枕下远外侧入路手术切除颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤

目的 探讨枕下远外侧入路在颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2017年12月采用枕下远外侧入路手术治疗的17例颅颈交界区（腹侧3例,腹外侧14例）肿瘤的临床资料。结果 17例术中均暴露良好、充分。14例肿瘤全切（9例脑膜瘤、5例神经鞘瘤）,2例脊索瘤及1例骨源性肿瘤次全切除。术后7例出现原有后组神经功能障碍加重,3例出现新的后组神经功能障碍,术后6个月内恢复8例,2例残留永久性神经功能障碍。术后发生脑脊液漏3例、颅内感染2例,均经积极治疗后好转,无术后颅内血肿、脑积水及临床死亡病例。术后随访0.5~31个月,1例脊索瘤复发。结论 枕下远外侧入路手术是切除颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤的安全、有效的方法,可依据病灶情况采取个体化的术式。     

幕下小脑上入路治疗松果体区肿瘤

目的探讨经幕下小脑上入路切除松果体区肿瘤的应用体会。方法回顾性分析11例松果体区肿瘤临床资料,均采用幕下小脑上入路切除。结果手术全切8例,近全切2例,大部切除1例。术中无1例发生空气栓塞。病理结果:松果体生殖细胞瘤5例,松果体细胞瘤3例,松果体区囊肿1例,星形细胞瘤2例。随访9例,时间24~70个月,平均38.6个月,复发1例,死亡1例,其余病人恢复良好,生活自理。结论手术切除是松果体区肿瘤的必要治疗手段,天幕下方或者超过天幕范围较少的松果体区肿瘤首选幕下小脑上入路。     

侧脑室肿瘤切除的入路选择及显微手术技术

目的探讨侧脑室肿瘤切除的手术入路及显微外科技术。方法对33例侧脑室肿瘤病例,7例经额叶皮质、4例经纵裂胼胝体、15例经顶枕叶皮质、7例经颞叶皮质入路,应用显微技术行肿瘤切除,并对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肿瘤全切20例,大部分切除7例,部分切除6例。其中脑膜瘤16例,室管膜瘤10例,星形细胞瘤5例,脉络丛乳头状瘤2例。术后出现脑积水4例,肢体轻瘫4例,偏盲2例,远隔部位血肿1例,癫痫1例。随访时间4个月~6年,平均3.7年。18例术后恢复良好并参加工作,9例术后状况基本同术前（生活可自理）,不能生活自理2例,2例星形细胞瘤病人1年后肿瘤复发死亡,失访2例。结论采用显微神经外科技术,选择不同的手术入路切除侧脑室肿瘤可取得良好的临床效果。     

枕下正中入路手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的疗效

目的 探讨枕下正中入路手术切除枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月至2019年12月采用枕下正中入路手术切除的10例枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的临床资料。结果 10例肿瘤均全切除。术后病理显示脑膜瘤9例,神经鞘瘤1例。术后1例有副神经牵拉损伤,1个月后逐渐恢复;1例瘤体减压后出现脑干再灌注损伤,因呼吸困难行气管切开术,3个月后拔除气管导管,顺利康复。术后随访2~28个月,平均（16.1±5.6）个月,未见肿瘤复发。结论 枕下正中入路是治疗枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤的安全有效的方法。     

儿童第四脑室肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附43例报告)

目的 探讨儿童第四脑室常见肿瘤的诊断和显微手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析2006~2010年手术治疗的43例儿童第四脑室肿瘤患者的临床表现与影像学等临床资料;根据肿瘤与小脑蚓部和第四脑室的关系,设计个体化手术入路切除肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切除38例,次全切5例(为与第四脑室底粘连紧密者).绝大多数病例无明显并发症或并发症较轻,经治疗后好转.病理结果示髓母细胞瘤27例,室管膜瘤8例,星形细胞瘤7例(其中毛细胞型3例),神经细胞瘤(交界性)1例.髓母细胞及WHOⅢ级的室管膜瘤术后进行了全脑和脊髓放疗,次全切的室管膜瘤和星形细胞瘤进行了局部放疗.结论 儿童第四脑室肿瘤以髓母细胞瘤最多见,其次是室管膜瘤和星形细胞瘤;正确的入路选择和手术技巧是取得良好疗效、减少并发症的关键.     

颞下经天幕入路显微手术治疗岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的探讨颞下经小脑幕入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术方法和结果。方法 25例岩斜区脑膜瘤病人,全部经CT、MRI明确诊断,其中大型(瘤径2.5~4.4 cm)18例、巨大型(4.5 cm)7例。均采用颞下经小脑幕入路显微手术切除肿瘤。结果镜下全切除肿瘤20例(80%),大部分切除5例,无死亡。术后新增颅神经损伤11例。术后随访1~24个月,全切病例有4例复发。结论颞下经小脑幕入路是切除中上斜坡以上尤其是侵及麦氏腔的岩斜区脑膜瘤实用的手术入路。     

儿童鞍区肿瘤的治疗策略

目的探讨儿童鞍区肿瘤的诊断、手术治疗及效果。方法回顾性分析我院自2014年1月至2017年5月170例儿童鞍区肿瘤资料,根据肿瘤的具体位置及大小选择手术入路,其中额下入路90例、翼点入路30例、纵裂-胼胝体入路30例、额下联合纵裂入路20例。术后病理诊断颅咽管瘤90例,生殖细胞瘤45例,视神经胶质瘤20例,垂体瘤8例,下丘脑错构瘤7例。结果全切132例,次全切23例,大部分切除15例,术后死亡4例。出院后随访3个月~3年,术后接受放化疗72例,肿瘤复发25例,再次手术10例。结论根据肿瘤生长位置和大小选择合适手术入路,提高全切率是儿童鞍区肿瘤治疗的关键,术后的放化疗亦不容忽视。     

26例松果体区肿瘤显微手术探讨

目的探讨显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤的方法和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析26例经显微手术切除的松果体区肿瘤患者的临床资料和随访结果。结果26例中19例采用Poppen入路,7例采用Krause入路。全切15例,次全切除5例,大部分切除6例。随访3个月~7年,肿瘤未见复发17例,复发2例（1例再手术）,植物状态生存1例,死亡2例（术后因瘤卒中死亡1例,术后2年死亡1例）,4例失随访。结论显微手术是松果体区肿瘤治疗的首选方法,Poppen入路是一种较理想的入路。     

岩斜区肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤的显微手术治疗方法及其效果。方法 自2010年10月至2014年10月收治岩斜区肿瘤23例,分别采用颞下经小脑幕入路（11例）、乙状窦后经小脑幕入路（7例）和幕上幕下（颞下-乙状窦后）联合入路（5例）进行手术切除。结果 23例岩斜区肿瘤中脑膜瘤9例,神经鞘瘤12例,胆脂瘤2例。颞下经小脑幕入路11例中,肿瘤全切9例,次全切2例;乙状窦后经小脑幕入路7例均全切除;幕上幕下联合入路5例中,次全切4例,部分切除1例。23例患者随访6~36个月;术前Karnofsky功能状态评分为（83.0±7.0）分,术后1月为（75.2±9.0）分,术后6个月为（80.0±6.0）分;6例次全切除及1例部分切除患者术后1月行伽玛刀治疗,在随访时间内未见肿瘤复发。结论 根据岩斜区肿瘤的不同类型,选择颞下经小脑幕入路、乙状窦后经小脑幕入路和幕上幕下联合入路,可以提供肿瘤全切率,减少并发症,提高手术疗效。     

侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的显微手术治疗

目的通过总结显微手术切除侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤的经验,探讨沟通眶颅的神经鞘瘤的手术方法,以提高手术全切率及减少并发症。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月采用眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外显微手术切除的侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤24例的临床资料,其中神经内镜辅助手术5例,并对该类肿瘤的特点及手术要点进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除20例,次全切除4例,肿瘤全切率为83．3％,无死亡病例。术后新出现10例眼球运动障碍;3个月后6例完全恢复,2例不全麻痹,2例无变化。1例病人术后2周出现溃疡性角膜炎,治疗后未愈。1例病人术后失明。4例次全切的患者术后2周行1刀治疗。术后随访3～18个月,平均8个月,复查MRI示全切病例无肿瘤复发,次全切病例未见残余肿瘤明显增大。结论眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤从眶内通过眶上裂侵犯眶尖区及海绵窦,经眶-翼点入路硬脑膜外手术全切率高,并发症少,效果满意,是对侵及海绵窦的眶颅沟通性神经鞘瘤较好的手术方式。     

电生理监测辅助显微手术治疗圆锥、终丝起源室管膜瘤

目的探讨圆锥、终丝起源室管膜瘤的显微手术技巧及疗效。方法回顾性分析15例圆锥、终丝起源室管膜瘤病人的临床资料,均在神经电生理监测下行显微手术切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除13例,次全切除2例。术后病理证实为室管膜瘤Ⅰ-Ⅲ级。术后发生脑脊液漏1例,皮下积液1例,均经对症治疗后痊愈;无手术相关神经功能障碍;无死亡病例。所有病人术后随访3个月-6年,平均2年;病人神经功能改善11例,改善不明显3例,加重1例。肿瘤复发3例,均再次行显微手术治疗,并行放射治疗。结论圆锥、终丝起源的室管膜瘤与脊髓、马尾神经黏连紧密,肿瘤切除程度及术中是否有脊髓神经损伤是决定病人预后的重要因素。神经电生理监测配合显微手术可有效提高肿瘤全切率,并防止术中神经损伤。     

Therapeutic results of eight patients with intracranial ependymomas]

Between 1985 and 2001, eight patients with intracranial ependymomas underwent surgery at our hospital. The cases included six infratentorial ependymomas, one supratentorial ependymoma and one supratentorial anaplastic ependymoma. Infratentorial ependymomas were classified according to origin and extension. The lateral type tumors originated from the lateral part of the fourth ventricle in four cases. The midfloor type tumors originated from the inferior half of the fourth ventricular floor in two cases. The three totally resected tumors were the lateral type tumors. The remaining one case with the lateral type tumor underwent nearly total resection of the tumor, since the tumor involved lower cranial nerves. All patients with the midfloor type tumors underwent incomplete resections of the tumors, because the tumors infiltrated into brain stem. Lower cranial nerve involvement and brain stem invasion implied incomplete resection and had the poor prognosis. In intracranial ependymomas, all four patients with total resections have been alive, whereas three of four patients with incomplete resections have died. The mean survival time of all patients with intracranial ependymomas was 127 months from the time of the initial surgery. There were no deaths in the patients with tumors showing MIB-1 index < 10% (n = 4). The mean survival time of the patients with tumors showing MIB-1 index > or = 10% (n = 4), was 30 months. The extent of the resection, the age of the patients and MIB-1 index are important factors in the outcome in patients with intracranial ependymomas. Two representative children aged less than 3 years with the midfloor type tumors were presented. In a patient treated with conventional radiation and chemotherapy, residual tumor repeatedly enlarged within 12 months despite several resections of the tumor. The patient died 32 months after the initial resection. In contrast, the other patient received multidisciplinary treatment including Linac stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with a marginal dose of 27 Gy in 9 fractions, have been still alive for 45 months after the initial resection. The residual tumor slightly decreased in size and remained stable without evident growth 12 months after SRT. SRT may provide good local control for patients with intracranial ependymomas and have a favorable impact on survival.     

脊髓髓内室管膜瘤的外科治疗策略与疗效分析

目的探讨脊髓髓内室管膜瘤的治疗策略。方法对210例髓内室管膜瘤病人的神经功能状况、肿瘤切除程度、术后并发症与疗效等进行回顾性分析。均行肿瘤显微切除术,椎板复位135例。结果肿瘤全切除195例,次全及大部切除15例。术后行气管切开8例,均为延髓及高颈髓部位的巨大肿瘤病人。术后门诊复查及电话随访130例,随访时间3个月~9年;神经功能改善95例(73%),明显加重21例(16%),无变化14例(11%);术后复发5例,其中肿瘤位于圆锥部分3例,胸髓1例,延颈髓1例。结论大多数髓内室管膜瘤通过早期诊断与及时手术,可获得肿瘤全切除,预后良好。对于严重黏连的肿瘤不应勉强追求全切除。术前功能分级差者,术后神经功能障碍易加重。     

Expression of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 in ependymal tumors

Up‐regulation of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), a cytokine‐induced enzyme that metabolizes arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, has been described in some brain tumors, including astrocytomas. Little is known about its expression in ependymal neoplasms. The objective of the present study was to assess COX‐2 immunostaining of ependymal tumors. Retrospective COX‐2 immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on 117 ependymal tumors. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t‐test. The study group (56 men and 44 women, mean age, 30.8 years) was comprised of 48 low‐grade ependymomas (WHO grade II), 12 anaplastic ependymomas (WHO grade III), 27 myxopapillary ependymomas (WHO grade I) and 13 subependymomas (WHO grade I). At last known follow‐up (range, 12–226 months; mean, 74 months), 52 patients were alive with no evidence of tumor, 16 patients were alive with residual tumor, nine patients died with tumor, one patient died with no tumor and three died with tumor status unknown. Nineteen patients had less than 12 months of follow‐up. Thirty‐six (36%) patients had tumors, which demonstrated positive COX‐2 staining, including 16/27 (59%) myxopapillary ependymomas, 3/13 (23%) subependymomas, 14/48 (29%) ependymomas and 3/12 (25%) anaplastic ependymomas. Statistically significant COX‐2 positive immunostaining was observed in myxopapillary ependymomas versus WHO grade II (P = 0.03) and grade III (P = 0.02) tumors. Increased COX‐2 expression in myxopapillary ependymoma as compared to the WHO grade II and II ependymoma was observed. The reason for this apparent increased immunoexpression in these low‐grade tumors is uncertain. COX‐2 inhibitors may play a role in treatment of the subset of ependymal tumors that demonstrate increased expression. COX‐2 staining did not reliably predict tumor behavior.     

颅内血管外皮细胞瘤的临床诊治（附6例报告及文献复习）

目的探讨颅内血管外皮细胞瘤的临床特点及其诊断、治疗。方法回顾性分析2006年至2011年收治的6例颅内血管外皮细胞瘤患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行分析。结果6例病人共行手术6次,肿瘤全切除5例,次全切除1例;术后辅助^y刀治疗4例。术后随访12～72个月,平均39个月,1例患者术后16个月原位复发,其余5例随访期间未见肿瘤复发。结论颅内血管外皮细胞瘤有较高的局部复发率,争取手术全切除肿瘤是治疗的关键,并且术后行剂量不高于50Gy的辅助放疗应作为常规的治疗方案。     

Supratentorial cortical ependymoma: Case series and review of the literature

Supratentorial cortical ependymoma (CE), a rare type of ependymoma, is located in the superficial cortex. We reported 11 patients (six female and five male) with CE. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 63 years old with a median age of 47 years at the time of diagnosis. On MRI, enhancement was noted in all cases with solid appearance in six cases, and solid and cystic appearance in five cases. The frontal and parietal regions were the most common locations for CE. On histology, two were low‐grade (WHO grade II) and nine were WHO grade III anaplastic ependymomas. Some tumors exhibited clear cell, spindle (tanycytic) and giant cell morphologies, as well as the classic ependymoma morphology. Dura‐based tumor nodules and even tumor dissemination along the dura can be seen in CEs. Low grade CEs have a higher likelihood to present with seizures, a lower likelihood to cause brain edema, tumor recurrence and lower mortality than anaplastic ependymomas. While difficult, anaplastic CEs may be distinguished from glioblastoma by a clear interface between tumor and adjacent brain tissue, relative uniformity of tumor cell nuclei and immunopositivity for epithelial membrane antigen and/or CD99. As is the case for ependymomas in general, gross total resection is still the treatment of choice for CEs.     

镰幕交界处脑膜瘤

目的探讨镰幕交界处脑膜瘤的诊断及手术入路选择。方法回顾性分析9例镰幕交界处脑膜瘤病人的临床资料。本组症状均以头痛、眩晕为主。手术选择枕经天幕入路8例,幕下小脑上入路1例。结果本组肿瘤均获SimpsonⅠ或Ⅱ级切除。无手术死亡。术后出现皮质盲3例,1～3个月后恢复。随访6～44个月,平均21个月;复发1例,行2次手术。结论镰幕交界处脑膜瘤的手术入路需根据肿瘤起源及扩展方向进行选择;术中需注意保护直窦和Galen静脉系统。     

神经内镜下经Endoport通道切除侧脑室肿瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨神经内镜下经Endoport通道切除侧脑室肿瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析神经内镜下经Endoport通道切除的15例侧脑室肿瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除13例,次全切除2例。术后病理示脑膜瘤5例,室管膜瘤3例,中枢神经细胞瘤3例,乳头状室管膜瘤2例,室管膜下瘤1例,血管周细胞瘤1例。术后出现一过性偏瘫2例、不完全性失语1例,对症处理后改善。术后出现脑积水1例,行脑室-腹腔分流术后明显好转。术后随访6~18月,未见肿瘤复发或进展;术后6个月,KPS评分≥80分13例,<80分2例。结论 神经内镜下经Endoport通道切除侧脑室肿瘤,可提高肿瘤全切除率,减少手术并发症。     

Pineal tumors: experience with 48 cases over 10 years

The authors retrospectively reviewed 48 patients treated at Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) between 1986 and 1995. There were 35 children and 13 adults, accounting for 10.1% of 345 pediatric and 0.68% of 1914 adult brain tumors in SNUH during the same period. The 48 cases consisted of 33 cases of germ cell tumor (69%, GCT); 6 of pineoblastoma (PB, 12.5%); 3 of pineocytoma (PC, 6.3%); 3 of anaplastic astrocytoma (6.3%); 1 of astrocytoma; 1 of glioblastoma; and 1 of ependymoma. The median age was 13 years (range 1–59) and the male-to-female ratio was 3.36:1. The most frequent presenting symptom was due to increased intracranial pressure (90%), followed by Parinaud syndrome or diplopia (50%). Patients with a benign tumor, such as teratoma (TE), astrocytoma, or ependymoma, underwent surgery by the occipital transtentorial approach (OTT) for attempted radical resection without adjuvant therapy, while patients with immature teratoma (imTE), PC, and anaplastic astrocytoma underwent regional radiotherapy (RT) after debulking via OTT. Seven patients with nongerminomatous malignant GCT (NG-MGCT) and 3 with germinoma (GE) underwent craniospinal radiation only, 6 with GE, a NG-MGCT, and 2 with GE+TE received craniospinal radiotherapy (CSRT) after debulking via OTT. Three patients with GE, 4 with NG-MGCT, and 3 with PB underwent radiochemotherapy after debulking via OTT. Forty-four patients were followed up after treatment. The median follow-up period was 36 months. All patients with GE were alive after RT at 36 months (median) of follow-up (range 7–70 months). All with GE+TE and TE were alive. Three patients with PC or astrocytoma were also alive with stable or no evidence of disease. In 1 of the 3 cases of imTE there was a recurrence. However, 4 patients with NG-MGCT died, all of whom had undergone CSRT only; 2 PB patients were alive (12, 19 months), 1 in a moribund status (36 months), and 2 were dead (6, 60 months). The overall mean survival time with pineal tumors was 66 months and the 3-year survival rate was 84% with minimal posttreatment complications. It is concluded that pineal region tumors have male and childhood predominances, and the most common tumor is GCT. The majority of pineal region tumors are malignant. Pineal region tumors can be approached safely and effectively and the surgical complications are mostly transient. Their prognosis is dependent on the pathologies and treatment modalities.     

脊髓圆锥区室管膜瘤的显微手术疗效分析

目的 探讨脊髓圆锥区室管膜瘤的显微手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2021年12月显微手术治疗的27例脊髓圆锥区室管膜瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除14例（51.9%）,次全切除4例（14.8%）,部分切除9例（33.3%）。术后病理均诊断为室管膜瘤（WHO分级Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级4例）。术后随访（40.44±28.7）个月;全切除14例中,1例术后3年复发;未全切除13例中,3例保持稳定,10例进展。末次随访,神经功能状态McCormick分级Ⅰ级14例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级2例,死亡2例。结论 对于脊髓圆锥区室管膜瘤,早期在神经功能良好的状态下全切除肿瘤能够取得较好的疗效。如条件允许,建议行全基因组检测,结合组织学分型,能够更好地指导临床。