Orthodontic treatment need of 9, 12 and 15 year-old children according to the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and the Dental Aesthetic Index

Objective: To assess the differences in occlusal features in three cohorts at 9, 12 and 15 years of age, and compare orthodontic treatment need measured by the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: School of Dentistry, University of Valencia. Subjects: A total of 1086 children: 321 aged 9, 397 aged 12 and 368 aged 15. Methods: Children were examined to measure their orthodontic treatment need according to IOTN and DAI. The main outcome measure was orthodontic treatment need according to the DAI and IOTN indices. Results: Overbite and inter-incisal diastema were the occlusal features that presented significant differences between the three groups, diminishing with age. Treatment need according to the IOTN was 15.4% at 9 years, 20.9% at 12 years and 12.8% at 15 years. Treatment need according to DAI was 44.8% at 9 years, 21.7% at 12 years and 14.1% at 15 years. The diagnostic agreement between the two indices on the treatment need by age group was very low at 9 years (Kappa 0.18) and moderate at 12 and 15 years (Kappa 0.451 and 0.405, respectively). Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment need is greater in the mixed dentition and falls slightly as the child grows. The greatest variation in results between 9 and 15 years were found in relation to the DAI, which is consequently not recommended for use in the mixed dentition.     

Age changes in orthodontic treatment need: a longitudinal study of 10- and 13-year-old children,using the Dental Aesthetic Index

The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to assess the prevalence of unmet orthodontic treatment need in 150 13-year-old schoolchildren in Dunedin, New Zealand, and to compare the findings with those obtained in the same children at 10 years of age. Fewer 13-year-olds (27%) had a "mandatory" need of orthodontic treatment than when they were 10 years old (33%), 20% had "no/little" need for orthodontic treatment, 33% had an "elective" need for treatment and 20% had a "desirable" need for treatment. The fall in DAI scores is attributed to over-sensitivity of the Index to mixed dentition traits. When the individual scores were analysed, only 7% of the 10-year-olds were given the same scores as when they were 13 years old, 52% were given higher scores and 41% were given lower scores. This disagreement between scores was masked to a limited extent by the DAI categories: 49% of the 10-year-olds were assigned to the same DAI category at 13 years of age, 20% to a greater treatment-need category and approximately 30% to a lower treatment-need category. The DAI, in common with other malocclusion indices, is unreliable over time because it is affected by developmental changes in the occlusal traits measured.     

Orthodontic treatment need and demand in 12-14-year-old north Jordanian school children

This study was undertaken to assess the need and demand for orthodontic treatment among 12-14-year-old north Jordanian school children. In total, 1002 students randomly selected to represent five geographical areas of Irbid were examined. The examinations were carried out twice, first on the pupils in the school premises and then using study models taken from each student. The dental health (DHC) and aesthetic (AC) components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used as an assessment measure of the need for orthodontic treatment. The demand for orthodontic treatment was measured by asking the students 'if it was necessary, would they like to have their teeth straightened by an orthodontist'. The results showed that approximately one-third (34 per cent) of the children examined had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. Within this group, 73.5 per cent were in need of orthodontic treatment according to the DHC, 23.5 per cent had both DHC and AC great need scores, and 3 per cent were in need according to the AC only. Severe contact point displacement of more than 4 mm was the most common occlusal feature in the definite treatment need group, followed by impeded eruption of teeth, hypoplasia of a single tooth and increased overjet of more than 6 mm but less than or equal to 9 mm. The demand for orthodontic treatment among the students was 49 per cent. Approximately half of them (54 per cent) had a definite need for orthodontic treatment. This study provides baseline data on the need and demand for orthodontic treatment among a Jordanian population, which is important for planning public orthodontic and dental services.     

Orthodontic treatment need in a 12-year-old population in the Western Sahara

The aim of this study was to establish orthodontic treatment need according to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and Aesthetic Component (AC) and Dental Health Component (DHC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and to determine its association with gender among Saharan schoolchildren. The study was carried out in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for oral health surveys at 12 years of age. The sample comprised 248 Sahrawi children (135 girls and 113 boys) living in refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria. None of the children had previously received any orthodontic treatment. A chi-square test was used to analyse the IOTN results by gender, and a Student's t-test was employed for the DAI results. The mean DAI was 23.32 with a standard deviation of 6.05, 4 percent with a very severe and 9.2 per cent with severe malocclusion. Orthodontic treatment need was 16.1 and 2.0 percent, respectively, according to grades 4 and 5 of the IOTN DHC, 13.7 percent according to the IOTN AC, and 28.6 percent according to the modified IOTN (IOTN DHC grades 4-5 and/or IOTN AC grades 8-10). There were no statistically significant differences by gender. The orthodontic treatment need of Western Saharan schoolchildren is similar to that reported by many recent studies in European and in Sub-Saharan countries.     

Dental caries prevalence and treatment status of 12-year-old children in a non-fluoridated area

424 12-year-old children were examined in Mallow, a non-fluoridated town in North Cork, to ascertain the dental status of children finishing first level education. Both the caries prevalence and the treatment pattern were examined. The DMF was found to be 6.58 and the RI was 52.5%. A new index of restored and sound teeth (RSI) was applied and a value of 38.6% was obtained.     

Dental caries and social factors in 12-year-old South African children

Abstract – Dental caries prevalence (percentage caries-free) and experience (DMFS) were recorded, in 414 12-yr-old Indian and 401 white children living in adjacent urban communities with the same fluoride concentration in the drinking water (0.21–0.33 ppm) using WHO (11) criteria. Details of social factors: education level, family income, home space and occupants and parental occupation were obtained by questionnaire. Dental caries was significantly worse in the Indian children with regard to numbers caries-free (30%– white and 40%– Indian) and DMFS mean (sd) (3.65 (3.98) and 2.66 (3.49) working group, respectively). Social class, while or blue collar, family income and room to person ratio were significantly associated with dental caries in the white children but there were no significant associations in the Indian children. Multiple regression analysis showed race and sex to be significant factors.     

Dental caries prevalence amongst 12-year-old urban children in East Africa

It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasing, though in Kenya and Tanzania there is insufficient information to confirm such trends. In order to test the hypothesis, therefore, 762 children in Dar es Salaam and 802 children in Nairobi aged 12 yr in 1984 were examined for dental caries as part of a baseline study to monitor changes of prevalence with time. Dental caries was recorded by surfaces using the criteria recommended by the WHO and examinations were performed by standardized examiners. The mean DMFT in Dar es Salaam of 0.67 (SD 1.20) was significantly higher than that for Nairobi, 0.51 (SD 1.23). No differences were found in the mean DMFS index. Nairobi children had a greater number of filled teeth and surfaces. Although a greater proportion of children were caries-free in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam, amongst those with caries, Nairobi children had significantly higher DMFS scores, and a greater proportion with DMFS greater than 4. The possible reasons for such findings are discussed. The mean DMFT and DMFS reported here are amongst the lowest reported in the recent literature from both countries.     

Orthodontic concern of parents compared with orthodontic treatment need assessed by Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the concerns for orthodontic treatment by parents of adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria for their children, and to compare the observations with objectively determined orthodontic treatment need using DAI. A total of 271 students aged 12-18 years (mean 14.8 +/- 1.1) drawn from five secondary schools in Ibadan were clinically examined while their parents were asked about their opinions in a questionnaire. About 61.3% of the adolescents had normal or minor malocclusions needing no treatment. The rest needed orthodontic treatments ranging from definite to mandatory treatment needs. No sex difference was noted (P > 0.05). Their psychosocial treatment need indicated by parental orthodontic concern revealed that 86% of them needed no orthodontic treatment. Most parents (87.1%) perceived dental aesthetics to be equally important for girls and boys and no sex difference was observed in their orthodontic concern (P > 0.05). Parents orthodontic concern had significant weak correlation with DAI scores. The results suggest a need for more orthodontic awareness in our community and confirm that there is a difference of opinion on orthodontic treatment need between laypersons and orthodontists, as would be expected.     

基于牙美学指数对青年人群正畸需要的评估

目的：使用牙美学指数评估青年人群的正畸需要,并分析牙外观自我评估值同牙美学指数分值之间的关系。方法：358名大学生参加了牙美学指数检查,同时每位被调查者使用视觉模拟量表对牙外观进行自我评估。对牙美学指数分值和牙外观自我评估进行简单线性相关分析,并基于牙美学指数分组对牙外观自我评估进行秩合检验。结果：37.7%的被调查对象牙美学指数分值≥31,属于需要正畸治疗人群。牙美学指数与牙外观自我评估间呈中度负相关（P〈0.001）,基于牙美学指数分组对牙外观自我评估进行秩合检验表明4组间得分差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论：本样本中,37.7%的被调查对象需要正畸治疗;牙美学指数与牙外观自我评估呈反向关系。表明牙美学指数可用于青年人群口腔健康相关生活质量的相关研究。     

Dental caries status of Chinese children in Johannesburg, South Africa

The purpose of this study was to determine the dental health status of a representative sample of Johannesburg Chinese schoolchildren, all 250 attending the only Chinese school in the city. In 18 preschoolchildren, 3--5 years old, 16.7% were caries-free, mean dmft was 7.1 +/- 5.8 and labial caries was present in 33.3%. In 165 primary schoolchildren aged 5--16 years, the mean dmft was 590 +/- 3.2 with 20% of the primary dentition caries-free and the mean DMFT was 2.4 +/- 1.9 4.8% of the primary schoolchildren were caries-free. In 67 high school pupils of 11--17 years, 4.5% were caries-free and the mean DMFT score was 7.1 +/- 3.9. Caries prevalences among the Chinese were similar to corresponding groups of children of Chinese immigrants in the United Kingdom and Malaysia.     

Orthodontic treatment need in Nigerian children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the need for orthodontic treatment among Nigerian children aged 12-14 years old in Benin City, south-southern region of Nigeria. RESEARCH DESIGN: The sample consisted of 261 randomly selected school children, 122 boys (47%) and 139 girls (53%) with mean age of 12.9 +/- 0.1. The survey was conducted by clinical examination and both components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used to determine the need for orthodontic treatment. RESULTS: The results revealed that 50 (19.2%) of the children had a definite need for orthodontic treatment according to dental health component while aesthetic component of IOTN indicated definite need in 12 (4.6%). Increased overjet, severe contact displacements and impeded eruption of teeth were the common occlusal features in the definite treatment need group. CONCLUSION: This study provided data on the need for orthodontic treatment among Nigerian school children which is useful to plan and prioritise orthodontic care and services.     

牙科美学指数在调查正畸治疗需要量中的应用

目的通过对乌鲁木齐汉族青少年正畸治疗客观需要量的调查,从而为口腔卫生资源的合理规划提供科学依据.方法 随机制取562名11～19岁汉族青少年的石膏模型,应用牙科美学指数(DAI)确定正畸治疗的需要量.结果男性DAI分值为35.21±11.28,女性DAI分值为35.54±10.87,男女性别无差异(P>0.05).根据DAI分值分类,正畸治疗需要量构成比为56.73%(男性)和58.89%(女性).结论①乌鲁木齐汉族青少年需要正畸治疗者较多,需提高患者的治疗意识,加强乌鲁木齐地区的牙病防治工作;②牙科美学指数是一种可信、可重复的错牙合流行病学指数,有利于确定正畸需要量,建议推广使用,但DAI存在内在固有的不足,应用时应加以注意.     

Orthodontic treatment need in French schoolchildren: an epidemiological study using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need

This survey was undertaken to assess the orthodontic treatment need in a sample of 9- to 12-year-old French children (mean age: 9.77 years; standard deviation: 0.84) attending 12 different schools in the same geographic area of Ile de France. Two examiners used the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in order to estimate treatment need. Five hundred and eleven children (268 males, 243 females) who had not previously received orthodontic treatment were examined. Two examiners, who had been previously trained in the use of occlusal indices, screened all the schoolchildren. No radiographs, study casts, or previously written records of the children were used; the IOTN was calculated from direct examination. Qualitative data were analysed using the chi-square test to determine differences in treatment need between subgroups of subjects, and kappa("kappa") statistics to analyse the findings. A correlation coefficient was used to compare professional assessments. Twenty-one per cent of the children presented an objective need for orthodontic treatment, 28 per cent had crowding, 28 per cent an increased overjet, and 15 per cent an increased overbite. The dental health component (DHC) of the IOTN was found to be reliable and simple to use. The malocclusion status of French schoolchildren was lower than that recorded in epidemiological studies of European children.     

Dental health of 12-year-old children in Athens

A 10% sample (684) of boys and girls in the final year of state primary schools in three different areas of the city of Athens were examined. Their mean age was 11 yr 7 months and a mean DMFT of 2.41 was found. The majority of children claimed to be regular dental attenders. When the dental data from the three different socio-economic areas of the city were analysed independently, differences in the caries experience were noted. This investigation has reported lower DMFT scores than other Greek studies.