培哚普利与卡托普利治疗原发性高血压各60例的比较

目的 :比较培哚普利与卡托普利对原发性高血压的治疗作用。方法 :中度原发性高血压病人12 0例 ,随机分为 2组。培哚普利组 60例 (男性 4 5例 ,女性 15例 ;年龄 60±s 15a) ,采用培哚普利 4～ 8mg ,po ,qd× 4wk ;卡托普利组 60例 (男性 4 5例 ,女性 15例 ;年龄 60± 14a) ,采用卡托普利 12 .5～ 2 5mg ,po ,tid× 4wk。每组 16例进行了 2 4h动态血压监测。结果 :培哚普利组总有效率为92 % ,卡托普利组总有效率为 78% ,2组差异不显著(P >0 .0 5) ;不良反应发生率 ,培哚普利组 12 % ,卡托普利组 2 8% (P <0 .0 5) ,均轻微。结论 :培哚普利与卡托普利对中度高血压病疗效均较好 ,培哚普利组不良反应较少     

培哚普利与卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的疗效比较

目的比较培哚普利与卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的疗效。方法回顾性分析120例原发性高血压患者的临床资料,依据治疗方式不同分为培哚普利组和卡托普利组。结果两组患者24h动态血压监测效果比较,差异元统计学意义（P〉0．05）;但是卡托普利组偶测血压效果低于培哚普利组,不良反应发生率高于培哚普利组,服药依从性差于培哚普利组（均P〈0．05）。结论培哚普利治疗原发性高血压效果优于卡托普利,而不良反应低于卡托普利,值得临床推广应用。     

培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭合并高血压病患者心功能、脉压和心率变异性的影响

目的　探讨培哚普利对慢性心力衰竭合并高血压病患者心功能、脉压及心率变异性的影响。方法　4 6例慢性心衰合并高血压病患者 ,随机分为 :治疗组 (培哚普利组 )和对照组 (不服用培哚普利组 ) ,比较治疗前及治疗6个月后LVEF、脉压、心率变异性的变化及随访观察期间心脑血管性死亡的病例数。结果　治疗 6个月后 ,培哚普利组LVEF明显增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,心率变异性改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,脉压显著缩小 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,较治疗前 ,差异有显著性。对照组LVEF和心率变异性各项指标均无显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。脉压减小 ,较治疗前差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　培哚普利可改善慢性心衰合并高血压病患者心功能、减轻心脏重塑 ,改善植物神经功能紊乱 ,延缓动脉硬化 ,并可减少心脑血管性死亡。     

氯沙坦、培哚普利及联用吲哒帕胺治疗老年1、2级原发性高血压的疗效比较

目的 :评价氯沙坦、培哚普利及联用吲哒帕胺治疗老年 1、2级原发性高血压的临床疗效和安全性。方法 :77例老年 1、2级原发性高血压患者随机分为两组 :氯沙坦组 (n=3 8)用氯沙坦 5 0 mg/d;培哚普利组 (n=3 9)用培哚普利4mg/d,4周后未达目标血压 (<18.7/12 k Pa)者加用吲哒帕胺 2 .5 mg/d。结果 :经 8周治疗 ,两组药物均有显著的降压作用 (P<0 .0 1) ,氯沙坦组达标率 86.8% ,培哚普利组达标率 87.1% (P<0 .0 5 )。氯沙坦组和培哚普利组分别有 17例和 16例加用吲哒帕胺 (P>0 .0 5 )。两组不良反应发生率无显著性差别。结论 :氯沙坦和培哚普利治疗老年 1、2级高血压安全有效 ,与吲哒帕胺联用 ,能有效治疗氯沙坦或培哚普利单药治疗无效者     

培哚普利与贝那普利治疗左心心力衰竭的比较

目的 :比较培哚普利与贝那普利治疗心力衰竭的疗效。方法 :培哚普利组 4 0例 (男性 2 7例 ,女性 13例 ,年龄 67a±s10a)应用培哚普利 4mg ,po ,qd .贝那普利组 4 0例 (男性 2 7例 ,女性 13例 ,年龄 71a± 9a)应用贝那普利 10mg ,po ,qd。 2组疗程均为 4wk。结果 :培哚普利组抗心力衰竭有效率为 82 % ,贝那普利组抗心力衰竭有效率为 80 % ,2组间差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5)。 2药均有减轻心肌缺血、改善左室收缩功能作用。 2组副作用均轻微。结论 :培哚普利和贝那普利抗心力衰竭作用相近     

培哚普利与卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的临床效果比较

目的探讨培哚普利与卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的临床效果。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,分析信阳市第三人民医院2005年1月至2008年1月心内科诊治的原发性高血压患者100例的临床资料,观察两种药物治疗偶测血压有效率、24h动态血压有效率及不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者治疗后偶测血压有效率比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);培哚普利组患者24h动态血压的总有效率92%明显高于卡托普利组64%(P<0.05);卡托普利组不良反应发生率均明显高于培哚普利组患者(P<0.05)。结论培哚普利治疗原发性高血压患者的治疗效果和不良反应发生情况均明显优于卡多普利组,更加值得临床推广使用。     

国产缬沙坦与进口培垛普利治疗原发性高血压的药物经济学分析

目的:比较国产缬沙坦(缬克)与进口培哚普利(雅施达)治疗轻中度原发性高血压的临床疗效和费用。方法:70例轻、中度原发性高血压患者随机口服国产缬沙坦80 mg.d-1或进口培哚普利4 mg.d-1,4周末诊室坐位舒张压≥90 mmHg者剂量分别加倍至160 mg.d-1和8 mg.d-1,继续服用4周。结果:治疗前两组间各参数基线水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),8周末缬沙坦组和培哚普利组总有效率分别为79.4%和80.6%(P>0.05),缬沙坦组收缩压和舒张压分别下降23.4 mmHg和11.7 mmHg,培哚普利组收缩压和舒张压分别下降22.8 mmHg和12.1 mmHg,(P>0.05)。缬沙坦组和培哚普利组每月人均治疗费用分别为105元和124元。结论:国产缬沙坦与进口培哚普利治疗原发性高血压疗效没有差别,但国产缬沙坦成本更低,服药依从性及耐受性更好。     

培哚普利与美托洛尔对高血压病左室肥厚及糖、胰岛素代谢的影响

目的 :观察培哚普利与美托洛尔治疗原发性高血压的降血压疗效及其对左心室肥厚 (LVH)、糖与胰岛素代谢的影响。方法 :74例原发性高血压且无糖尿病病人 ,随机分为 2组 ,培哚普利组用培哚普利 4～ 8mg ,po ,qd ,美托洛尔组用美托洛尔12 .5～ 5 0mg ,po ,bid ,治疗 2 4wk。比较治疗前后血压、左心室重量指数 (LVWI)、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素的变化。结果 :两者均能显著降低血压 ,培哚普利治疗 2 4wk后LVWI明显减轻 ,空腹胰岛素较治疗前下降 ,空腹血糖略有降低。美托洛尔对LVWI及空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素无影响。结论 :培哚普利和美托洛尔均能明显降低血压 ,培哚普利降压的同时可能减轻LVH、改善胰岛素代谢     

培哚普利与卡托普利的降压疗效比较及其临床意义探讨

１２０例中度原发性高血压患者进入培哚普利组（６０例）与卡托普利组（６０例）随机对照治疗观察，其中３２例（每组各１６例）进行了２４ｈ动态血态监测，对其降压疗效进行了前瞻性对比观察。结果表明，培哚普利组总有效率在偶测血压（４４例）为９０．１％，动态血压监测（１６例）为９３．８％；卡托普利组则分别为８１．８％和６８．８％。提示培哚普昨对中度高血压病疗效较好，副作用少，使用方便。     

贝那普利与卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的比较

目的 :比较贝那普利与卡托普利对原发性高血压的降压效应与安全性。方法 :原发性高血压病人 6 0例随机分为 2组。贝那普利组 30例给贝那普利 10mg ,po ,qm (8:0 0 )× 4wk ;卡托普利组 30例给卡托普利 12 .5mg ,po ,tid (8:0 0 ,12 :0 0 ,2 0 :0 0 )× 4wk ;2组均于用药 1wk后血压控制未达到正常水平则剂量加倍 ,每组 2 0例行动态血压监测。结果 :贝那普利组与卡托普利组偶测血压的降压总有效率分别为 90 %与 87% (P >0 .0 5) ;动态血压监测夜间舒张压卡托普利组下降不显著 ,与贝那普利组比较差别有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :贝那普利治疗原发性高血压疗效好而安全 ,降低夜间血压优于卡托普利。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.