丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白反式激活基因TAHCCP1的克隆化研究

目的 筛选并克隆丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)核心蛋白(core)反式激活的新型靶基因。方法 以HCV核心蛋白表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-core转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,提取mRNA并进行抑制性消减杂交分析。分析筛选出来的基因,其中之一与GenBank中注册的已知功能基因序列没有同源性。通过序列同源性搜索比对及电子拼接,根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新型基因序列。从转染pcDNA3．1(-)-core的HepG2细胞提取总RNA,以RT-PCR技术扩增获得该新基因的全长序列,并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果该新基因的编码序列全长为2001nt,编码产物由667aa组成,并测序证实,命名为TAHCCP1,在GenBank中注册,注册号为AY038359。结论 发现并鉴定、克隆了HCV核心蛋白反式激活作用的新型靶基因TAHCCP1,为进一步研究HCV核心蛋白反式激活作用的分子生物学机制和探索新型治疗技术奠定了基础。     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白反式激活基因XTP4的克隆化研究

目的 筛选并克隆乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HBxAg)反式激活新型靶基因。方法 以HBxAg表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-X转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,提取mRNA并进行抑制性消减杂交分析,应用生物信息学方法对所获基因片段序列进行分析发现,其中之一为新型基因片段,与GenBank(中注册的已知功能基因序列没有同源性。通过序列同源性搜索、比对和电子拼接,根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新型基因序列。从转染了pcDNA3．1(-)-X的HepG2细胞提取总RNA,以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增,获得阳性克隆之后,进行鉴定并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果 该新基因的编码序列全长为348个核苷酸(nt),编码产物由116个氨基酸残基(aa)组成,并测序证实,命名为XTP4,在Gen-Bank中注册,注册号为AF490253。结论 通过分子生物学技术与生物信息学技术的结合,发现并鉴定、克隆HBxAg反式激活作用的新型靶基因XTP4,为进一步研究HBxAg反式激活作用的分子生物学机制和探索新型治疗技术奠定基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS5A反式激活基因NS5ATP3的克隆化研究

目的 筛选并克隆丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)非结构蛋白5A(NS5A)反式激活新型靶基因。方法 以HCV NSSA表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-NSSA转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,提取mRNA并进行抑制性消减杂交分析,应用生物信息学方法对所获基因片段序列进行分析发现,其中有新型基因片段,与GenBank中注册的已知功能基因序列没有同源性。通过序列同源性搜索、比对和电子拼接,根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新型基因序列。从转染了pcDNA3．1(-)-NS5A的HepG2细胞提取总RNA,以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增,获得阳性克隆之后,进行鉴定并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果 该新基因的编码序列全长为1572nt,编码产物由524aa组成,并测序证实,命名为NS5ATP3,在GentBank中注册,注册号为AF529364。结论 分子生物学技术与生物信息学技术相结合,发现并鉴定、克隆了HCV NSSA反式激活作用的新型靶基因NS5ATP3,为进一步研究HBxAg反式激活作用的分子生物学机制和探索新型治疗技术奠定基础。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术克隆丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白反式激活基因

应用抑制性消减杂技术构建丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心蛋白反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库,克隆HCV核心蛋白反式激活相关基因。以HCV核心表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-core转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3.1(-)为对照,制备转染后的细胞裂解液,从中提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,经Rsa I酶切后将实验组cDNA分成2组,分别与2种不同的接头衔接,再与对照组cDNA进行2次消减杂交及2次抑制性PCR,将产物与T/A载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果显示,成功构建人HCV核心蛋白反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库。文库扩增后得到233个白色克隆,进行菌落PCR分析,其中213个均得到100～1000bp插入片段。挑取63个插入片段测序分析,其中6个cDNA片段为未知序列,通过生物信息学分析获得其全长序列,已被GenBank收录。提示6个新的cDNA全长序列,可能是HCV核心蛋白反式激活靶基因。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选HBeAg结合蛋白1反式激活基因

目的筛选与克隆HBeAg结合蛋白1(HBEBP1)新基因的反式激活基因,了解其可能存在的调节功能线索。方法应用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术及生物信息学(bioinformatics)技术筛选并克隆HBEBP1反式激活的新型靶基因。以HBEBP1表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)-HBEBP1转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为平行对照,制备转染后的细胞裂解液,提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,经RsaⅠ酶切后,将实验组cDNA分成两组,分别与2种不同的接头衔接,再与对照组cDNA进行2次消减杂交及2次抑制性聚合酶链反应(PCR),将产物与T／A载体连接,构建cDNA消减库,并转染大肠杆菌进行库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果成功构建人HBEBP1反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减库。库扩增后得到85个阳性克隆,进行菌落PCR分析,均得到200～1000bp插入片段。对26个插入片段测序,并通过生物信息学分析获得其全长基因序列,结果共获得15种编码基因,包括14种已知基因和1种未知基因。结论筛选到的cDNA全长序列,包括一些与细胞生长调节、信号转导、肿瘤免疫发生及细胞凋亡密切相关的蛋白编码基因,推测了HBEBP1可能存在的调控机制的线索。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS5A反式激活基因的克隆化研究

应用抑制性消减杂交技术构建丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白5A（HCV NS5A）反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库，克隆HCV NS5A蛋白反式激活相关基因。以HCV NS5A表达质粒pcDNA3.1(－）-NS5A转染HepG2细胞，以空载体pcDNA3.1(－）为对照，制备转染后的细胞裂解液，提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA，经RsaI酶切后，将实验组cDNA分成两组，分别与两种不同的接头衔接，再与对照组cDNA进行消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR，将产物与T／A载体连接，构建cDNA消减文库，并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增，随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。文库扩增后得到121个阳性克隆，经菌落PCR分析，得到115个200－1000bp的插入片段，对其中的90个片段测序，并进行同源性分析，显示31种在基因编码蛋白和15种未知功能基因序列，包括一些与细胞周期、细胞凋亡、信号传导及肿瘤发生等细胞生长调节密切相关的蛋白编码基因，可能是NS5A反式激活靶基因。结果提示，成功构建了HCV NS5A反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库，该文库的建立为进一步阐明HCV NS5A反式调节的靶基因及致肝细胞癌发生的分子生物学机制提供了理论依据。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选XTP3的反式激活基因

目的应用抑制性消减杂交技术构建乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白反式激活基因XTP3的差异表达的cDNA消减库,克隆XTP3反式激活相关基因。方法以XTP3表达质粒pcDNA3．1(-)XTP转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3．1(-)为对照;制备转染后的细胞裂解液,提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,经Rsa I酶切后,将实验组cDNA分成两组,分别与两种不同的接头衔接,再与对照组cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR,将产物与T／A载体连接,构建cDNA消减库,并转染大肠杆菌进行库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果库扩增后得到30个白色克隆,经菌落PCR分析,得到23个200～1000bp插入片段。对所得片段测序,并进行同源性分析,共得到20种已知基因序列和2种未知功能基因序列,可能是XTP3反式激活靶基因。结论成功构建了乙型肝炎病毒xTP3反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减库,为今后进一步分析、研究病毒蛋白的致病机制奠定了基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS3反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子的研究

聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）非结构蛋白NS3基因，克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(－）中，构建HCV NS3基因真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3;以该质粒转染肝母细胞瘤细胞系epG2细胞，免疫印迹方法（Western blotting)检测转染细胞中HCV NS3蛋白的瞬时表达；与报告质粒pCAT3-promoter共转染HepG2细胞，用酶联免疫吸附方法（ELISA）检测细胞中氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）的表达活性。结果显示，质粒pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3在HepG2细胞瞬时表达HCV NS3蛋白，共转染实验中pcDNA3.1(－）-NS3组的CAT表达活性是空质粒对照组的4．6倍。表明构建的表达载体能在哺乳动物细胞中表达出相应蛋白，并能够反式激活SV40病毒早期启动子。本研究为进一步克隆HCV NS3蛋白反式激活的靶基因，为深入阐明HCV NS3蛋白致肝细胞癌发生的分子生物学机制提供了理论基础。     

慢性髓细胞白血病相关蛋白CMLAP的基因克隆化研究

目的了解慢性髓细胞白血病(CML)基因表达谱的规律,并对在CML中特异性高表达的一个新基因进行克隆、分析与鉴定。方法应用基因表达谱芯片技术,比较CML患者和正常人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)基因的表达差异。检索核苷酸序列数据库(GenBank)和蛋白质一级结构序列数据库(SwissProt),对差异表达的基因进行生物信息学分析,与已知功能基因序列进行同源性比较。根据基因起始密码子的Kozak规则和终止密码子下游保守的多聚腺苷酸信号序列,确定新基因序列,据此设计并合成该基因序列的特异性引物,提取CMLPBMC的总RNA,以RT-PCR技术扩增获得该新基因的全长序列,并对克隆的基因及其编码产物的序列进行分析。结果在CML患者PBMC中克隆一个新的基因,经测序证实,其编码序列全长为1872个核苷酸(nt),编码产物由624个氨基酸残基(aa)组成,命名为CMLAP。在GenBank中注册,注册号为AY762229。结论基因表达谱芯片技术与生物信息学技术相结合,发现并鉴定、克隆了在CML中高表达的新基因CMLAP,为进一步研究CML发生发展的分子生物学机制奠定基础。     

肝细胞内与HBeAg结合的新蛋白编码基因E-36的筛选与克隆

目的　探讨HBeAg在乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)致病过程中所起的作用。方法　利用酵母双杂交系统 3筛选并克隆人肝细胞cDNA文库中与HBeAg有相互作用的蛋白的基因。将HBeAg编码基因克隆入酵母表达载体 pGBKT7中构建诱饵质粒 ,转化酵母细胞AH10 9并在其内表达 ,然后与转化了人肝cDNA文库质粒pACT2的酵母细胞Y187进行配合 ,双重筛选阳性菌落 ,提取质粒并测序。结果　通过行生物信息学分析 ,发现其中有 1个未知基因 ,命名为E 36。结论　根据GenBank中的序列信息设计引物 ,从HepG2细胞中扩增出E 36新基因的完整序列并克隆到另一酵母表达载体pGADT7中 ,并用体外免疫共沉淀方法再次验证了HBeAg与E 36新蛋白之间有结合作用 ,为HBeAg的功能研究提供了新线索。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）