安徽贫困地区已婚妇女妇科病现患情况、经期保健现况与相关因素分析

对安徽省某国际合作项目覆盖地区的 2 5 6 6名已婚妇女妇科病现患情况及经期保健现状做了描述 ,并就年龄、受教育水平、职业、家庭年收入、是否获得过妇女健康知识等因素对经期卫生的影响做了分析 ,结果显示 ,被调查地区经济、文化比较落后 ,已婚妇女妇科病患病率较高 ,子宫脱垂、尿瘘、阴道炎、宫颈糜烂、月经不调的患病率分别为3.0 %、0 .7%、30 .0 %、10 .6 %、36 .9%。调查还显示 ,84.3%的育龄妇女月经时使用卫生纸 (巾 ) ,月经期间干重活、下水田、用脏水洗下身等不良卫生行为的发生率分别为 6 9.4%、5 0 .4%和 7.1%。多因素 L ogistic回归分析发现 ,年龄、受教育水平、职业、是否获得过妇女健康知识等因素对经期卫生有影响。建议在发展经济、改善妇女生存环境的同时 ,在被调查地区开展妇科病普查普治工作和妇女的健康教育 ,以期提高妇女的健康水平。     

湖北省已婚育龄女职工生殖健康状况调查与分析

目的了解湖北省已婚育龄女职工生殖健康基本情况,为进一步加强女性生殖健康保护和生育服务提供依据。方法采用横断面调查方法,抽取全省20～49岁已婚女职工进行问卷调查,将数据进行统计学分析。结果调查对象平均年龄(36. 45±6. 91)岁,妇科疾病患病率50. 29%(7 064/14 046),月经异常率36. 72%(5 084/13 846),不孕率为26. 35%(2 617/9 932),自然流产率6. 15%(864/14 046);月经异常率排在前3位的是石油化工、教育和服务业,妇科常见疾病患病率排在前3位的是石油化工、教育和电力行业;接触职业病危害因素、同时接触多种职业病危害因素、经常加班、轮班作业、视屏作业、经常搬运重物者月经异常率较高,接触职业危害因素、经常加班、视屏作业者妇科疾病患病率较高,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001)。结论职业因素对女职工生殖健康的影响明显,应针对重点行业高危人群深入开展调查研究,并采取有针对性地干预手段和措施,保护女职工生殖健康。     

1078例城区已婚妇女生殖健康状况分析

目的: 全面了解孝感市城区已婚妇女的生殖健康情况, 以及对生殖保健服务的需求。方法: 2002年 1 ~12月,对城区 1 078例已婚妇女生殖健康状况进行调查。结果: 怀孕次数与妇科病患病率经统计学检验, 差异无显著性 (P>0 05 );职业与妇科病 (细菌性阴道病) 患病率经统计学检验, 差异有显著性 (P<0 001 ); 不同年龄与妇科病患病率经统计学检验,差异有显著性 (P<0 01, P<0 001), 31岁~宫颈糜烂患病率最高, 41岁~子宫肌瘤患病率最高。妇科疾病患病率前 4位的分别为细菌性阴道病 (48 24% )、宫颈糜烂 (35 62% )、宫颈息肉 (11 97% )、附件炎 (10 95% ), 总患病率为 54 73%。其中患 1种妇科病占 10 85%, 患 2种妇科病占 64 07%, 患 3种以上妇科病占 25 08%。结论: 进行常规妇科病普查普治, 是提高妇女生殖健康的一个重要环节。     

已婚妇女生殖道感染状况调查

目的 :了解攀枝花地区已婚妇女生殖道感染性疾病发病情况及影响因素。方法 :采取分层整群随机抽样方法 ,对攀枝花地区 2 6 73例已婚妇女进行了问卷调查、妇科检查及实验室检查 ,并使用 Spss10 .0 for Windows软件进行数据处理。结果 :生殖道感染的患病率城市组为 4 6 .2 %、农村汉族组为 5 5 .2 %、农村民族组为 6 2 .7% ,各组差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1) ,且各组均以慢性宫颈炎为主要疾病 ,患病率分别为 37.3%、 4 8.8%、 4 7.6 % ,以宫颈糜烂最多见 ,农村组明显高于城市组(P<0 .0 1)。生殖道感染性疾病的发生与年龄、文化程度、职业、家庭经济收入、医疗保障形式等因素相关。结论 :生殖道感染是已婚妇女最常见的妇科疾病 ,定期开展妇科常见病的普杳普治 ,加强健康教育 ,增强妇女保健意识 ,重视农村妇女保健 ,改善农村就医环境是提高妇女生殖健康水平的关键。     

连云港市3967例已婚妇女生殖健康状况调查

目的:调查连云港市已婚妇女生殖健康状况及影响因素。方法:对连云港市3 967例体检的妇女进行问卷调查、妇科检查、乳腺检查和有关实验室检查。结果:3 967例妇女妇科疾病检出率为41.39%(1 642/3 967),其中宫颈炎的患病率为31.48%,盆腔炎的患病率为17.87%,阴道炎的患病率为29.42%;≤35岁的妇女阴道炎患病率(46.67%)最高,其余依次为36~45岁的妇女(23.07%)和45岁的妇女(12.44%);≤35岁的妇女宫颈炎、阴道炎、盆腔炎的患病率明显高于36~45岁及45岁的妇女,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同职业中以个体和商业人员中阴道炎、宫颈炎的患病率最高,分别占49.26%、46.53%,机关干部中发现乳腺疾病的占13.80%,高于其他职业组人员,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:连云港市已婚妇女生殖道感染较高,应积极开展生殖健康普查和普治工作,针对妇女生殖道感染的影响因素进行有效的预防和干预。     

湖北省更老年期妇女健康状况分析

目的　 2 0 0 1年 5月～ 2 0 0 2年 5月对湖北省 4 0岁以上更、老年期妇女的健康状况进行调查 ,了解其健康需求及影响更、老年妇女健康的相关因素 ,提出不同的健康促进对策 ,为政府和卫生行政部门制定更、老年人口政策提供依据。方法　研究采用不等比分层整群抽样的方法 ,在湖北省武汉市口区、鄂州市、枣阳市、钟祥市、远安县共调查 70 75名 4 0岁以上的更、老年期妇女。采取入户进行访谈式问卷调查 ,应用 t检验及卡方检验进行分析。结果　调查更、老年期妇女平均年龄为 5 2 .17± 10 .5 7岁 ,其中 4 0～ 5 9岁占 77.14 % ,6 0岁以上占 2 2 .86 %。平均绝经年龄为 4 8.81± 3.98岁 ,农村为 4 8.74± 3.98岁 ,城市为 4 9.2 5± 4 .17岁 ,更年期症状发生率为 5 8.0 0 % ,患病率居前几位的慢性病为高血压 (10 .0 2 % ) ,心脏病 (5 .6 0 % ) ,糖尿病 (0 .85 % )。骨折发生率为 (6 .6 2 % ) ,骨关节运动系统症状中腿痛 (38.6 2 % ) ,腰痛 (39.39% ) ,主要妇科疾病为宫颈炎(2 9.6 9% ) ,阴道炎 (18.6 4 % ) ,卵巢肿瘤 (3.4 3% ) ,子宫肌瘤 (2 .0 2 % )。就医情况为 13.16 %能定期普查 ,16 .81%有病不能及时治疗 ,1.37%使用激素替代疗法 ,补钙 5 .4 2 %。 5 2 .2 6 %知道有关更年期保健知识 ,获得保健知识的     

敦煌市已婚妇女宫颈糜烂流行因素初探

已婚妇女宫颈糜烂是妇女生殖系统常见病之一 ,调查已婚妇女宫颈糜烂流行因素 ,可为科学防治提供科学依据。为此 ,我们对敦煌市 2 0～ 6 0岁已婚妇女宫颈糜烂患病率及其影响因素进行流行病学调查。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　调查对象均为居住生活在敦煌市的已婚妇女 ,其职业分布有工人、干部、农民 ,共计 12 6 9名 ,年龄为 2 0～ 6 0岁。1.2　方法　采用统一制定的妇科疾病检查卡片并对其进行编号 ,由检查医生对调查对象逐个询问病史 ,填写卡片 ,对每个受检者做宫颈涂片检查 ,对可疑恶性病例切片并送上级医院进行确诊 ,宫颈糜烂的诊断标准按全…     

北京地区已婚妇女子宫肌瘤患病状况及危险因素调查

目的 研究北京地区25 ～ 54岁已婚妇女子宫肌瘤患病率及其危险因素.方法 于2007年3月～2008年9月采用多阶段抽样方法,在北京地区抽取10个区县53个社区/村的2 378名25 ～ 54岁已婚妇女为研究对象,进行妇科体检和超声检查,并进行问卷调查.结果 北京地区25 ～ 54岁已婚妇女子宫肌瘤患病率为11.1％;25 ～34、35 ～ 39、40 ～54岁组已婚妇女子宫肌瘤患病率分别为2.9％、9.9％和17.3％;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄和一级血亲具恶性肿瘤史与子宫肌瘤有关.结论 40～ 54岁已婚妇女是子宫肌瘤的高发人群,一级血亲具恶性肿瘤史为子宫肌瘤的危险因素.     

已婚妇女宫颈上皮内瘤样病变患病现况调查

目的:调查某地区已婚妇女宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)患病情况,为当地已婚妇女宫颈癌的防治工作提供科学依据。方法 :采用横断面调查方法,随机选取某地区4 900例25~65岁已婚妇女进行CIN相关实验室检测及流行病学调查。结果:TCT结果异常者占8.35%(409/4 900);阴道镜病理检查诊断为CIN者占4.73%(232/4 900),占TCT结果异常的56.72%(232/409),其中CINⅠ期占74.57%(173/232)、CINⅡ期占22.84%(53/232)、CINⅢ期占2.59%(6/232),早期宫颈鳞状上皮细胞癌发病率为0.04%(2/4 900)。该地区妇女存在被动吸烟史(49.86%,2 443/4 900)和较差卫生习惯(25.71%,1 260/4 900)等宫颈癌危险因素。结论:当地已婚妇女CIN患病率为4.73%,被动吸烟史及较差卫生习惯等宫颈癌危险因素发生率较高。     

口服避孕药与育龄妇女子宫肌瘤的关系

目的:了解农村育龄妇女子宫肌瘤的患病情况,分析其影响因素,探讨妇女口服避孕药(OC)与子宫肌瘤的关系。方法:采用整群抽样方法,在避孕药具不良反应监测试点调查已婚育龄妇女生育史、避孕方法应用和副作用发生情况,同时进行相关健康检查。结果:江苏省农村育龄妇女子宫肌瘤患病率为4.01%,当前使用OC的妇女子宫肌瘤患病率为5.63%。与从未使用OC组相比,当前使用OC组发生子宫肌瘤的RR为1.60(95%CI 1.24～2.06),既往使用OC组的RR为1.35(95%CI 1.11～1.64)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,子宫肌瘤患病率存在地区差异,年龄、体重指数(BMI)、当前使用OC可能与子宫肌瘤的发生有关。结论:40岁以上、BMI≥25kg/m2、当前使用OC的育龄妇女子宫肌瘤的患病风险略有升高,影响子宫肌瘤的其它因素有待进一步探讨。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.