Night waking among 1-year olds: a study of maternal separation anxiety

The relationships between aspects of parenting and infants' sleep patterns were studied longitudinally with 81 mother-child pairs. Mothers' parenting orientation at 6 months was defined using the Facilitator-Regulator distinction. When the infants were 12 months old, mother and child participated in a laboratory-based developmental assessment which involved a brief separation episode. Upon reunion, mothers reported on their concerns during separation; they also described their child's sleep. It was found that high maternal separation anxiety was related to night waking. In addition, night waking was more frequent among first born babies of Facilitators compared with Regulators. How maternal separation anxiety and care-giving orientation regulate aspects of the child's sleep awaits further explanation.     

Troubled sleep: Night waking,breastfeeding and parent–offspring conflict

Disrupted sleep is probably the most common complaint of parents with a new baby. Night waking increases in the second half of the first year of infant life and is more pronounced for breastfed infants. Sleep-related phenotypes of infants with Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes suggest that imprinted genes of paternal origin promote greater wakefulness whereas imprinted genes of maternal origin favor more consolidated sleep. All these observations are consistent with a hypothesis that waking at night to suckle is an adaptation of infants to extend their mothers’ lactational amenorrhea, thus delaying the birth of a younger sib and enhancing infant survival.     

Eating behaviour and its variability in 1-year-old children

As part of a longitudinal study of the development of eating behaviour, the naturally occurring meals of 30 12 month old children were videotaped on four occasions, all in their own homes. Their mealtime behaviour was coded using a scheme developed for the analysis of feeding behaviour over the weaning period, and summarised as counts of coded actions. Thirty of these meals were coded independently by a second observer. With one exception, the reliability of the counts was high (r> 0.9). The median duration of the meals was 17 min (range 1-50) and the median number of times the mother directly gave the child food was 42 (0-172). The median number of food refusals by the child was 11 (0-89), and self feeding actions, 12 (0-101). Counts of eating behaviour for the main and sweet courses during the same meal were only modestly correlated. Between subject variance for different behaviour counts comprised 41% to 54% of the total variance. These results show that 1 year old children are relatively variable in their eating behaviour from meal to meal, so measures taken from a single meal will not reliably summarise children's feeding characteristics. Food refusal is a common feature of eating behaviour in normal children at this age.     

The impact of pre-school booster vaccination of 4--6-year-old children on pertussis in 0--1-year-old children

Pertussis in young children is severe and relatively prevalent in vaccinated populations. We estimated the impact of pre-school booster vaccination of 4-6-year-old children on pertussis in 0-1-year-old children. We conducted a population-based historical cohort study of all children born in Denmark, 1977-2001 (N=1,536,717) using information on place of residence to identify household members and vaccination history from nationwide registers. We estimated rate ratios (RRs) of pertussis hospitalisation among children in the cohort according to number, age, and vaccination status of their household members. This enabled, through population attributable risks, the estimation of the preventable proportion of hospitalisations among 0-1-year-old children according to age at booster vaccination (4-6 years), booster uptake, and the efficacy of the booster against transmission. The preventable proportion of pertussis hospitalisations among 0-1-year-old children ranged from 7% to 33% (most realistic scenario=18%), varying according to age at booster vaccination, uptake, and efficacy of booster against transmission. This relatively limited impact of a pre-school booster was partly a consequence of the actual number of 0-1-year-old children living with children of pre-school age or older and partly the result of significant exposure from children younger than pre-school age in the household. According to our model the effectiveness of pre-school booster vaccination as an intervention to prevent pertussis hospitalisation of 0-1-year-old children is modest.     

Differences in dental caries in 5-year-old children within and between adjacent districts on the south coast of England.

Examination of the differences in caries patterns in 5-year-old children between adjacent English South Coast districts prompted a more specific study using larger samples in more discrete localities. Although the overall caries levels varied significantly between the two districts, no significant differences were found between two defined areas of social deprivation. The children in one area were predominantly of Indian or Pakistani background and in the other mainly white Caucasian and it is suggested that differences in caries experience are related to indicators of social deprivation, rather than ethnicity. Even in relatively affluent districts, where caries levels are no longer a general problem, the dental needs of vulnerable groups of children may remain unidentified within a more favourable overall picture, and thus unmet, unless specific areas are monitored closely taking into account indicators of social deprivation.     

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in 3-year-old Ukrainian children

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. We measured urinary 1-OHP in 48 children 3 years of age in Mariupol, Ukraine, who lived near a steel mill and coking facility and compared these with 1-OHP concentrations measured in 42 children of the same age living in the capital city of Kiev, Ukraine. Children living in Mariupol had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP and creatinine-adjusted urinary 1-OHP than did children living in Kiev (adjusted: 0.69 vs. 0.34 micromol/mol creatinine, p < 0.001; unadjusted: 0.42 vs. 0.30 ng/mL, p = 0.002). Combined, children in both cities exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in their homes had higher 1-OHP than did children not exposed (0.61 vs. 0.42 micromol/mol creatinine; p = 0.04; p = 0.07 after adjusting for city). In addition, no significant differences were seen with sex of the children. Our sample of children in Mariupol has the highest reported mean urinary 1-OHP concentrations in children studied to date, most likely due to their proximity to a large industrial point source of PAHs.     

梅州市582例0～1岁儿童喂养状况调查

目的:了解梅州市部分0～1岁儿童喂养状况,分析存在的问题,探讨应对措施。方法:采用随机抽样法回顾性调查2004年3月～2009年12月在梅州市妇幼保健院儿科住院的582例1～5岁儿童0～1岁时的喂养情况。结果:1个月以内新生儿纯母乳喂养率为78.4%,4个月以内婴儿母乳喂养率为70.8%。结论:应针对目前母乳喂养率偏低、过早添加辅食、过早断乳等现状进行正确引导或干预。     

Giardia prevalence among 1-to-3-year-old children in two Washington State counties.

A survey of intestinal parasites was conducted in two Washington counties. Giardia prevalence among 518 children surveyed was 7.1 per cent and was unrelated to the source of domestic drinking water (surface or well), day care center attendance, or parental occupation. Identified risk factors for Giardia infection include a history of drinking untreated surface water and having two or more siblings between the ages of 3 and 10 years. Of 47 family members of Giardia positive children, 10 (21.3 per cent) were Giardia positive.     

2岁儿童词汇发育研究

目的调查2岁儿童正常词汇发展情况,探讨儿童语言发育迟缓筛查标准。方法选择2015年5-12月在连云港市儿童医院就诊的704名2岁儿童为研究对象,其中有效样本700名,由专人问卷调查儿童最常用的245个词汇的表达情况。结果2岁时自发表达的词汇量平均为109个,24~25个月儿童第5和第10百分位词汇量分别为30个和50个。24~25个月与26~27个月儿童男女词汇量比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在所罗列的16类词汇中,概括为名词(137个)、动词(32个)、形容词(38个)和其他词(包括介词、代词、疑问词、否定词等38个)四大类,随着年龄增长,名词占总词汇量的比例逐渐减少,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而形容词和其他词占总词汇量的比例逐渐增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);只有动词占总词汇量的比例各年龄无明显差别。结论 2岁时自发表达的词汇量少于30个可视为语言发育迟缓,自发表达的词汇量少于50个可视为语言发育迟缓可能。     

A study of caries polarization in 1-, 2- and 3-year-old children

INTRODUCTION: The polarization of dental caries is a notion defined as a small percentage of persons with high dental caries rate and a large percentage of caries-free persons. This phenomenon has not been studied sufficiently in children aged 12 to 47 months which has justified the undertaking of this study. AIM: To determine the percentages of persons with different levels of caries incidence and the percentages of their carious and filled teeth (dft) of the total number of dft in the respective age group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study is representative and was conducted in accordance with the World Health Organization requirements for epidemiological study of dental caries. It comprises 370 children from 12 to 47 months of age selected by a random sampling method. Three age groups were formed: group I (12-23 months), group II (24-35 months) and group III (36-47 months). Dental caries on a cavitation level was diagnosed by means of a probe and a mirror. In all groups we further divided the subjects into subgroups of different level of dft (carious and filled teeth): subgroup I--dft = 0 (caries free), subgroup II--dft = 1, subgroup III--dft = 2 and subgroup IV--dft > or = 3. RESULTS: Marked dental caries polarization is observed in all studied age groups--a large percentage of persons free of caries and a small percentage of persons with high dental caries rate--P < 0.001. In one-year-old children 8.33% are carriers of 63.08% of the total dft in that age group, in two-year-old children 18.33% are carriers of 81.50% of the total dft in that age group, and in three-year-old children 25.38% are carriers of 74.58% of the total dft of that age group. CONCLUSION: This study support the assertion that early childhood caries affects predominantly high-risk individuals, which requires differentiated approach to caries prevention and treatment.     

Phenylalanine intakes of 1- to 6-year-old children with phenylketonuria undergoing therapy

Mean of median phenylalanine intakes of 1- to 6-yr-old treated phenylketonuria patients who were growing normally were evaluated by age, sex, and treatment group assignment. Total daily means of median phenylalanine intakes of subjects in treatment group 1 were significantly different from those of subjects in treatment group 2 except at the median age of 69 months. Total daily phenylalanine intakes varied from 285 +/- 10 to 453 +/- 30 mg (mean +/- SEM) by subjects in treatment group 1. Total daily phenylalanine intakes of subjects in treatment group 2 varied from 349 +/- 12 to 530 +/- 42 mg (mean +/- SEM). Mean, median phenylalanine intakes by males ranged from 30 mg/kg of body weight by the younger to 23 mg/kg of body weight by the older subjects. Means of median phenylalanine intakes of females varied from 32 mg/kg of body weight by the younger to 21 mg/kg of body weight by the older subjects. No child had a median phenylalanine intake below 10 mg/kg of body weight.     

Effects of fully established Sure Start Local Programmes on 3-year-old children and their families living in England: a quasi-experimental observational study

Effects of fully established Sure Start Local Programmes on 3-year-old children and their families living in England: a quasi-experimental observational study .
Melhuish E. , Belsky J. , Leyland A. H. , Barnes J. & the National Evaluation of Sure Start Research Team ( 2008 ) The Lancet , 372 , 1641 – 1647 .
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61687-6 .     

Cognitive socialization of 4-year-old children in nursery school

Summary Using a test—observe—test design with a sample of 29 4-year-old children, this exploratory study investigated associations between activity choices in a typical progressive nursery school and IQ, socio-economic status (SES) and sex. Over the 4-month period of the study the group as a whole displayed enhanced intellectual capacity though several children failed to show improvement. These losers spent more time on physical and non-play activity and more time unoccupied. The low SES group spent more time alone, more time on social—personal activity, more passive time with adults and more time in solitary play. Clear sex differences in activity choice were found.     

Oral health status of 12-year-old children in Russia

Background

The prevalence of the main oral diseases varies in different countries and within the same country or region and it is very important to conduct oral health surveys according to WHO recommendations. National epidemiological oral health surveys were carried out in Russia during 1996–1998 and 2007–2008.

Objective

The aim of the study is to compare the mean prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases among 12-year-olds in 1996–1998 and 2007–2008.

Methods

The oral health status of 12-year-olds was evaluated with criteria recommended by the World Health Organization.

Results

The results of the first national epidemiological oral health survey showed that caries prevalence among 12-year-old children was 78% with a mean DMFT index of 2.91. The prevalence of caries in permanent teeth was 1.4 times higher among children in Russian regions where the fluoride content in drinking water was much below 0.5 mg/l in comparison with those regions where the F^? content exceeded this figure. Signs of periodontal diseases (gingival bleeding and dental calculus) evaluated by the community periodontal index occurred in 48% of 12-year-old teenagers and on average in 2.5 periodontal sextants. The second oral health survey revealed that caries prevalence decreased in this age group (to 73%) as well as both mean DMFT index (to 2.49) and its component values. The periodontal status of the children also improved.

Conclusions

Changes of children’s oral health during a 10-year interval might be explained by implementation of different preventive programs.     

惠州市城区1～3岁儿童饮食行为问题调查

目的了解惠州市城区1~3岁儿童饮食行为问题及其抚养人喂养问题,为制定行之有效的干预措施提供依据。方法选取2015年1-3月该院儿保门诊就诊的患儿为研究对象,采用自制的儿童饮食行为问卷调查表,调查惠州市城区331名儿童饮食行为问题及其抚养人喂养问题。结果发放350份问卷,回收331份,回收率94.57%。55.29%的婴幼儿有饮食行为问题,饮食行为问题发生前3位是:进餐时间长42.90%、进餐时间不固定35.35%、进餐分心32.33%。抚养人的喂养问题中发病率最高的是溺爱型(使用各种小道具让孩子多吃33.84%),其次为专制型(不允许与年龄相称的狼藉21.75%)和忽视型(进餐时少有语言及情感交流13.90%)。结论惠州市城区1~3岁儿童饮食行为问题及抚养人喂养问题的发生率均高,饮食行为指导及抚养人喂养问题矫正等饮食行为综合干预应在我市儿童保健门诊中广泛开展。     

Relative validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire for a triethnic population of 1-year-old to 3-year-old children from low-income families

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for low-income, 1- to 3-year-old Hispanic, African-American, and white children. DESIGN: A convenience sample of low-income mothers provided dietary data for their child via FFQs and 3-day diet records. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Participants (N=77) were recruited from Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children clinics and public health clinics. All subjects were Hispanic, African-American, or white mothers of children 1 to 3 years old, 18 years of age or older, income less than 200% of the federal poverty level, and were literate in English. Statistical analyses performed Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests were used for comparisons of food group servings on time 1 and time 2 FFQs and to examine differences in food group servings between the FFQ and diet records. Spearman correlations were calculated to assess test-retest reliability and the relative validity. Contingency tables were used to determine the degree of association between the FFQ and diet records. RESULTS: Reliability correlations were significant for all nine food categories ( =0.69), ranging from 0.53 (soups) to 0.84 (nonstarchy vegetables). Validity correlations were significant for all food groups ( =0.41) except starchy vegetables. Thirty-six percent of children were classified into the same quartile of food group intake and 78% into the same or within one quartile. CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ yielded excellent reliability and acceptable validity and can be used to assess food choices in a triethnic sample of low-income 1- to 3-year-old children.