Effect of Prolonged Methylprednisolone Therapy in Unresolving Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Context.— No pharmacological therapeutic protocol has been found effective in modifying the clinical course of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mortality remains greater than 50%. Objective.— To determine the effects of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy on lung function and mortality in patients with unresolving ARDS. Design.— Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting.— Medical intensive care units of 4 medical centers. Participants.— Twenty-four patients with severe ARDS who had failed to improve lung injury score (LIS) by the seventh day of respiratory failure. Interventions.— Sixteen patients received methylprednisolone and 8 received placebo. Methylprednisolone dose was initially 2 mg/kg per day and the duration of treatment was 32 days. Four patients whose LIS failed to improve by at least 1 point after 10 days of treatment were blindly crossed over to the alternative treatment. Main Outcome Measures.— Primary outcome measures were improvement in lung function and mortality. Secondary outcome measures were improvement in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and development of nosocomial infections. Results.— Physiological characteristics at the onset of ARDS were similar in both groups. At study entry (day 9 [SD, 3] of ARDS), the 2 groups had similar LIS, ratios of PaO₂ to fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO₂), and MODS scores. Changes observed by study day 10 for methylprednisolone vs placebo were as follows: reduced LIS (mean [SEM], 1.7 [0.1] vs 3.0 [0.2]; P<.001); improved ratio of PaO₂ to FIO₂ (mean [SEM], 262 [19] vs 148 [35]; P<.001); decreased MODS score (mean [SEM], 0.7 [0.2] vs 1.8 [0.3]; P<.001); and successful extubation (7 vs 0; P=.05). For the treatment group vs the placebo group, mortality associated with the intensive care unit was 0 (0%) of 16 vs 5 (62%) of 8 (P=.002) and hospital-associated mortality was 2 (12%) of 16 vs 5 (62%) of 8 (P=.03). The rate of infections per day of treatment was similar in both groups, and pneumonia was frequently detected in the absence of fever. Conclusions.— In this study, prolonged administration of methylprednisolone in patients with unresolving ARDS was associated with improvement in lung injury and MODS scores and reduced mortality.      

新生儿克雷伯菌肺炎临床分析

目的 探讨新生儿克雷伯菌肺炎的药敏情况，为合理治疗提供依据。方法 对该院新生儿科2000年1月～2005年1月收治新生儿肺炎痰标本进行培养、分离、鉴定，选择培养结果为肺炎克雷伯菌者作药敏及临床分析。结果 肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类，如：亚胺培南、美洛培南敏感率达100％，对近几年在新生儿较少用的阿米卡星、环丙沙星的敏感率为80％～90％，而对常用的青霉素不敏感，对头孢菌素敏感率低，临床根据药敏试验结果选择敏感抗生素治疗，疗效满意。结论 肺炎克雷伯菌有部分为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLS）菌株耐药性强，对一般常用抗生素不敏感，故应根据药敏试验结果指导选择敏感抗生素，以控制疾病发展，降低病死率。     

小儿哮喘及肺炎中肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体感染率的调查

为了解肺炎支原体 (Mp)、肺炎衣原体 (Cp)在本地区小儿哮喘及肺炎患儿中的感染情况 ,笔者于 1999年 1月～2 0 0 0年 6月抽取所诊治的小儿哮喘及肺炎患儿 6 4例 ,采用荧光定量聚合酶链 (PCR)方法 ,检测 Mp、Cp在小儿哮喘及肺炎中的感染率 ,报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　病例选择　按小儿哮喘和肺炎的诊断标准 [1 ,2 ]确诊患者共 6 4例。 (1)检测肺炎支原体标本 6 4例 (哮喘患者 2 8例 ,肺炎患者 36例 ) ,男性 4 5例 ,女性 19例 ;年龄 2月～ 3岁 2 9例 ,3～ 6岁 19例 ,>6岁 16例。 (2 )检测肺炎衣原体标本 5 1例 (哮喘患者 2 5例 ,肺炎患者 2…     

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia simulating severe community acquired pneumonia

Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia is a recently described cause of acute respiratory failure. It usually affects young healthy individuals. Usually non-pulmonary organs are not involved. Bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia is required for diagnosis. This disease responds uniformly to a short course of corticosteroids and does not recur. We report a young man who presented with a 2-day history of acute respiratory failure simulating severe community acquired pneumonia and necessitating mechanical ventilation. The diagnosis was made based on the classical clinical presentation and bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia in our patient was associated with acute hepatitis and erythema multiforme. To our knowledge, this is the first time to report such an association. The case is reported with review of the literature.     

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Background

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients who receive mechanical ventilation (MV). According to the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), the overall rate of VAP is 13.6 per 1,000 ventilator days. The incidence varies according to the patient group and hospital setting. The incidence of VAP ranges from 13–51 per 1,000 ventilation days. Early diagnosis of VAP with appropriate antibiotic therapy can reduce the emergence of resistant organisms.

Method

The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the incidence, risk factors, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of VAP. A literature search for VAP was done through the PUBMED/MEDLINE database. This review outlines VAP’s risk factors, diagnostic methods, associated organisms, and treatment modalities.

Conclusion

VAP is a common nosocomial infection associated with ventilated patients. The mortality associated with VAP is high. The organisms associated with VAP and their resistance pattern varies depending on the patient group and hospital setting. The diagnostic methods available for VAP are not universal; however, a proper infection control policy with appropriate antibiotic usage can reduce the mortality rate among ventilated patients.     

病原学检测在新生儿感染性肺炎的临床特点分析

目的 分析病原学检测在新生儿感染性肺炎的临床特点.方法 选取我院儿科2014年—2016年收治的120例新生儿感染性肺炎患儿作为观察对象.收集患儿病原学相关检查结果,并对不同时期新生儿病原检测情况比较,同时对患儿病原学检查结果与临床表现统计分析.结果120例患儿中,细菌培养检查阳性36例,占30%;其中细菌培养结果显示大肠埃希菌占41.67%,明显高于其他细菌的检出率,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细菌培养阳性患儿主要以气促、缺氧、肺啰音为主要临床表现特点,其中气促占66.67%、缺氧占55.56%,明显高于其他临床表现症状,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).早期新生儿,在出生7天内检查的细菌23例,占63.87%;晚期新生儿,在出生7天后检查的细菌13例,占36.11%,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 新生儿感染性肺炎所受到的细菌感染以大肠埃希菌为主,而且感染性肺炎在出生之后比较常见,细菌培养阳性患儿主要以气促、缺氧、肺啰音为主要临床表现特点.     

替加环素治疗碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎的临床疗效及预后分析

目的分析替加环素治疗碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）肺炎患者的临床疗效及预后。方法回顾性分析21例CRKP肺炎患者的临床特征,采用Cox回归分析患者死亡相关因素和替加环素单药治疗或联合其他抗菌药物治疗的临床疗效及预后。结果基础疾病、年龄和病原菌不影响CRKP肺炎患者住院期间病死率（均P＞0.05）,可能与样本量较小有关。替加环素单药治疗9例,有效3例,有效率为33.3%;与其他抗菌药物联合治疗12例,有效9例,有效率为75.0%,治疗效果明显优于替加环素单药治疗（P＜0.05）,总临床有效率为52.4%。8例患者治疗后达到细菌学清除标准,清除率为38.0%。CRKP合并铜绿假单胞菌感染最常见,感染率为47.6%,铜绿假单胞菌的存在并未影响患者预后（P＞0.05）。结论替加环素能有效清除CRKP,可作为CRKP肺炎常规抗感染治疗用药,与其他抗菌药物联合使用能有效治疗其他条件致病菌引起的合并感染。