且需除外可引起这些损害的其他疾病。目前被广泛应用的诊断标准有两种，即1983年提出的Poser标准和2001年提出的McDonald标准。McDonald标准 ^[1]是建立在Poser标准基础上，但更注意利用包括MRI在内的相关实验室检查来证明多发性硬化在时间和空间上的多发性，     

中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病变与复发-缓解型多发性硬化

参照Poser诊断标准．对1999年1月～2004年1月问经临床、头部和脊髓MRI、脑脊液IgG合成率和VEP检查后，诊断为中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病的53例患者．经5年临床和MRI随访．有36例符合缓解-复发型多发性硬化(MS)的临床确诊和实验室支持诊断标准，现将病情演变及诊断经过进行分析．以探讨复发-缓解型MS的早期诊断，为预防复发、控制病情进展提供治疗方面依据。     

多发性硬化的McDonald诊断标准评价情况

1983年,Poser等[1]提出了由临床、亚临床(诱发电位)和脑脊液(CSF)异常组成的多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)诊断标准(简称旧标准),在国内一直沿用至今。其中并没有把磁共振成像(MRI)异常作为诊断依据(直到1988年对该诊断标准的进一步完善),这很大程度上是因为当时MRI处于发展的早期,尚未普及。近年来,MRI已经成为诊断和鉴别诊断MS必不可少的手段之一。2002年国外研究表明,大约95%的临床确诊MS患者以及约2/3的临床孤立综合征(CIS)患者MRI的T2像或质子像会出现异常[2]。2001年国际MS诊断专家组在重新复习Poser诊断标准,并考虑…     

特发性脱髓鞘性视神经炎的临床转归

目的 了解特发性脱髓鞘性视神经炎(IDON)临床转归、转化为多发性硬化(MS)或视神经脊髓炎(NMO)的比例以及相关影响因素.方法 对确诊且临床资料完整的IDON患者进行病例回顾及随访,记录视功能和其他神经功能变化以及MS或NMO转化率,应用卡方检验分析不同临床特征对转化率的影响.结果 共入组资料完整且完成随访的IDON患者107例.多数患者视力恢复较好,12例(11.2%)在随访期间转化为MS或NMO.全部12例患者均符合2005年修订的McDonald诊断标准,其中4例符合1999年NMO诊断标准,其余8例中部分表现为"视神经脊髓型MS".复发性IDON较首次发病患者、伴头颅MRI异常较MRI正常者转化为MS或NMO的比例高,分别为23.1%和4.4%(χ2=6.899,P<0.01)以及18.2%和8.1%.是否伴有视乳头水肿以及不同视力损害程度组之间转化为MS或NMO的比例没有差异.结论 该组IDON患者转化为MS或NMO的比例为11.2%.复发性IDON和伴有头颅MRI异常的患者更易转化为MS或NMO.     

多发性硬化的临床特点(附46例分析)

1 临床资料所有病例均符合Poser等提出的多发性硬化(MS)诊断标准.其中男21例、女25例,均为首次发作,年龄10～59岁,平均年龄35岁.急性起病者30例,亚急性起病者11例,慢性起病者5例.     

影像学在多发性硬化诊断的价值

MS是以中枢神经系统白质脱髓鞘病变为特点,遗传易感个体与环境因素相互作用的自身免疫性疾病,具有病灶多发和时间上复发-缓解的特征。自1982年以来临床诊断一直沿用Poser的诊断标准包括临床确定诊断标准和实验室支持确诊标准。辅助诊断MS的影像学手段包括CT和MRI。由于影像学的     

2017修订版McDonald多发性硬化诊断标准解读

2010修订版McDonald多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)诊断标准被广泛应用于研究和临床实践。结合近年来的科学研究进展,MS诊断国际专家组在2010修订版McDonald MS诊断标准的基础上,提出了新的2017修订版McDonald MS诊断标准。主要修订内容包括:典型的临床孤立综合征(clinically isolated syndrome,CIS)患者,如已有临床或磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)的空间多发证据,且脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)特异的寡克隆区带阳性,即允许MS诊断成立;在幕上和幕下病灶或脊髓综合征患者中,症状性病灶可用于空间和时间多发证据;皮质病灶可用于空间多发证据。2017修订版McDonald MS诊断标准更加简化和明晰,有利于MS的早期诊断;同时保留了2010修订版的特异性,旨在促进其在不同人群中的合理应用以降低误诊率。本文对2017修订版McDonald MS诊断标准的要点进行解读和评论。     

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: comparison of the Poser criteria and the new McDonald criteria

OBJECTIVES: A confident and accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is important, but a specific diagnostic test for the disease does not exist. The traditional diagnostic criteria of Poser et al. were published in 1983, and recently, McDonald et al. recommended new criteria for the diagnosis of MS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study these two diagnostic schemes were compared by prospectively applying both of them to 76 patients with clinical features suggesting a new diagnosis of MS. RESULTS: Using the Poser criteria, 29 patients (38%) were classified as clinically definite and 35 patients (46%) as laboratory definite MS. According to the new McDonald criteria, MS was diagnosed in 39 (52%) patients, 37 patients (48%) had 'possible MS'. All patients with a clinically definite MS with the Poser criteria were also given the diagnosis of MS as recommended by McDonald et al. Of those 35 patients with laboratory definite MS according to Poser et al., four patients could be classified as having MS with the McDonald criteria, 89% of them had 'possible MS'. Conversely, 75% of the 39 patients, who fulfilled the new McDonald criteria for MS were assigned to the category of clinically definite MS according to the Poser criteria, and 83% of the patients with a 'possible MS' using the McDonald criteria, had a laboratory definite MS with the Poser criteria. CONCLUSION: MS according to the McDonald criteria was diagnosed more often than 'clinically definite MS' according to Poser et al., but combining the categories of clinically and laboratory definite MS, the diagnosis of MS could clearly be established more frequently using the Poser criteria.     

Application of the new McDonald criteria to patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis

Traditionally, multiple sclerosis (MS) has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical evidence of dissemination in time and space. Previously, it could not be diagnosed in patients with single clinical episodes of demyelination known as clinically isolated syndromes. New diagnostic criteria from the International Panel of McDonald and colleagues incorporate MRI evidence of dissemination in time and space to allow a diagnosis of MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. From clinical and MRI examinations performed prospectively at baseline, 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years of follow-up, the frequency of developing MS was ascertained by the application of both the new McDonald criteria and the Poser criteria for clinically definite MS. The specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of the new criteria for the development of clinically definite MS were assessed. At 3 months, 20 of 95 (21%) patients had MS with the McDonald criteria, whereas only 7 of 95 (7%) had developed clinically definite MS. After 1 year, the corresponding figures were 38 of 79 (48%) and 16 of 79 (20%), and after 3 years, they were 29 of 50 (58%) and 19 of 50 (38%). The development of MS with the new MRI criteria after 1 year had a high sensitivity (83%), specificity (83%), positive predicative value (75%), negative predictive value (89%), and accuracy (83%) for clinically definite MS at 3 years. Use of the new McDonald criteria more than doubled the rate of diagnosis of MS within a year of presentation with a clinically isolated syndrome. The high specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of the new criteria for clinically definite MS support their clinical relevance.     

Evaluation of multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria in Suzhou, China – risk of under-diagnosis in a low prevalence area

Objective –  To evaluate the discharge diagnosis of demyelinating diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) and analyze the predictive value of the new diagnostic criteria in Suzhou, China.
Materials and methods –  We collected clinical information and data of laboratory examinations for all cases with a diagnosis of various demyelinating diseases in the CNS. All data were reviewed individually by four senior neurologists, and a diagnosis was finally given to each patient according to the McDonald criteria and the Poser criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS).
Results –  In the analysis, 176 patients with a diagnosis of demyelinating diseases in the CNS at discharge were included. In 82 patients with a diagnosis of MS at discharge, the MS diagnosis was confirmed for 74 patients according to the McDonald criteria for MS, and the positive predictive value for the discharge diagnosis of MS was 90.2% (74/82). According to the Poser criteria, 61 patients were diagnosed as MS. The consistency of the two diagnostic criteria for MS was 78.4%, based on the results of the evaluation.
Conclusions –  Under-diagnosis of MS could be one of the explanations for the low prevalence of MS in China. Compared to the Poser criteria, the McDonald criteria had a higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of MS.     

The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Devon: a comparison of the new and old classification criteria

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Devon and compare the new McDonald classification guidelines with the Poser criteria currently used. METHODS: All patients known to have multiple sclerosis and alive and resident within the chosen area on 1 June 2001 were included in the study. Seven sources of case ascertainment were used and each patient was classified according to both the Poser criteria and the McDonald guidelines. RESULTS: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Devon was 118 per 100,000 (definite and probable cases, Poser criteria) in a population of 341,796, on the prevalence day. The prevalence of definite and possible cases, as classified by the new McDonald guidelines, was slightly lower at 117 per 100,000. Clinical demographics of the prevalent population were similar to those of other studies in the United Kingdom. CONCLUSIONS: This is first survey to use the new recommended guidelines and compare these criteria with the Poser classification. The difficulties encountered with applying the new criteria in research are highlighted, as are the differences between the new and old criteria. This study reports one of the highest prevalences in the south of the UK, adding support for a north-south divide being a step effect rather than a latitudinal gradient.     

Magnetic resonance imaging at first episode in pediatric multiple sclerosis retrospective evaluation according to KIDMUS and lesion dissemination in space criteria

Background: Several diagnostic imaging criteria are being described and examined in pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS). Compared to adults, children are more likely to experience acute or relapsing demyelinating episodes of various etiologies which show similar clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Aim: To investigate the fulfillment of MRI diagnostic criteria at initial episode in pediatric MS. Methods: We reviewed our series of children and adolescents with the final diagnosis of clinically definite MS and applied the McDonald dissemination in space (DIS) and KIDMUS criteria to their initial MRI scans. Results: Thirty patients (17 girls, 13 boys), most with brainstem dysfunction and polysymptomatic presentation, were included in the study. Twenty-five (83.3%) patients fulfilled both McDonald and KIDMUS criteria. Patients who did not meet any McDonald DIS criteria did not meet KIDMUS criteria either. Only one patient met the McDonald criteria but not the KIDMUS criteria because of the absence of lesions perpendicular to corpus callosum. Conclusions: Our results show 5/30 (16.6%) of MS patients may not present the diagnostic MRI features initially. The variable sensitivity observed for the current MRI criteria in different series can be due to referral biases, differences between populations and length of follow-up, and the definition of MS patients by two attacks only.     

Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The disorder displays marked clinical heterogeneity. In certain cases, making diagnosis can be challenging. Diagnosis of MS has become more important in the era of treatments that change the natural history of the disease. Several general diagnostic principles are useful to guide the diagnostic approach to MS. Clinically, MS requires neurological problems associated with objective abnormalities. Certain basic principles, first outlined by Schumacher et al. (1965) are still pertinent. Poser et al. (1983) have further modified the criteria using data derived from clinical evaluation and laboratory studies, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, evoked potentials, and imaging studies. Poser criteria have long been familial for most neurologists. The most recent addition to our diagnostic armamentarium are the McDonald criteria (2001), which are the first attempt to incorporate standardized MRI criteria into the MS diagnostic process. The most innovative use of MRI to support an MS diagnosis is dissemination of demyelination can be demonstrated by MRI alone, in the absence of any new clinical attacks. Diagnosing MS by such sensitive MRI criteria will occur more quickly than waiting for a second clinical event. This has added some sensitivity, some controversy, and a lot of confusion. The application of the new criteria on Asian MS patients remains to be validated. Each of the criteria will be discussed, with major emphasis on the McDonald criteria.     

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis that meets modified McDonald criteria for dissemination in space is associated with a high probability of conversion to multiple sclerosis in Taiwanese patients

Background: Patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) may relapse and some may ultimately convert to multiple sclerosis (MS); however, no criteria that can predict MS conversion are available to date. Our aim was to describe the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of patients with an initial ADEM attack and evaluate which MRI criteria can predict conversion to MS. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 36 patients diagnosed with ADEM. We determined clinical signs/symptoms, examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and performed brain MRI scans and compared the findings between patients who did and did not convert to MS. Results: Clinical signs/symptoms, and CSF analysis show no significant difference between the two groups. The rate of conversion to MS from ADEM in Taiwanese patients is low (11%) after a mean follow‐up period of 28.36 months. Modified McDonald criteria were fulfilled in 19/36 patients: 21% (4/19) of those patients developed MS according to Poser criteria subsequently. Of the other patients (17/36) who did not fulfill these criteria, none converted to MS. (log rank test; P = 0.027). Conclusions: It is difficult to predict from initial clinical presentations to address which patients with ADEM will convert to MS. Patients with ADEM whose brain MRI findings met the modified McDonald criteria may have clinically isolated syndrome because they have a significantly higher probability of conversion to MS. In contrast, patients whose brain MRI findings did not meeting these criteria may be considered as having classic ADEM because they have a lower probability of conversion to MS.     

MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis: Evaluation in a pediatric cohort

This study assessed the validity of established MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) in a cohort of 20 children with clinically definite MS. The authors found that many pediatric MS patients did not meet the MRI criteria established for adult-onset MS, particularly the McDonald MRI criteria for dissemination in space. The authors thus suggest that MRI criteria for adult MS be applied cautiously to pediatric MS patients.