A simplified method for chronic portal vein cannulation in the rat

A simple technique is described for chronic cannulation and repeated blood sampling from the portal vein of the conscious undisturbed rat. The method employs a straight cannula and allows precise location of the tip. Blood flow in the portal vein is not obstructed. The present technique was used in combination with chronic cannulation of the superior vena cava. Simultaneous blood sampling from the two cannulas was successfully carried out at fifteen minute intervals over six hour periods. The system and the sampling were well tolerated by the rats.     

海藻酸盐支架-骨髓间充质干细胞复合物在急性肝衰竭大鼠体内的应用

目的: 探讨海藻酸盐支架-骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)复合物在急性肝衰竭大鼠体内应用的可能性,为人工肝组织的体内应用提供基础。方法: BMSCs用氯甲基苯甲酰氨荧光染料(CM-DiI)标记后种植于海藻酸盐支架形成支架细胞复合物。动物分实验组和对照组,构建70%肝切除大鼠模型,实验组大鼠给予支架细胞复合物平铺于肝脏创面上,对照组给予单纯支架。4周后取出支架细胞复合物行荧光显微镜追踪观察;切片行白蛋白及糖原染色追踪支架上细胞的分化;同时比较两组大鼠生存率及肝功能变化情况。结果: CM-DiI能很好地标记细胞。体内应用后BMSCs能够在海藻酸盐支架上分泌白蛋白,合成糖原。实验组大鼠的生存率及肝功能改善情况优于对照组。结论: 海藻酸盐支架-BMSCs复合物在急性肝衰竭大鼠体内能够起到部分肝功能支持的作用。     

Segmental hepatic vein thrombosis associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia II

We report the case of a 55-year-old man who developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia II after a vertebral fracture. Autopsy revealed segmental hepatic vein thrombosis of the right lobe with subacute congestion and an activation of hepatic stellate cells. This case shows that heparin-induced thrombocytopenia II is a possible cause of the Budd-Chiari syndrome.     

Comparison of two different approaches for internal jugular vein cannulation in surgical patients

We compared the anterior approaches of internal jugular venous cannulation in 200 surgical patients, vis-à-vis the ease of cannulation and threading, number of attempts required and the incidence of complications following each route. The technique of posterior approach used in this study was found to have a higher rate of success in cannulation and lower rate of complication such as carotid puncture. The posterior approach was also a safe alternate route in obese or short necked patients.     

Accidental azygos vein extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation in a neonate with premature closure of the ductus arteriosus

Our group describes a rare complication of inadvertent azygos vein cannulation during initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in a neonate with prenatal closure of the ductus arteriosus in a neonate born at an outlying facility and referred for possible congenital heart disease. Upon initial echocardiogram, no flow in the ductus arteriosus was present despite being maintained on prostaglandins. He necessitated ECMO support and the azygos vein was inadvertently cannulated. Lateral chest radiograph suggested placement of cannula in the azygos vein, and this was confirmed by echocardiography. Replacement of venous ECMO cannula with echocardiographic visualization of guide wire position restored ECMO flow. This report emphasizes the importance of lateral chest radiograph and prompt echocardiographic guidance at the time of ECMO cannulation particularly in clinical scenarios associated with azygos vein dilatation or elevated pressures in the right atrium or superior vena cava.     

Glutathione homeostasis in rats chronically treated with ethanol. Evidence for an increased hepatic GSH export in vivo.

The influence of chronic ethanol feeding to rats on the hepatic glutathione (GSH and GSSG) system (synthesis, catabolism, export) and on the GSH and GSSG concentrations in extrahepatic tissues was investigated. Histological examination of livers from ethanol pretreated rats revealed a minor dilatation of the hepatic sinusoids. After ethanol administration the distribution pattern of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (enzymehistochemistry) was nearly unchanged, but the hepatic activity of this enzyme was increased. The ethanol pretreatment led to a decrease in hepatic GSH content. The hepatic activity of the GSSG-reductase were increased after ethanol treatment whereas the activities of the GSH synthesizing enzymes (gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-synthetase and GSH-synthetase) were not affected. A strong increase in sinusoidal GSH export was found in the ethanol-pretreated rats. The GSH- and GSSG concentrations of brain, lung, kidney and skeletal muscle were unchanged. It can be concluded that the ethanol-induced alteration of the hepatic GSH metabolism is caused mainly by changes of the sinusoidal membrane of the hepatocytes (direct effect of ethanol on the sinusoidal GSH carrier) leading to an increased GSH export into plasma. This effect should not due to an increased extrahepatic requirement for GSH.     

暴发性肝损伤肝性脑病大鼠脑糖胺多糖含量的变化

本文应用硫代乙酰胺灌胃复制暴发性肝损伤肝性脑病大鼠模型,检测了实验大鼠大脑、脑干、小脑糖胺多糖含量的变化。结果表明肝性脑病发生时大脑、脑干糖胺多糖含量较正常大鼠显著降低,而小脑糖胺多糖含量并无变化。说明肝性脑病发生时大脑及脑干部位伴有糖胺多糖的变化,提示肝性脑病的发生与脑内神经细胞外基质成份糖胺多糖等的变化有关。     

Portal vein or hepatic vein? A curious aberrant vasculature in the liver with idiopathic portal hypertension

The existence of aberrant vasculatures has been described as one of the characteristic findings in the liver with idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH). In this paper, the morphological features and the genesis of aberrant vasculatures were studied on the basis of autopsy and biopsy materials of IPH and animal experiments. Aberrant vasculatures in IPH livers are characterized as thin-walled vessels located mainly adjacent to the portal tracts and at times in the hepatic lobules. Although some of them are morphologically very similar to hepatic vein branches, they are portal in nature. These aberrant vessels develop in order to compensate for portal circulatory insufficiency due to obliteration of portal vein branches, and play an important role in maintaining an adequate blood supply to the parenchyma. It is predicted that decrease of these intrahepatic collateral vessels is responsible for or related to parenchymal atrophy and deterioration of liver function in the advanced stage of this disease. We regard these vasculatures as characteristic of the intrahepatic portal venous obstruction, particularly with portal hypertension accompanied by increased portal blood flow.     

Dual cerebroventricular and vascular cannulation technique for use in conscious rats

A double cannulation technique which provides access to vascular and cerebroventricular compartments of the unanesthetized rat is described. The technique requires a short surgical preparation time (10–20 min). Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and prolactin were found to be normal in male rats twenty-four hours after implantation of the cannulas. Plasma hormone levels were also not affected by intraventricular infusion of saline or by repeated blood withdrawal. The application of this technique to research in reproductive physiology and neuroendocrinology is proposed.     

Cerebral abnormalities in hepatectomized rats with acute hepatic coma

When hepatectomized rats develop hepatic coma, they are found to have cerebral edema, together with a failure of the blood-brain barrier to contain materials usually limited to the circulation. The present studies were carried out to characterize the associated ultrastructural changes in the barrier. Rats were allowed to develop hepatic coma after a two-stage hepatectomy. Electrocortical and behavior monitoring during this period indicated deterioration similar to that seen in man with acute liver injury; the water contents of the brains of the animals in hepatic coma were increased. Electron microscopic examination of the brains from control rats and animals with hepatic coma were carried out after perfusion fixation. The examination of the brains from the comatose animals showed the appearance of greatly increased numbers of vesicles in the capillary endothelium and a marked watery swelling of adjacent astrocytes, which seemed to begin in foot processes and then to spread through the cell. Intravenous peroxidase was given to most rats in the late stages of coma, and the tracer was found to be included within the capillary endothelial vesicles. Occasional accumulations of peroxidase in the underlying capillary basement membrane were found. No interendothelial cell distruption was found. Low molecular weight microperoxidase was used as well as horseradish peroxidase; the results were the same with both compounds. The findings indicate as association between capillary endothelial vesicle formation and the cerebral edema found in animals with hepatic coma following hepatectomy.     

肝短静脉的解剖学研究及其在肝脏外科中的临床应用进展

目的 总结肝短静脉(SHV)的解剖学研究及其在肝脏外科中的临床应用研究进展,为临床治疗主肝静脉病变相关肝脏疾病提供参考。方法 在中国知网、万方数据、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库以“肝短静脉” “肝切除” “肝移植”“Budd-Chiari 综合征”以及“short hepatic vein”“hepatectomy”“liver transplantation”“ Budd-Chiari syndrome”为关键词,检索2000年1月—2018年6月国内外有关SHV方面的相关文献资料,并进行汇总分析。结果 共检索到文献795篇,按纳入标准和排除标准最终纳入35篇文献,其中中文文献8篇和英文文献27篇。SHV的发现,补充和完善了肝脏的血液回流途径研究。对SHV的精准解剖是预防术后出血和保证肝脏静脉回流的关键步骤,目前已在部分肝段切除、肝移植以及Budd-Chiari综合征等外科治疗中广泛应用。结论 熟练掌握SHV的解剖是治疗肝脏血流动力学障碍相关疾病和促进肝脏外科发展的重要基础。     

Effects of in vivo carbon disulfide administration on the hepatic monooxygenase systems of microsomes from rats

In vivo administration of carbon disulfide to fasted rats leads to the disappearance of 35% of liver microsomal P-450 hemoproteins measured by the CO-binding spectrum of dithionite-reduced microsomes. P-450 hemoprotein disappearance is not accompanied by any change in the other components of P-450 monooxygenase systems (i.e., cytochrome P-420, cytochrome b₅ and NAD(P)H reductases). The spectrophotometrically remaining P-450 hemoproteins after carbon disulfide administration have increased peroxidase activity, increased apparent K_S and A_max for hexobarbital and aniline bindings, and decreased aniline hydroxylase activity. The lower wavelength peak of pyridine binding is increased whereas the higher wavelength peak of the binding is decreased at all pH values used. The mechanism by which CS₂ leads to these effects is suggested to be an alteration of a CS₂-sensitive population of liver P-450 hemoproteins. This, however, remains to be demonstrated.