经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术与耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术治疗良性前列腺增生的疗效比较

目的 比较经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(TKRP)与耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术(SPP)治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的临床疗效和对患者性功能的影响.方法 200例BPH患者根据手术方式分为电切手术组和开放手术组,电切组给予TKRP手术治疗,开放手术组给予SPP手术治疗.观察两组手术时间、膀胱冲洗时间、尿管留置时间、术后住院时间;术后随访6个月,观察两组IPSS评分、QOL评分、最大尿流率(Qmax)以及术后并发症发生情况;术后随访12个月,观察两组性功能情况.结果 电切手术组手术时间、膀胱冲洗时间、留置导尿管时间、术后住院时间显著低于开放手术组(P＜0.01).术后电切手术组和开放手术组IPSS、QOL评分显著下降,Qmax显著上升,与术前比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.01);术后电切手术组IPSS、QOL评分及Qmax与开放手术组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01).电切手术组术后勃起障碍、逆行射精和并发症的发生率均低于开放手术组,相比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 TKRP是治疗BPH的一种安全、有效、对患者性功能影响小的手术方法.     

三种前列腺切除术治疗良性前列腺增生疗效比较

目的比较良性前列腺增生(BPH)的三种手术治疗效果。方法分别采用耻骨上前列腺切除术(SPP),经尿道双极等离子前列腺切除术(PKRP)和经尿道等离子前列腺剜除术(PKEP)治疗良性前列腺增生共152例。观察手术时间,术中、术后出血,术后置管时间和疗效评估。结果三种手术方式术后1-3个月的I-PSS、QOL、PVR、Qmax在3组病例间比较无统计学意义,而与术前相比较统计学意义明显。结论与开放性手术相比,2种经尿道手术具有出血少,创伤小,恢复快,并发症少的优点,术中及术后出血方面,PKEP效果更好;而开放性手术要在手术时间上较内镜手术治疗短。     

选择性绿激光前列腺汽化术治疗BPH对患者性功能的影响

目的观察选择性绿激光前列腺汽化术(PVP)治疗良性前列腺增生症(BPH)对患者术后性功能的影响。方法对64例术前有正常性生活的BPH患者行PVP治疗,于术前及术后6个月,应用国际勃起功能障碍问卷(IIEF-5)及自制调查表(包括性欲、精液量、逆行性射精情况等)评价患者的性功能。结果本组术后均有性欲和性生活,其中3例勃起功能较术前明显增强,4例较术前减弱;精液量明显减少17例(26.6%),发生逆行性射精10例(15.6%)。术前IIEF-5评分为(22.68±1.53)分,治疗后为(21.91±2.34)分,手术前后比较,P>0.05。结论PVP治疗BPH对患者性功能的影响较小,但术后患者精液量明显减少,存在逆行性射精的可能。     

TUVP与TUPKVP治疗前列腺增生症疗效对比观察

目的对比观察经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（TUVP）与经尿道等离子电切术（TUPKVP）治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）的效果。方法将160例BPH患者随机分为A组81例和B组79例,分别采用TUVP、TUPKVP治疗。结果A组术中出血（118．4±20．3）ml、术后膀胱冲洗时间为（2．8±1．2）d、导尿管拔除时间为（4．4±1．6）d、住院时间为（7．2±4．5）d,B组分别为（95．7±12．8）ml及（2．3±1．4）、（3．6±1．8）、（5．8±3．4）d;两组比较,P均〈0．05。与本组治疗前及A组术后比较,B组术后际前列腺症状评分下降、剩余尿减少、尿流率提高,P均〈0．05。术后随访3个月,A组出现并发症13例（17．3％）,B组6例（7．6％）,两组比较,P〈0．05。结论与TUVP比较,TUPKVP治疗BPH的效果相当,但创伤小、患者恢复快、术后并发症少。     

经尿道电切和气化切除治疗前列腺增生症的疗效比较

目的 比较经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)和经尿道前列腺气化切除术(TUVP)的治疗结果.方法 随机配对研究前列腺增生(BPH)患者,TURP组与TUVP组各974例,术前条件具有可比性,比较两种手术的安全性和有效性.结果 两种术式患者手术后前列腺症状评分(I-PSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、最大尿流率(Qmax)均有显著改善(P＜0.01),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).TURP组的手术时间明显短于TUVP组(P＜0.01),术中失血量多于TUVP组(P＜0.01);电切综合征(TURS)的发生率组间无明显差异(P＞0.05).TURP组术后出血、暂时性尿失禁发生率少于TUVP组,阳痿发生率少于TUVP组(P＜0.01).结论 两种术式均为BPH安全而有效的治疗方法.TURP具有切除层次清晰、快捷、精确度高、术后并发症少的优点.TUVP操作较简便、出血少、手术从容,尤其适合于初学者和中小医院.     

牵引时间对经尿道前列腺汽化电切患者术后膀胱痉挛的影响

目的探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TUVP)术后牵引时间对膀胱痉挛(BS)的影响。方法采用目的抽样法,根据医生术后是否牵引及牵引时间不同,将115例TUVP术后患者分为三组。Ⅰ组32例,术后不予牵引;Ⅱ组51例,术后尿道外口纱布加压法牵引6 h;Ⅲ组32例,术后尿道外口纱布加压法牵引12~24 h。观察三组患者TUVP术后24 h内发生BS的情况。结果三组患者术后24 h内BS发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅱ组在24 h内BS的发生率与Ⅲ组有显著差异显著(P<0.0125)。结论 TUVP术后导尿管牵引6 h能有效降低BS的发生率。     

Madigan前列腺切除术治疗BPH临床观察

目的探讨Madigan前列腺切除术的临床效果、适应证范围及在前列腺手术中的应用价值。方法对24例有症状的良性前列腺增生（BPH）患者行Madigan前列腺切除术,术中根据情况行膀胱造瘘或不造瘘,术后保留尿管4-13 d。结果手术时间50-145 min。1例术中发生耻骨后静脉丛破裂出血而改行经膀胱手术,1例术后第4天发生大量血尿行开放止血,1例术后病理诊断为前列腺癌,进一步行去势手术,其余21例手术过程顺利。随访3~5个月,所有病例术后排尿满意。结论Madigan前列腺切除术保留尿道生理结构完整性,术后出血少,患者恢复快,是BPH的良好手术治疗方式。     

经尿道前列腺剜除术治疗老年前列腺增生的疗效

目的观察经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术(PKEP)治疗老年良性前列腺增生的安全性和临床效果。方法选择120例老年良性前列腺增生患者,其中75例采用PKEP手术、45例采用经尿道前列腺电切术(PKRP),比较两组围术期各项指标、术后6个月恢复情况和并发症发生率的差异。结果 PKEP组手术时间、术后膀胱冲洗时间、术后留置尿管时间、术后住院时间和手术出血量均少于PKRP组,而前列腺切除体积大于PKRP组(P0.05)。术后6个月国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、最大尿流率(Qmax)和残余尿量(PVR)比较两组无显著性差异(P0.05),而PKEP组的PSA值低于PKRP组(P0.05)。两组的并发症发生率无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 PKEP治疗老年良性前列腺增生安全性好、手术时间短、术后恢复快、并发症发生率低,适合在各级医院推广。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术378例临床分析

目的　总结并评价经尿道前列腺汽化电切术 (TUVP)治疗良性前列腺增生 (BPH)的临床疗效。方法　采用TUVP经尿道切除BPH378例 ,随 6～ 2 4个月。结果　除 1例因术中出现严重并发症转开放手术外 ,其余 377例均手术成功 ,术后随访期间疗效确实稳定。国际前列腺症状评分 (IPSS)由术前 2 7 3± 5 8到术后 8 1± 3 7,最大尿流率 (Qmax)由术前 6 9± 8 4ml/s到术后 1 6 1± 5 77ml/s。结论　TUVP治疗BPH创伤小 ,并发症少 ,出血少 ,疗效好和平均住院时间短 ,值得临床推广运用     

TURP、TUEP治疗良性前列腺增生的临床效果比较

目的比较经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)、经尿道前列腺剜除术(TUEP)治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的临床效果。方法选择BPH患者319例,根据手术方案不同分为TURP组185例、TUEP组134例。术后随访36个月,观察两组术后尿道狭窄发生率、狭窄长度、狭窄位置以及治疗前后最大尿流率、残尿量等指标。结果 TURP组及TUEP组术后出现尿道狭窄分别为14、11例(P>0.05),狭窄长度分别为(2.2±0.6)、(1.7±0.6)cm(P<0.05);行尿道扩张术分别为7、6例(P>0.05),行内镜下冷刀切开术分别为7、5例(P>0.05)。两组术后最大尿流率、残尿量均明显低于术前(P均<0.05),但TUEP组最大尿流率改善更明显(P<0.05)。结论 TURP、TUEP治疗BPH均有较好效果,但TUEP改善尿道狭窄的效果好于TURP。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.