药品不良反应因果关系判定研究

目的构建一种新的药品不良反应（ADR）因果关系判定的量化标准。方法通过文献检索和专家咨询,得到准则层指标14项,每项又根据实际情况分为不同的判断情况,构成子准则层,形成问卷。对65名上海市食品药品监督管理局、各级医疗相关单位专业ADR损害判断人员进行相关调查,由他们根据自己的理论与经验填写。通过层次分析法和综合指数法构建一个指数型的ADR因果判断的量化标准。随机抽取某公司10例已上报国家ADR监测中心的资料进行实证。结果通过计算,判断出准则层、子准则层指标权重系数,然后再计算出ADR因果关系判定值范围,获得五级ADR因果判断标准。经过10例实证,2例被判断为不可能,8例被判断为怀疑,与实际情况相吻合。结论提出的五级ADR因果判断标准可以作为ADR补偿救济制度因果关系判定的参考。     

药品不良反应因果关系的判断指标效率分析

目的分析药品不良反应（ADR）因果关系判断指标的效率。方法采用文献检索法收集ADR因果关系判断指标,通过专家座谈法综合确定14项指标或因子（反应时间、停药症状、再次用药、同类报道、其他证据、类似反应、剂量变化、血药浓度、安慰剂、合并用药、家庭史、既往史、基础疾病和非药物因素）为ADR因果关系判断效率的关键指标,并制作调查问卷。对65名上海市食品药品监督管理局和各级医疗相关单位专业ADR损害因果判断人员进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷61份,有效率94%。对问卷调查结果进行因子分析,通过计算各指标方差,判断各指标在因果判断中的作用;运用降维技术探讨ADR因果关系判断的最小因子数。结果 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin和Bartlett检验显示,各指标之间存在一定的相关性;降维到7项因子时,判断效率≥85%;用得分函数表示7项因子（既往相关因子、信息佐证因子、停药反应因子、血药浓度因子、时间因子、对照因子和相似病例因子）间的关系;如果以降维的7项因子进行判断,约有15%的信息未被纳入,容易造成判断误差,尤其在个体信息较少时对个体因果关系判断可能出现失误。结论在建立ADR补偿制度过程中,对个体损害因果的判断需要纳入更多的指标以提高判断效率,体现社会公平性。     

药品不良反应伤害分级的初步研究

目的 设计药品不良反应(ADR)伤害的量化分级标准和分级方法,为构建ADR补偿体系提供参考依据.方法 在借鉴我国其他伤害事故分级的基础上,选取上海市范围内的27位医药卫生专家,通过两轮专家咨询,对不同器官和不同层级的ADR伤害进行独立评分和序化分级.结果 ADR伤害由重到轻初步分为1～10级,1级为死亡,10级为最轻微伤害.结论 以ADR伤害的特点为基础的量化分级方法基本符合我国现有国情,可以作为ADR补偿救济制度鉴定标准的参考.     

药品不良反应伤害分级的初步研究

目的 设计药品不良反应（ADR）伤害的量化分级标准和分级方法,为构建ADR补偿体系提供参考依据。方法 在借鉴我国其他伤害事故分级的基础上,选取上海市范围内的27位医药卫生专家,通过两轮专家咨询,对不同器官和不同层级的ADR伤害进行独立评分和序化分级。结果 ADR伤害由重到轻初步分为1～10级,1级为死亡,10级为最轻微伤害。结论 以ADR伤害的特点为基础的量化分级方法基本符合我国现有国情,可以作为ADR补偿救济制度鉴定标准的参考。     

中文医疗因果关系抽取数据集 CMedCausal

介绍医学领域实体、关系抽取相关研究情况,详细阐述中文医疗因果关系抽取数据集 CMedCausal 构建方法及实验情况,提出利用数据集定义3类关键的医学因果推理关系:因果关系、条件关系和上下位关系,研究人员可基于 CMedCausal 开展医疗因果关系挖掘、医疗因果解释图谱构建等方向的研究。     

精神病残疾评定中护理依赖判定的探讨

目的：探讨精神残疾评定中关于护理依赖的判定标准。方法：通过对526例已经复员退伍的精神病患者进行回顾性分析。结果：提示以肢体残疾的护理依赖五项指标判定精神病患者的护理依赖显然不能真实表现患者的实际情况。结论 精神残疾患者的护理依赖标准应该以患者的社会功能为基础评定。     

我院110例药品不良反应报告分析

目的了解我院药品不良反应(ADR)发生的特点.方法 采用回顾性调查方法对我院2011年1月~2012年12月上报的110ADR报表,按报表完整性,报告人职业、药品种类分布、ADR累及器官或系统及临床表现、ADR 转归等进行统计、分析.结果 药品不良反应/事件报告表规范分级标准:0级8例、1级15例、2级12例、3级35例、4级40例,静脉滴注方式给药引发ADR的例数最多,有81例(73.64%);医师上报的ADR最多,有104例(占94.55%);所涉及的药品以抗感染药居多,有54例(49.09%),ADR的临床表现主要为皮疹,有47例(42.73%),其次为消化系统、循环系统损害等.结论 临床应重视ADR的发生.     

临床脑死亡患者动态脑电图监测结果分析

目的:探讨动态脑电图(AEEG)诊断脑死亡的价值。方法:分析临床脑死亡的AEEG监测结果。结果:12例临床脑死亡患者的AEEG表现为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级各1例,Ⅳ级3例,Ⅴ级6例;AEEG脑电活动有由Ⅰ级向Ⅴ级演变趋势,患者AEEG分级越高,患者进入死亡时间越短。结论:对危重患者进行AEEG监测,可早期判断脑死亡,超过30分钟以上的脑电静息是判定脑死亡AEEG指标;结合临床标准与AEEG标准判断脑死亡,更符合法律与人文精神,诊断将更完整准确。     

638例抗生素药品不良反应报告分析

回顾调查我院2006年至2008年各科室上报的抗生素药品不良反应（ADR）报告,并整理、统计和分析年龄性别差异、用药情况、发生部位等与药品不良反应发生之间的关系．总结ADR监测经验．以提高ADR监测水平．初步评估药品不良反应因果关系。资料与方法638例抗生素ADR监测资料通过科室呈报的方法,由门诊或住院医师、护士、药师或由临床药师随医生查房、查看病例,发现ADR后直接报告。报告的内容包括科别、住院号或门诊号、性别、年龄、体重和简要病史、诊断、用药情况（药名、生产厂家、用法用量、剂型、起止日期、合并用药等）及ADR叙述处理情况等。药品ADR因果关系评价方法采用WHO国际药品不良反应监测合作中心建议使用的方法（Karch和Lasagna评定方法）,     

试论床位效率指数及其应用

1定义与目的床位效率指数是将床位使用的负荷指标(床位使用率)和效率指标(床位周转次数),通过数学处理,使两者合并数值趋向“1”,并以“1”为判断标准,来分析床位使用的效率状况。亦称床位工作效率的“归一分析法”。2计算方式床位效率指数的数学模型为:床位效率指数=期内床位实际周转次数/期内床位标准周转次数×床位使用率式中实际周转次数为床位周转的实际发生数。标准周转次数为卫生主管部门的需要达到的床位周转次数。经此模型计算后的数值向“1”集中,即所谓“归一”法,简化了原有数据,便于分析比较。同时,用标准周转次数作分母,起到…     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.