整肠生预防早期新生儿黄疸的临床观察

目的:探讨整肠生预防早期新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法:92例新生儿随机分为干预组和对照组。干预组出生0.5h开奶后给予整肠生0.5g/次,3次/d,连用5d。两组每天测胆红素1次。结果:干预组总胆红素≥12.9mg/dl的占11%,对照组为33%(χ2=6.29,P<0.025),黄疸峰值干预组(8.1±4.9)mg/dl,对照组(9.9±3.4)mg/dl(t=2.061,P<0.025);黄疸持续时间干预组(6.4±3.5)d,对照组(8.1±4.1)d(t=2.129,P<0.025)。结论:早期新生儿口服整肠生有助于胆红素代谢排出,减少新生儿胆红素异常增高,缩短黄疸持续时间,避免新生儿由于胆红素过高所致损害。     

微生态制剂妈咪爱治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的临床观察

目的:探讨微生态制剂妈咪爱治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的临床疗效。方法:100例新生儿黄疸患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组两组,每组50例。对照组进行常规治疗;治疗组在常规治疗基础上,加服妈咪爱,通过检测血清胆红素浓度观察其疗效。结果:治疗组胆红素日均下降值为(61.22±28.63)μmol/L,明显高于对照组(39.87±23.11)μmol/L,P<0.01。结论:妈咪爱用于新生儿黄疸治疗,可迅速降低血清胆红素水平,明显缩短治疗时间。     

妈咪爱联合蒙脱石散早期预防新生儿黄疸的疗效及安全性

目的探讨妈咪爱联合蒙脱石散早期预防新生儿黄疸的疗效及安全性。方法选择正常足月新生儿68例,随机分为干预组和对照组。两组新生儿均在生后30min内与母体接触,按需哺乳,纯母乳喂养。干预组母乳喂养外出生后2h开始口服妈咪爱和蒙脱石散,连用5天。观察并比较两组治疗前后血清总胆红素水平的变化以及两组血清胆红素峰浓度和黄疸持续时间。结果两组治疗前血清胆红素水平比较无明显的统计学差异(P>0.05),治疗后干预组血清胆红素水平升高的幅度明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预组血清胆红素峰浓度及黄疸持续时间明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预组治疗期间未出现明显的不良反应。结论口服妈咪爱联合蒙脱石散可减少新生儿胆红素异常升高,缩短黄疸持续时间,降低新生儿黄疸的发病率,早期预防新生儿黄疸的疗效肯定,无明显的不良反应,安全性高。     

微生态治疗新生儿黄疸的疗效分析

目的研究分析微生态制剂妈咪爱辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的临床效果。方法选择2011年3月至2012年3月我院收治的72例黄疸新生儿作为临床观察对象。将其均分为观察组和对照组。对照组实施常规性治疗;观察组在常规性治疗的基础上添加微生态制剂妈咪爱的口服治疗。主要观察血清总胆红素水平日平均下降值与疗程的长短。结果观察组的血清总胆红素水平下降到正常值所需时间为(5.23±2.125)d,对照组则需要(7.56±4.87)d,治疗之后,观察组与对照组的血清总胆红素降低水平差异比较具有显著性(P<0.05),日均下降值也明显比对照组高(P<0.05)。结论使用微生态制剂妈咪爱辅助治疗新生儿黄疸效果显著,可考虑临床推广应用。     

妈咪爱治疗新生儿黄疸的疗效分析

目的观察妈咪爱治疗新生儿黄疸的疗效及分析。方法 108例确诊的新生儿黄疸患儿,随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照组54例,给予常规及蓝光照射治疗;治疗组54例,在对照组患儿治疗的基础上给予妈咪爱,0.5克/次,3次/天,口服治疗,两组患儿均治疗7 d后观察胆红素及总体有效率。结果治疗前两组胆红素相比较,未见显著差异(P>0.05),治疗后两组胆红素相比较,治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05);两组总体有效率相比较,治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论妈咪爱治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效显著。     

妈咪爱联合小儿化积口服液治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的体会

目的:及早有效地纠正新生儿高胆红素血症,预防胆红素对脑的损害。方法:在对照组常规治疗的基础上,治疗组加用妈咪爱和小儿化积口服液。结果:治疗组胆红素日均下降值(49.18±23.2)μmol/L,明显高于对照组(38.13±22.16)μmol/L,P<0.05。结论:妈咪爱和小儿化积口服液用于治疗新生儿高胆红素血症能明显缩短治疗时间。     

妈咪爱与培菲康辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效比较

目的:比较妈咪爱与培菲康辅助治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法:将98例患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,各49例。治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用妈咪爱0.5 g/次,3次/d,思密达1.0 g+温开水15 mL,3次/d,口服;对照组在常规治疗基础上加用培菲康,半粒/次,3次/d,思密达1.0 g+温开水15 mL,3次/d,口服。观察治疗后2组患儿日平均胆红素下降值及胆红素下降至119.7μmol/L以下所需时间,并进行对比。结果:2组日平均胆红素下降值分别为(48.93±19.02)μmol/L和(36.61±17.33)μmol/L;胆红素下降至119.7μmol/L以下所需时间分别为(3.7±2.1)d、(5.5±2.2)d,2组比较差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。结论:妈咪爱联合思密达辅助治疗新生儿黄疸较培菲康联合思密达临床疗效好,能增加日均胆红素下降值,并能缩短治疗时间。     

妈咪爱预防新生儿黄疸疗效观察

目的:观察妈咪爱预防新生儿黄疸的疗效。方法:将220例新生儿随机分为观察组(110例)和对照组(110例)。观察组在新生儿出生后12 h预防性给予苯巴比妥和妈咪爱,对照组不予干预。两组每日均经皮测黄疸指数(TCD)并随诊至出院后2周。结果:观察组和对照组的黄疸发生率分别为38.2%和60.9%,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.005),两组的黄疸持续时间分别为(4.1±1.9)d和(6.4±2.1)d,差异均有显著性(P<0.005)。结论:用妈咪爱进行早期干预能有效降低新生儿黄疸发生率和严重程度。     

"妈咪爱"辅助治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效观察

目的及早有效地降低血清胆红素,防止胆红素脑病的发生.方法在常规治疗的同时,加用妈咪爱口服.结果治疗组胆红素日均下降值为(51.23±24.38)umol/L,明显高于对照组的(38.12±20.4)umol/L(P＜0.01);治疗组胆红素降至102.6 umol/L以下天数(4.3±2.7)天,较对照组的(6.1±4.2)天明显缩短(P＜0.01);治疗组与对照组第1日胆红素下降值有差异(P＜0.05).结论妈咪爱辅助治疗新生儿黄疸,可迅速降低血清胆红素水平,明显缩短治疗时间.     

游泳联合妈咪爱对新生儿黄疸的疗效分析

目的:探讨游泳联合妈咪爱降低新生儿黄疸的效果.方法:将180例正常足月新生儿随机分为对照组60例,口服妈咪爱组60例,游泳联合妈咪爱组60例.对照组按常规护理.服药组在出生后第二天开始口服妈咪爱1 g/次,每天2次.联合组在口服妈咪爱的基础上每天游泳10～15分钟.观察记录3组新生儿黄疸出现的时间,黄疸的程度及黄疸持续时间.结果:联合组黄疸出现时间明显晚于对照组和服药组(P＜0.05).生后3～5天的黄疸指数及黄疸持续时间明显低于对照组和服药组(P＜0.05).结论:游泳联合妈咪爱口服,推迟了黄疸出现时间,降低黄疸程度,缩短黄疸持续时间.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.