产前胎心无应激试验（NST）426例分析

目的探讨胎心无应激试验对在产前监护中的应用价值。方法对426例孕产妇进行NST试验,根据胎心基线、振幅变异、周期变异、胎动次数及胎动时胎心上升幅度这5项指标综合评分,满分为10分,NST≥8分为有反应型,6～7分为可疑型,NST≤5分为无反应型。结果400例NST有反应型的孕妇,发生胎儿宫内窘迫69例（17.25%）,新生儿窒息10例（2.50%）;14例可疑型孕妇,其胎儿宫内窘迫6例（42.86%）,新生儿窒息3例（21.43%）;NST无反应型12例,胎儿宫内窘迫9例（75.00%）,新生儿窒息3例（25.00%）。经χ^2检验,NST有反应型与可疑型、无反应型均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论NST有反应型表明绝大多数胎儿中枢神经系统对FHR控制机制的完善,提示胎儿在宫内生长良好,一般情况下无新生儿窒息。NST无反应型可能与脐带异常、早产、过期妊娠及妊娠高血压疾病等高危妊娠有关;NST可疑型可能与处理积极、胎心监护时间不够有关。     

胎心率监护在高危妊娠中的应用

目的探讨胎心率监护仪在高危妊娠中监测胎儿宫内情况的临床效果。方法采用胎儿心率电子监护仪对高危妊娠孕妇进行产前、产时监护,其中行无负荷试验(NST)68例,宫缩应激试验(CST)和催产素激惹试验(OCT)48例。结果 NST68例中反应型63例占92.65%,无反应型5例占7.35%,CST+OCT48例中阴性43例占89.58%,阳性5例占10.42%。NST反应型的高危妊娠孕妇胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率、手术产率均明显低于NST无反应型的高危妊娠孕妇(P0.05),CST+OCT阴性的高危妊娠产妇其胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率及手术产率明显低于CST+OCT阳性的高危妊娠产妇(P0.05)。结论胎儿心率电子监护仪对高危妊娠孕妇可增加异常胎儿心率的检出,早期发现胎儿宫内缺氧情况,有效降低新生儿窒息和早产的发生,提高临危胎儿的抢救成功率,降低围生儿的死亡率。     

妊娠晚期NST胎心监护10分钟与20分钟的比较

目的:探讨妊娠晚期NST胎儿监护10min与20min相比较,以了解是否有提高胎心监护仪的使用效率,节约孕产妇的等待时间的方法.方法:两组孕妇自孕34周以后行NST胎儿监护,研究组监护时间至少10min、对照组监护时间至少20min,评价其NST评分,及新生儿预后.结果:两组孕妇相比,NST评分无显著性差异,而研究组NST不满意型及无反应型总孕妇例数高于对照组,且新生儿窒息的发生率低于对照组.结论: 妊娠晚期NST胎儿监护10min提高了NST无反应型及NST可疑型的诊断产妇数,减少了胎儿宫内窘迫和新生儿窒息的发生率,提高了产科的医疗质量,值得临床推广和应用.     

胎心监护在妊娠期的临床应用价值研究

目的 观察评价胎心监护(fetal heart rate monitoring,FHM)在妊娠期(Pregnancy)的临床应用价值.方法 选择2015年3月至2016年12月于本院就诊的孕妇378例,按照随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)分为对照组与观察组,各189例.对照组给予传统胎心听诊诊断;观察组给予产前无应激试验(non stress test,NST)胎心监护(FHM)和产时电子胎心率监护(electronic fetal heart rate monitoring,EFM);比较两组监测方法的诊断正确率.结果 观察组剖宫产率及胎儿宫内窘迫诊断率明显高于对照组(30.16％比15.87％、17.99％比7.94％,x2=10.884 5、8.464 6,均P＜0.05);观察组新生儿窒息率明显低于对照组(3.17％比18.52％,x2=23.007 7,P＜0.05);观察组围产儿死亡0例,对照组1例(0.53％),差异无统计学意义(x2=1.002 7,P＞0.05).观察组孕妇189例经过NST检测结果表明,反应型146例占77.25％(146/189),可疑型29例占15.34％(29/189),无反应型14例占7.41％(14/189).NST评分与胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息(Neonatal asphyxia)、脐带异常均成反比,说明评分越高,而不良反应发生率则越低.结论 孕妇在产前进行NST胎心监护(FHM)和产时电子胎心监护(EFM)可以完全准确诊断孕妇宫内异常,并且显著地降低新生儿窒息,有效提高新生儿质量.与传统听诊胎心诊断结果相比,其准确性更高,值得产科临床大力推广.     

胎心监护对胎儿宫内窘迫的早期诊断的意义

目的探讨胎心监护对胎儿宫内窘迫的早期诊断的意义。方法对我院230例孕妇实行胎心监护,评估胎心监护在胎儿宫内窘迫的准确率和阳性检测率,比较胎心监护阳性和阴性患者的妊娠结局。结果实行NST检测的180例孕妇中,确诊162例,准确率为90．0％,胎儿宫内窘迫33例,敏感性为90．9％,无胎儿宫内窘迫132例,阴性预测率为97．8％,NST无反应型30例,阳性预测值为66．7％;实行CST检测的50例孕妇中,31例确诊,准确率为62．0％,发生胎儿宫内窘迫20例,敏感性为80．O％,无胎儿宫内窘迫26例,阴性预测率为86．7％,CST阳性为16例,阳性预测值为80．00％。两组产妇羊水粪染、胎儿宫内窘迫、剖宫产、新生儿窒息的发生卒差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胎心监护对早期诊断胎儿宫内窘迫具有较高的准确性和实时性,为临床的诊断提供可靠的依据,值得推广和应用。     

胎儿电子中央监护在产程中的应用

目的观察胎儿电子中央监护系统对预测胎儿宫内窘迫的作用。方法对2006年4月～2007年3月在我院分娩的≥37周的2592例孕妇(监护组)进行产前、产时胎儿电子监护,其中作NST900例,CST或OCT918例,并与2003年4月～2004年3月在我院分娩的≥37周未行胎儿电子监护的2376例孕妇(对照组)进行比较,并作统计学分析。结果监护组与对照组胎儿窘迫发生率分别为16.9%、10.2%,新生儿窒息发生率分别为1.4%、2.7%,剖宫产率分别为26.8%、25.5%,NST无反应型、CST或OCT阳性的孕妇其胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、剖宫产率明显高于NST反应型、CST或OCT阴性的孕妇。结论胎儿电子中央监护对诊断胎儿窘迫具有较高的临床意义,新生儿窒息率明显下降,不增加剖宫产率。     

胎心监护在围产保健中的应用探讨

目的为提高围产保健质量,及早发现胎儿宫内缺氧情况,降低围产儿死亡。方法应用无负荷试验(NST)观察孕妇无宫缩时胎动和胎心率变化之间的关系。共进行NST试验468例次。结果反应型445例次,占95.09%,无反应型23例,占4.92%,在445例次反应型中,假反应型9例,占2.02%,主要表现在过期妊娠,胎儿宫内发育迟缓和妊娠高血压疾病,围产儿死亡率0.25%,按Apgar评分≤7分统计,新生儿窒息率为3.85%。结论NST反应型预示胎儿良好,无反应型预示胎儿窒息,但不可忽视NST有假反应型的问题。     

孕晚期90例胎儿NST试验可疑型临床分析

目的：探讨胎心无刺激试验在产前检查中的作用。方法：对我院90例NST试验≤7分的可疑型结果进行分析,采取综合干预措施,提高妊娠晚期孕妇NST监测的准确性,降低妊娠晚期孕妇NST假无反应的发生率。结果：本组NST试验可疑型假无反应型发生者高达56.67%,采取综合干预措施后,孕妇主诉无饥饿,无疲乏,了解NST检查的目的,焦虑减轻,愿意配合检查,于当天或24小时后给予NST复测20-40分钟,其中51例评分9-10分,NST诊断为反应型,指导自数胎动,预约产检时间,一周复测;39例评分为6-7分,仍无胎心加速反应,NST诊断为无反应型,结合超声多普勒检查提示胎儿宫内缺氧,转高危门诊,医生收住院系统治疗,根据孕妇孕周及胎儿情况适时终止妊娠。结论：胎心无刺激试验是目前评价胎儿宫内状况的主要检测手段之一,对于NST可疑型,应详细询问病史,加强体检与病情观察和病史采集,寻找原因,及时采取针对性干预措施,排除外源性监测影响因素,提高监测可信度,降低假无反应型发生率。     

超声联合胎心无负荷试验对胎儿窘迫的诊断价值研究

目的 研究超声联合胎心无负荷试验对胎儿窘迫的诊断价值.方法 选取接受胎心监护84例孕妇作为研究对象,回顾性分析其临床诊治资料,对比胎儿宫内窘迫者无负荷试验、S/D与Apgar评分.结果 21例NST检查结果表明是胎儿宫内窘迫,11例孕妇NST检查表明无反应型,并且脐血流S/D≥3,4例产妇胎儿大脑中动脉多勒普诊断显示血流S/D≤4,4例新生儿具体Apgar评分≤7分;NST有反应型者与无反应型者、脐动脉血流S/D≥3者与S/D<3者、大脑中动脉血流S/D>4与S/D≤4者Apgar评分比较差异具有显著性(P<0.05).结论 超声联合胎心无负荷试验能够提高新生儿窒息临床诊断正确率,减小剖宫产率或者假阳性率,具有积极应用意义.     

胎儿电子监护与新生儿窒息的临床分析

目的　探讨胎儿电子监护对预测胎儿宫内窘迫的临床价值。方法　对 85例胎儿电子监护异常以胎儿宫内窘迫为指征行剖宫产者进行回顾性分析。结果　胎儿电子监护异常中羊水污染明显较高达 4 3.5 % ,新生儿窒息率仅为 2 5 .9%。 NST无反应和 OCT(CST)阳性两组数据中羊水污染、脐带异常、羊水过少及新生儿窒息差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　胎儿电子监护能较准确判定胎儿宫内的安危状况 ,临床上胎儿电子监护的常规应用可以降低新生儿窒息率     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.