抚顺大气悬浮颗粒物、PAHs和NPAHs污染调查

目的　了解抚顺大气悬浮颗粒污染物,特别是可吸入性颗粒物(PM10 )、细颗粒物(PM2 5)和超细颗粒物(PM1 0 )、多环芳烃(PAHs)和硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、分布及季节变化情况。方法　选择抚顺市内距同一污染源下风侧不同距离的3所小学为监测点,于2 0 0 2年7月～2 0 0 3年4月每季监测2周,每次4 8h连续采样,重量法测定大气悬浮颗粒物浓度、粒径分布和季节变化情况;用高压液相色谱/荧光检测仪、化学发光检测仪检测PAHs、NPAHs的种类与含量。结果　3监测点的大气悬浮颗粒物污染情况相近;TSP在冬、春两季超过国家环境空气质量二级标准1. 2 8～1 .5 4倍;PM10 全年各季节、每次采样测量均超标1. 0 7～2 . 2 2倍;PM2 . 5超美国EPA细颗粒物空气质量标准3. 84～7 76倍,甚至每次采样测量值几乎都超美国标准的每日最高允许值。冬季大气悬浮颗粒物污染加重。在大气悬浮颗粒物中检出9种PAHs、12种NPAHs ,冬季浓度高于夏季,以苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)、艹屈(Chr)和荧蒽(Flu)等4苯环的PAHs浓度较高;NPAHs在12月采暖期以2 -硝基荧蒽(2NF)为高,7月非采暖期以2 -硝基芘(2NP)为高,是其它NPAHs的几十到几千倍。PAHs、NPAHs在<2 . 1μm粒径颗粒物中的重量百分比为6 7. 2 3% ,79 .73%。结论　抚顺大气悬浮颗粒物、多环芳烃和硝基多环     

佳木斯郊区夏季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征

为了解佳木斯市夏季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征,于2013年7月连续2周采集了佳木斯郊区大气PM2.5样品,采用GC/MS测定16种多环芳烃的含量。结果显示,PM2.5浓度范围为39.19~59.60μg/m3,均值为47.63μg/m3;PAHs浓度范围为6.13~12.27 ng/m3,均值为9.13 ng/m3,多环芳烃中苯并(ghi)苝和苯并(b)荧蒽相对含量较高,占多环芳烃总量24.56%,源解析显示,机动车排放是佳木斯市郊区夏季大气颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃的主要来源。     

多环芳烃在不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布

目的 研究多环芳烃(PAHs)在冬季和夏季不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布。方法 用DFJ-1型五段分级采样器采样,用GC-MS法测定,分析衡阳市区冬夏两季空气中PAHs在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布。结果 在大气颗粒物分级样品中,均检出PAHs。PAHs在冬夏两季空气中的浓度分别为161．42、140．72 ng／m^2,在粒径≤2．0μm的细小颗粒上的含量分别占总量的63．3％与52．3％。结论 衡阳市大气环境中PAHs的含量冬季明显高于夏季,冬季主要富集在粒径≤2.0μm的细小颗粒上,PAHs在不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布不一致,夏季在粗细粒子中分布较为均匀,冬季PAHs的分布明显发生变化。     

兰州市城区大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃来源解析

目的探讨兰州市城区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平及来源。方法选择兰州市城关区和西固区作为采样点,采集2015年1月至2016年12月每月10—16日大气PM_(2.5)样品,检测样品中PAHs,并采用特征比值法和主成分分析法判断其主要来源。结果大气PM_(2.5)日平均质量浓度为采暖期高于非采暖期,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。除2环外的12种PAHs单体日平均质量浓度均为采暖期高于非采暖期,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);采暖期PAHs以4环为主,非采暖期以3环为主。采暖期PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放和天然气燃烧、煤炭燃烧;非采暖期来源于机动车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧。结论兰州市城区采暖期PAHs污染较非采暖期严重,PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放。     

2000年济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

[目的 ]了解济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 0年在济南市采集大气环境土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘 ,利用气相色谱 质谱联用技术测定多环芳烃浓度。 [结果 ]大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量为 0 2 94～ 15 45 4μg/g ,粒径 <10 μm的机动车尾气燃油尘最高 ,粒径≥ 10 μm的土壤风沙尘最低。[结论 ]济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃含量最高的是以机动车尾气为代表的燃油尘     

200O年济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

[目的]了解济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染状况.[方法]2000年在济南市采集大气环境土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定多环芳烃浓度.[结果]大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量为0.294～1 545.4μg/g,粒径＜10 μm的机动车尾气燃油尘最高,粒径≥10 μm的土壤风沙尘最低.[结论]济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃含量最高的是以机动车尾气为代表的燃油尘.     

南通市社区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征分析

为了解南通市社区大气PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量变化、污染水平、分布特征及其来源,于2016年6月-2017年5月采集该市某社区采样点的大气PM2.5共84个样品,用高效液相色谱法测定16种PAHs浓度,分析四季PAHs含量变化和污染特征。结果显示,采样点大气PM2.5中16种PAHs在2016-2017年春、夏、秋、冬四季的总浓度(∑PAHs)分别为7.41、10.96、12.85、20.45 ng/m3,平均浓度为12.92 ng/m3,其中BaP的平均浓度为1.69 ng/m3;2016-2017年大气PM2.5中16种PAHs总浓度呈明显的季节变化规律,冬季>秋季>夏季>春季,四季PAHs的组成均以4～5环为主;特征比值法显示,PAHs的主要来源为机动车尾气排放和燃煤。提示南通市该社区的大气PM2.5中存在PAHs污染,其中冬季浓度值最高。     

哈尔滨市部分地区大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征分析

目的分析哈尔滨市2013—2014年大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染水平及污染特征。方法于2013-2014年在哈尔滨市道外区(污染区)和道里区(对照区)采集大气PM_(2.5)共336个样品,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定样品中多环芳烃浓度,分析不同时期、不同地区的多环芳烃污染特征。结果哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中可检出17种多环芳烃,其中检出7种致癌PAHs。2013、2014年大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs在冬、春、夏、秋季的平均浓度分别为(79.37±23.36)、(8.66±4.34)、(5.79±2.66)、(6.54±1.42)ng/m3和(57.08±11.94)、(12.36±5.79)、(3.33±1.68)、(18.00±9.39)ng/m3,冬季浓度值均高于春、夏、秋季(P0.05)。2013、2014年采暖期污染区大气PAHs总浓度分别为(24.55±6.20)、(49.09±6.22)ng/m3,分别高于对照区[(9.50±5.20)、(19.02±5.22)ng/m~3],差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2013、2014年大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的各环构成比均以4环最高。PAHs总浓度与BaP、PM_(2.5)浓度之间均呈正相关。结论哈尔滨市大气PM_(2.5)中可检出具有致癌性的多环芳烃,尤其是采暖期。     

太原市大气多环芳烃水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃负荷关系研究

目的 了解太原市大气多环芳烃污染水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃(PAHs)负荷水平,并对两者之间的关系进行探讨.方法于2007年8月至2008年2月,在太原市某社区进行环境空气颗粒物定点采样,测定PM2.5水平及其吸附的9种PAHs水平.同时,随机调查了155名孕妇,收集基本信息,采集产前尿样,测定尿1-羟基芘水平.结果 采暖期间PM2.5浓度(0.299 mg/m3,2007年11至12月)高于非采暖期(0.142 mg/m3,2007年9至10月).大气颗粒物中含有一定量PAHs,其中B(a)P水平为0.030 3 μg/m3,是国家居民区大气中B(a)P的浓度标准(0.01 μg/m3)的3倍.采暖期分娩的孕妇尿中1-OHPvy(0.97 μmol/mol Cr)高于非采暖期分娩的孕妇(0.71 μmol/mol Cr).尿1-OHPy 水平与同期空气中PM2.5的变化趋势一致.结论 太原市大气颗粒物污染严重,并含有较高水平的PAHs;孕期妇女体内具有一定水平的PAHs负荷,并同大气污染具有一定的相关性,提示进行污染控制及行为干预的必要性.     

银川市大气PM2.5和PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征

目的分析2015-2016年银川市大气PM2.5和PM10中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征。方法采用大气颗粒物中流量采样器对大气中的PM2.5、PM10颗粒物样品进行采集,超声萃取,GC-MS分析测定。结果 2015-2016年银川市大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10中PAHs浓度变化范围分别为32.86~250.89 ng/m~3、23.93~30.73 ng/m~3,PAHs质量浓度均为冬季最高,夏季最低,主要分布于细颗粒物中;2015年四季PM2.5中苯并[a]芘(BaP)浓度的大小顺序为:冬季秋季夏季春季,其中冬季PM2.5中苯并[a]芘超过其规定浓度限值的2.8倍。2016年四季PM2.5中苯并[a]芘浓度的大小顺序为冬季秋季春季夏季,其中冬季PM2.5中苯并[a]芘超过其规定浓度限值的8.38倍;2015年冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染主要以交通排放低碳环为主,2016年冬季以煤炭排放为主的高碳环和交通为主的低碳环都有所增加。2015-2016年银川市大气中冬季PM2.5中苯并[a]芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)分别为15.24 ng/m~3和30.84 ng/m~3,分别为苯并[a]芘的2.17倍和1.47倍。结论 PAHs在四季的分布具有显著的季节变化特点,尤其是冬季环境中PAHs加重了对人体的危害,银川地区冬季又属于供暖高峰期,在减少煤炭量的使用的同时、适当控制银川市机动车辆的数量。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.