毛细支气管炎患儿潮气呼吸肺功能改变的特征

目的观察毛细支气管炎患儿的潮气呼吸流速一容量曲线测定结果，探讨毛细支气管炎患儿潮气呼吸肺功能改变，为临床诊疗提供依据。方法选择毛细支气管炎患儿40例，于镇静后进行潮气呼吸流速容量曲线测定TBFV。并对毛细支气管炎患儿住院5—9天病情恢复后进行复查。部分患儿随访半年至一年。结果毛细支气管炎组与对照组相比，除吸呼比差异无显著性外，其他各指标均有显著差异，VT／kg，TPEF／Te，VPEF／Ve，Ti／Te明显降低。RR增加。治疗5～9天后，VT／KG，RR，明显改善TPEF／TE，VPEF／VE未恢复正常。部分毛细支气管炎患儿随访半年至一年，TPTEF／Te，VPEF／Ve未正常。结论潮气呼吸肺功能测定能够反映出毛细支气管炎的病理生理特点，可成为呼吸道疾病临床诊断及病情评价的重要补充。     

体位改变对喘息婴幼儿潮气呼吸肺功能的影响

目的比较仰卧位和侧卧位两种体位下潮气呼吸肺功能测定结果。方法同时测定在仰卧位和侧卧位下32例喘息患儿的潮气呼吸肺功能,观察肺功能参数变化。结果侧卧位与仰卧位相比潮气呼吸肺功能参数均有改变,差异具有显著性。侧卧位达峰时间比、达峰容积比升高,每千克体重潮气量减少,呼吸频率减慢,吸气时间延长,潮气呼吸峰流速下降。结论体位改变能影响潮气呼吸肺功能检测结果;检测时应统一体位。     

潮气呼吸肺功能检测对婴幼儿喘息性疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨潮气呼吸肺功能检测对婴幼儿喘息性疾病的诊断价值。方法收集2012年1月—2014年1月在我院住院的支气管哮喘患儿40例(哮喘组)、毛细支气管炎患儿40例(毛细组)及门诊体检健康婴幼儿40例(对照组)。均于平静呼吸状态下监测潮气呼吸肺功能,指标包括:单位质量内潮气量(Vt)、呼气时间(Te)、吸气时间(Ti)、呼吸频率(RR)、达到峰流速时间(TPTEF)、达到呼气峰流速时所呼吸气体体积(VPTEF)以及呼吸容积(Ve),计算呼吸比(Ti/Te)、达峰时间比(TPTEF/Te)以及达峰容积比(VPTEF/Ve)。哮喘组和毛细组患儿完成测试后,均给予0.5%沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗,3个月后进行复测。结果治疗前哮喘组和毛细组患儿RR高于对照组,Te、Ti、TPTEF/Te及VPTEF/Ve低于对照组(P0.05)。吸入沙丁胺醇后,哮喘组Vt、VPTEF/Ve及TPTEF/Te高于治疗前,毛细组RR、TPTEF/Te低于治疗前(P0.05)。结论潮气呼吸肺功能检测能够间接反映婴幼儿喘息性疾病的病理生理特征,为临床诊断提供参考。     

急性毛细支气管炎潮气呼吸肺功能改变的特征

近年来应用潮气呼吸流速一容量曲线（tidal breathingflow volume,TBFV）为检测婴幼儿的通气功能提供了可能,该操作简便,对患儿干扰小,通过对潮气流速曲线和呼吸参数的分析,可作为临床诊断、病情评估的重要补充。本研究通过对毛细支气管炎（简称毛支）患儿的TBF的检测,探讨其特点和重要呼吸参数的变化,为临床工作提供参考。     

潮气呼吸肺功能测定在婴幼儿喘息性疾病中的应用及意义

儿童喘息疾病是一种综合性呼吸疾病,患儿通常患有变应性鼻炎、变应性皮炎等一些过敏性症状,同时还可能有家族遗传史的倾向,具有气道高反应性.潮气呼吸方法测定肺功能在儿科临床主要应用于婴幼儿,目前已成为临床测定婴幼儿肺功能的首选方法.本文对潮气呼吸肺功能各参数的临床意义及潮气呼吸肺功能在婴幼儿喘息性疾病中的应用作一综述,为其在婴幼儿喘息性疾病中的临床应用提供参考.     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者潮气呼吸肺功能测定的临床意义

目的探讨潮气流速-容积曲线(TBFV)测定对了解稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的气流阻塞程度的临床意义。方法2002-062004-06对上海交通大学附属第一人民医院的61例中重度COPD患者(COPD组)以及健康体检者68名(正常对照组),进行坐位常规肺通气功能和TBFV测定,其中26例COPD患者在吸入沙丁胺醇干粉剂后重复上述测定。结果COPD患者在TBFV测定中VPTEF/VTE、TPTEF/TE均明显低于18%[分别为(12·8±2·7)%和(11·6±2·4)%],明显低于正常对照组的(25·0±3·1)%和(29·5±3·7)%(均P<0·05),而PTEF和PTIF却无明显变化(P>0·05)。26例COPD患者在吸入沙丁胺醇后重复TBFV测定显示,不仅VPTEF/VTE、TPTEF/TE出现显著增高,TEF50/PTEF和TEF25/PTEF分别增至(47·3±13·9)%和(36·9±12·4)%,接近正常对照组(均P<0·05)。结论通过测定TBFV可了解稳定期中重度COPD患者的肺功能状况,且可用于评价支气管舒张剂的治疗效应,由于无须患者特别配合,TBFV测定易于推广。     

儿童胸闷变异性哮喘肺功能改变的特征

目的探讨胸闷变异性哮喘患儿肺功能改变的特点,为临床诊断和管理提供依据。方法选取2018年8月至2019年5月确诊为胸闷变异性哮喘的44例患儿为研究对象,选取同期初诊的非急性发作期的典型哮喘患儿62例及健康体检儿童46例为对照组。所有入组儿童在初诊或体检时进行呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)和肺通气功能的检测,胸闷变异性哮喘组和典型哮喘组行支气管激发试验。分析对比不同组患儿的FeNO水平、肺通气功能改变及气道高反应性严重程度。结果胸闷变异性哮喘组FeNO中位数值为14.0(8.0,24.0)ppb,其水平明显低于典型哮喘组[31.0(12.0,51.0)ppb,P<0.05],高于健康儿童组[9.0(7.0,18.5)ppb,P<0.05];胸闷变异型哮喘儿童肺通气功能参数中FEV1/FVC[0.998(0.967~1.079)]、PEF[(94.41±12.91)]、FEF50[79.15(64.78~93.75)]、FEF75[66.50(53.10~95.90)]均显著低于健康儿童组[1.080(1.039~1.103),P<0.01]、[(106.38±14.14),P<0.01]、[86.17(79.05~97.67),P<0.05]、[72.29(66.14~81.90),P<0.05],但与典型哮喘组无明显差异(P>0.05);胸闷变异性哮喘组第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)下降20%时吸入的乙酰甲胆碱累积剂量(PD20-FEV1)均值为(0.855±0.691)mg,显著高于典型哮喘组[(0.321±0.213)mg,P<0.01]。结论胸闷变异性哮喘患儿FeNO水平高于健康儿童,通气功能FEV1/FVC、PEF及小气道功能指标均低于健康儿童;胸闷变异性哮喘患儿肺通气功能与非急性发作期的典型哮喘患儿接近,但其FeNO水平及气道高反应性的程度均显著低于后者。     

婴幼儿潮气呼吸肺功能的临床应用研究

目的研究潮气呼吸肺功能检查在婴幼儿常见的呼吸系统疾病诊断的临床价值。方法选择年龄2个月-3岁我院同期住院婴幼儿支气管肺炎48例、支气管哮喘37例、毛细支气管炎26例,完成潮气呼吸肺功能舒张试验,并对吸入支气管扩张剂前后的主要肺功能参数进行比较。结果吸入支气管扩张剂前哮喘组、毛支组分别与肺炎组比较达峰时间比TPTEF/Te和达峰容积比VPEF/Ve均有统计学差异(P 0. 05)。吸入支气管扩张剂后肺炎组、哮喘组、毛支组TPTEF/Te和VPEF/Ve均有所改善,且差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论通过潮气呼吸肺功能测定支气管肺炎、支气管哮喘、毛细支气管炎患儿均有不同程度的气道阻塞,给予支气管扩张剂后气道阻塞程度均有所改善。     

支气管哮喘缓解期肺功能的改变

支气管哮喘患者大小气道都存在慢性气道炎症。本文对支气哮喘缓解期 4 1例患者进行常规肺功能测定 ,并与正常对照组比较 ,结果表明哮喘缓解期虽然没有临床症状 ,但存在小气道功能的异常。1.病例选择A组支气管哮喘患者缓解组 4 1例 ,其诊断均符合 1977年支气管哮喘防治指南。平均 38.4± 1.88岁。B组对照组 4 2例 ,平均年龄与支气管哮喘缓解组相匹配 ,无心肺疾患及特殊过敏病史 ,体检无异常发现 ,无吸烟史。2 .方法采用 CHEST- 70 1型肺功能仪进行测试。每个病例测定 3次 ,取最佳值。其结果自动校正。肺功能项目为 MMEF(最大呼气中期流…     

Determinants of tidal flow volume loop indices in neonates and children with and without asthma

The tidal flow volume (TFV) loop ratios of (1) time to peak flow (tPTEF ) to total expiratory time (tE ) [tPTEF /tE ] and (2) volume to peak flow (VPTEF ) to expired volume (VE ) [VPTEF /VE ] are reported to decrease with age in early life, and to decrease in subjects with obstructive airways disease (OAD). However, the mechanisms behind these changes are not well known. Thus, we reanalyzed data from 24 healthy neonates (mean birthweight: 3.49 kg ± 0.42 kg (SD)), 26 presently asymptomatic asthmatic children (age: 33 ± 21 months), and 26 controls (age: 34 ± 19 months) to elucidate what is responsible for the changes in these ratios in health and disease. Lung function was measured by TFV loops (SensorMedics 2600) at 1 hour of life and on the following day in the neonates, and before and after inhaled nebulized salbutamol (0.05 mg/kg) in the asthmatics and their controls. The observed decreases in mean tPTEF /tE and VPTEF /VE from 1 hour to 1 day of life (neonates) were entirely due to increased tE and VE , respectively secondary to a decrease in respiratory rate (P = 0.03). In asthmatics (young children), the decreased baseline tPTEF /tE and VPTEF /VE were due to lower tPTEF and VPTEF , with no significant differences in tE e and VE in asthmatics and controls. The improved ratios in asthmatic children following inhalation of a bronchodilator were mainly due to increased tPTEF and VPTEF . Our observations point out the importance of evaluating both tPTEF and either tPTEF /tE or VPTEF /VE when attempting to differentiate between changes in ratios that are related to age versus changes that reflect underlying obstructive airways disease. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997; 24:391–396. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Measuring exhaled nitric oxide in infants during tidal breathing: methodological issues

Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) may provide a tool for identifying infants at risk of developing allergic disease in childhood. In infants there is no standardized collection technique; however, the easiest method is to measure FENO during tidal breathing. In this study we investigated various methodological issues for tidal breathing (TB) FENO in infants. These included the effect of ambient NO, oral or nasal breathing, sedation, and tidal expiratory flow. Furthermore, we compared TB FENO in 88 infants with and without wheeze. Ambient NO greater than 5 ppb significantly affected FENO. There was no significant difference between NO levels measured during either oral or nasal breathing; however, there was a significant difference between levels collected from infants before and after sedation (P < 0.001). Tidal breathing FENO decreased with increasing tidal flows (P < 0.001) and increased with age (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in mixed expired NO between healthy and wheezy children, but children with doctor-diagnosed eczema had significantly raised levels (P = 0.014). There seem to be important methodological limitations for measuring FENO in infants during TB.     

Electromagnetic inductance plethysmography to measure tidal breathing in preterm and term infants

Tidal breathing measurements which provide a non‐invasive measure of lung function in preterm and term infants are particularly useful to guide respiratory support. We used a new technique of electromagnetic inductance plethysmography (EIP) to measure tidal breathing in infants between 32 and 42 weeks postconceptional age (PCA). Tidal breathing was measured in 49 healthy spontaneously breathing infants between 32 and 42 weeks PCA. The weight‐corrected tidal volume (V_T) and minute volume (MV) decreased with advancing PCA (V_T 6.5 ± 1.5 ml/kg and MV 0.44 ± 0.04 L/kg/min at 32–33 weeks, respectively; 6.3 ± 0.9 ml/kg and 0.38 ± 0.02 L/kg/min at 34–36 weeks; and 5.1 ± 1.1 ml/kg and 0.28 ± 0.02 L/kg/min at term, V_T P < 0.001 and MV P < 0.01 for 32–33 weeks PCA vs. term; V_T P = 0.016 and MV P = 0.015 for 34–36 weeks PCA vs. term). Respiratory frequency and the phase angle decreased significantly with advancing PCA but the flow parameter t_PTEF/t_E did not change significantly. Using a new technique to measure tidal breathing parameters in newborn infants, our data confirms its usability in clinical practice and establishes normative data which can guide future respiratory management of newborn infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:160–167. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Assessing bronchodilator responsiveness in infants using partial expiratory flow-volume curves

Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of maximum forced expiratory flow measured at functional residual capacity (V'maxFRC) and the ratio of flow at 75% of the forced expiratory volume to peak forced expiratory flow (FEF(75)/FEF(peak)) for detecting bronchodilator-related changes in wheezy infants. In 55 infants (mean age, 7.8 +/- 3.1 months) with a history of recurrent wheezing, V'maxFRC and FEF(75)/FEF(peak) were measured at baseline and 15 min following nebulized albuterol. Mean results from 4 baseline and 4 postalbuterol partial expiratory flow-volume curves were compared at baseline and following bronchodilator challenge. The strength (relative effect size) of each measure for assessing change was quantified by dividing the mean of the pre- to postdifferences by the standard deviation of the differences. Mean percent predicted V'maxFRC was 41.3 +/- 34.3% at baseline and 44.4 +/- 34.0% following albuterol. Mean FEF(75)/FEF(peak) was 26.7 +/- 13.4% at baseline and 35.8 +/- 14.3% following albuterol. The mean percent change from baseline [(post-pre)/pre] in percent predicted V'maxFRC was 18.3 +/- 39.3, and for FEF(75)/FEF(peak), it was 44.1 +/- 36.8. The change in FEF(75)/FEF(peak) following albuterol was significantly greater than the change in V'maxFRC (P < 0.0001). The relative effect size for mean percent change from baseline in V'maxFRC was 0.47, and for FEF(75)/FEF(peak), 1.20. Changes in FEF(75)/FEF(peak) appear to differentiate changes in airway function following administration of a bronchodilator better than do changes in V'maxFRC.     

Expired tidal volumes measured by hot-wire anemometer during high-frequency oscillation in preterm infants

We sought to determine the normocapnic values of expiratory tidal volume measured by hot-wire anemometer, and to evaluate how often expiratory tidal volume exceeds estimated anatomical dead space during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in preterm infants. We also sought to determine the relationship between expiratory tidal volume and other respiratory parameters. The neonatal respiration monitor SLE 2100 VPM, a hot-wire anemometer, was used to measure expired tidal volume (V(T,E)) in patients ventilated by the Sensormedics 3,100A during routine clinical use of HFOV. Two hundred and fourteen simultaneous measurements of PaCO(2), V(T,E), fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), continuous distending pressure (CDP), frequency, and amplitude were obtained from 28 patients. The median birth weight was 852 g (range, 435-3,450 g), and median gestational age was 27.2 weeks (range, 23.3-41.0 weeks). One hundred and eighteen (55%) normocapnic measurements, 42 (20%) hypocapnic measurements, and 54 (25%) hypercapnic measurements were recorded in which the median V(T,E) was 1.67 ml/kg (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.55-1.79), 1.94 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.74-2.14), and 1.54 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.42-1.66), respectively. The measured V(T,E) exceeded 2.0 ml/kg in 30 instances of normocapnic V(T,E) (14%) and 54 of all V(T,E) (25%), and 3 ml/kg only in 7 (3%) and 11 (5%) instances of normocapnic and all V(T,E). There was a significant difference in median normocapnic V(T,E) obtained when FiO(2) was between 0.21-0.35, compared to values obtained when FiO(2) was 0.36-1.0 (1.61 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.52-1.70) vs. 2.06 ml/kg (95% CI, 1.93-2.19), P < 0.002). The calculated values of PaCO(2) between 35-47, using the calculated regression equation for prediction of PaCO(2) (mmHg), correctly predicted normocapnic values in 60% of measurements. Values >47 should predict hypercapnia in 81% of cases. In conclusion, expired tidal volume measurement by heated double-wire anemometer sensor is feasible, provides useful real-time information about tidal volume changes, and may improve the clinical management of HFOV.     

Effects of technique and analytic conditions on tidal breathing flow volume loops in term neonates

The tidal breathing flow volume loop (TBFVL) may provide objective assessments of infant airway function. We examined whether infant biologic variability and technical limitations of commercial equipment might affect tidal breathing indices. TBFVLs were obtained in 79 sleeping, healthy, 1–5-day-old infants, divided into two groups: (1) TBFVLs were obtained immediately after face mask placement, i.e., within 5–20 sec (Group A), or (2) after a delay of 2–3 min following face mask placement (Group B). Both tidal volume (V_T) and respiratory rates (RR) were significantly lower (25% and 20%, respectively) in Group A than in Group B. V_T mean (SD) was 4.45 (0.93) ml/kg for Group A and 6.09 (1.11) ml/kg for Group B (P < 0.0001); RR was 48.4 (12.2) min⁻¹ and 60.0 (15.60) min⁻¹ for Groups A and B, respectively (P < 0.0003). The time to peak expiratory flow as a ratio of total expiratory time (t_PTEF:t_E), purported to be a useful index of airway obstruction, was also significantly (P < 0.0001) attenuated in TBFVLs obtained immediately after face mask placement; t_PTEF:t_E was 0.26 (0.09) and 0.37 (0.05) in Groups A and B, respectively. Reproducibility of t_PTEF:t_E was affected by the timing of recordings. Intraindividual coefficients of variation were greater in Group A (36.53%) than Group B (18.82%). Similarly, significant differences were observed in mean values and variability of other indices of airway function between Groups A and B. Although they are easy to perform, we conclude that tidal breathing analyses may be significantly complicated by simple differences in measurement conditions. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1997;24:86–92. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Nebulized flunisolide in infants and young children with asthma: A pilot study

The role of nebulized flunisolide solution in controlling recurrent respiratory symptoms was assessed in a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel study on 23 infants and small children (mean age, 14 2 months) with bronchial asthma. Five of the 12 children in the placebo group and 1 of the 11 patients on active treatment had to be withdrawn from the study. Flunisolide significantly improved symptom scores of wheezing and cough. The rescue treatments with salbutamol did not differ between the two groups during the study. Parents considered the active treatment effective in all the patients, while the placebo was considered useful in 4 of 7 children. No side effects were detected with either treatments. This study indicates that nebulized flunisolide may be an effective treatment for infants with recurrent wheezing and cough. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 21:310–315. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.