PD-1 PD-L1单抗在复发转移性鼻咽癌中的研究进展

鼻咽癌患者经放疗及同步辅助化疗后,临床转归有所改善,但肿瘤复发及远处转移仍为一项难题。近些年,免疫检查点抑制剂的发现为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了新的选择。其中,程序性细胞死亡受体1（programmed cell death protein-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡受体配体1（programmed cell death 1-ligand,PD-L1）单抗受到广泛关注且已应用于临床治疗。本文就帕博利珠单抗、纳武利尤单抗、卡瑞利珠单抗和特瑞普利单抗等PD-1/PD-L1单抗在复发/转移性鼻咽癌中的研究进展进行综述。      

免疫检查点抑制剂在淋巴瘤中的研究进展

肿瘤细胞利用免疫检查点通路来逃避宿主免疫系统并抑制免疫细胞功能.癌细胞表达程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1/2(programmed death-ligand 1/2,PD-L1/PD-L2)与细胞毒性 T 细胞上存在的程序性细胞死亡蛋白 1(programmed cell death protein-1,PD-1)结合,触发...     

非小细胞肺癌组织中PD-1/PD-L1的表达与EGFR突变的关系及其对预后的影响

目的:探讨非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)中程序性死亡受体1(programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)及程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed death receptor ligand-1,PD-L1)的表达和EGFR突变及其与预后的关系。方法:收集2013年01月至2015年12月由我院病理科经组织学诊断为非小细胞肺癌,并完成EGFR突变检测的150例患者的临床资料,应用免疫组织化学方法检测NSCLC组织中PD-1/PD-L1和CD8蛋白表达情况,分析其与临床病理参数及与EGFR突变的相关性,并对影响患者预后的多个临床病理因素进行分析。结果:非小细胞肺癌组织中PD-1/PD-L1和CD8的阳性表达率分别为34.7%(52/150)、50.4%(57/113)和59.2%(84/142)。其中PD-L1的表达与PD-1的表达(P=0.025,r_s=0.211)有关;PD-1的表达与术后病理分期(P=0.031,r_s=-0.177)及EGFR突变(P=0.001,...     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌耐药机制研究进展

免疫是治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的治疗手段之一,但由于治疗期间的原发性和获得性耐药性,很大一部分患者无法从中受益。本文总结了针对程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)的免疫检查点抑制剂在NSCLC治疗中产生耐药性的关键机制最新研究,原发性耐药机制包括PD-L1表达异常及突变、T细胞本身的异常免疫和RAS、BRAF等信号通路因素导致免疫进化等,获得性耐药机制包括TIM-3、B7-H7、VISTA、LAG-3、CTLA-4、Siglec-15、TIGIT、BTLA等代偿性免疫检查点上调,以及记忆T细胞分化失败和肿瘤的免疫编辑等。我们还讨论了对PD-1/PD-L1阻断有效的条件及PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗的抗肿瘤活性增强的策略,为提高免疫检查点抑制剂的临床疗效提供参考。     

血清RASSF1A甲基化评估PD-1单抗治疗非小细胞肺癌疗效的临床价值

[目的]评价RASSF1A基因甲基化水平变化评估程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death,,PD-1)单抗治疗晚期转移性非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)疗效以及预后中的价值.[方法]研究纳入70例Ⅳ期NSCLC患者,在PD-1单抗治疗前(基线)、每...     

外泌体PD-L1在非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗的研究进展

肿瘤免疫疗法在当前癌症治疗领域中愈来愈受瞩目,相关研究也层出不穷。对于非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者来说,近些年来,以程序性死亡受体1（programmed cell death 1, PD-1）/程序性死亡配体1（programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1）免疫抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂（immunecheckpoint inhibitors, ICIs）已经成为治疗恶性肿瘤的一种最具前景的治疗方案。免疫检查点阻断治疗包括抗细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CTLA-4）单抗、抗PD-1单抗和抗PD-L1单抗,其中最被人熟知的为PD-L1免疫疗法。目前ICIs在临床治疗中取得了很不错的治疗效果,但有效率较低,因此我们希望获得更高的治疗有效率。近几年外泌体PD-L1在NSCLC免疫治疗中发挥了重要作用。本文就肿瘤外泌体PD-L1蛋白对肿瘤微环境的影响、预测免疫治疗效果以及作为NSCLC免疫治疗的新型治疗策略作一综...     

PD-1/PD-L1治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）信号通路与肿瘤免疫逃逸密切相关,针对PD-1/PD-L1通路的免疫检查点抑制剂为非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者提供了一种新的治疗选择,并且显示出良好的疗效和安全性。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗NSCLC的临床研究进展进行综述。      

非小细胞肺癌的联合免疫治疗现状

对于晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的患者来说,化疗、放疗、靶向治疗及抗血管生成治疗虽然可以改善其预后,但经相关研究发现,NSCLC患者的5年生存率仍不尽人意。近年来以程序性死亡蛋白1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）/程序性死亡蛋白配体1（programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂为代表免疫检查点抑制剂的出现为晚期NSCLC患者的治疗带来了新的希望。探索免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗、抗血管生成药物、放疗的各项治疗策略是目前肿瘤界的热门话题,本文将对NSCLC联合免疫治疗的现状进行总结与讨论。     

多西他赛联合PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂二线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床分析

背景与目的 程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂和多西他赛作为晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者的标准二线治疗方案,治疗效果有...     

晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者PD-L1表达特点及其与EGFR-TKIs治疗疗效关系的真实世界研究

背景与目的 晚期表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR）阳性非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者的一线治疗首选EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs）。晚期驱动基因阴性，程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)阳性或高表达的NSCLC患者一线治疗推荐免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs）单药治疗或ICIs联合化疗。所以不同PD-L1表达水平的EGFR阳性晚期NSCLC患者的一线治疗策略值得进一步探究。既往众多研究提示PD-L1的表达明显受EGFR突变情况的影响，PD-L1表达很有可能与EGFR-TKIs耐药机制相关。本研究旨在分析晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者PD-L1表达特点及其与EGFR-TKIs疗效的关系。方法 以159例EGFR阳性初治晚期NSC...     

HDAC1-mSin3a-NCOR1, Dnmt3b-HDAC1-Egr1 and Dnmt1-PCNA-UHRF1-G9a regulate the NY-ESO1 gene expression

The NY-ESO1 gene is a cancer/testis antigen considered to be suitable target for the immunotherapy of human malignancies. Despite the identification of the epigenetical silencing of the NY-ESO1 gene in a large variety of tumors, the molecular mechanism involved in this phenomenon is not fully elucidated. In two non epithelial cancers (glioma and mesothelioma), we found that the epigenetic regulation of the NY-ESO1 gene requires the sequential recruitment of the HDAC1-mSin3a-NCOR, Dnmt3b-HDAC1-Egr1 and Dnmt1-PCNA-UHRF1-G9a complexes. Thus, our data illustrate the orchestration of a sequential epigenetic mechanism including the histone deacetylation and methylation, and the DNA methylation processes.     

CYP1A1, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1 polymorphisms are risk factors for endometrial cancer susceptibility

BACKGROUND: In estrogen biosynthetic pathways, many enzymes are important for metabolism, detoxification, and bioavailability. Polymorphisms in these genes may have an effect on the enzymes' function. For example, higher expression and activation of biosynthetic enzymes and lower expression and activation of conjugation enzymes may lead to high toxicity or carcinogenesis. The authors hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP17, SULT1A1, SULT1E1, and SHBG genes may be risk factors for endometrial cancer. METHODS: DNA samples from 150 cases of endometrial cancer and healthy controls (n = 165) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to determine the genotypic frequency of 13 different polymorphic loci on the CYP1A1 (m1, m2, m3, m4), CYP1A2 1F, CYP1B1 codon432, COMT codon158, CYP17, SULT1A1 (Arg213His, 14A/G, 85C/T in the 3' flanking region), SULT1E1-64G/A promoter region, and SHBG genes. Genotyping was validated by direct DNA sequencing. The authors also investigated the relation between expression of CYP1A1 in endometrial cancer tissues and genotypes of CYP1A1 m1. RESULTS: A decreased frequency of TC + CC genotype of the CYP1A1 m1 (T/C) polymorphism was observed in endometrial cancer patients compared with controls (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.69). The T-A haplotype of CYP1A1 m1 and m2 was increased in endometrial cancer patients (P = .017). The frequency of CYP1A1 m1 T/C + C/C was higher in a high CYP1A1 expression group (P = .009). The authors also found that individuals carrying the variants of SULT1A1 codon213 and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' flanking region (14A/G and 85C/T) had an increased risk for endometrial cancer. The frequencies of G-A-C and A-G-T haplotypes of these 3 variants were higher in endometrial cancer patients (P < .0001; P = .0002). In addition, the frequency of combined genotypes (SULT1A1 213 GA + AA and CYP1A1 m1 TT) was higher in endometrial cancer patients. (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.35-8.93). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the combined association of CYP1A1 and SULT gene polymorphisms in endometrial cancer that suggests a decreased single nucleotide polymorphism of CYP1A1 and an increased single nucleotide polymorphism for SULT1A1 and SULT1E1 genes may be risk factors for endometrial cancer in Caucasians.     

CYP1A1.

CYP1A1 plays an important role in the metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons that occur in the environment and several studies suggest that the genetic polymorphism of the gene may play a role in the predisposition to cancer. In order to evaluate the function of CYP1A1 in vivo as a host factor determinant of environmentally-caused cancers in humans, additional investigations are needed involving not only molecular epidemiological approaches in different ethnic populations but also more direct approaches such as the use of gene-targeted mice as a model system.     

DNA切除修复交叉互补基因1、乳腺癌易感基因、核苷酸还原酶1与非小细胞肺癌

 阐述了近年来非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）化疗敏感性与DNA 切除修复交叉互补基因1 （ERCC1）、乳腺癌易感基因（BRCA1）、核苷酸还原酶1（RRM1）基因表达关系的研究进展，分析3个基因对NSCLC个体化化疗潜在的指导意义     

Methoxyestrogens exert feedback inhibition on cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1) catalyze the oxidative metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) to catechol estrogens (2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2) and estrogen quinones, which may lead to DNA damage. Catechol-O-methyltransferase catalyzes the methylation of catechol estrogens to methoxyestrogens (2-MeOE2, 2-OH-3-MeOE2, and 4-MeOE2), which simultaneously lowers the potential for DNA damage and increases the concentration of 2-MeOE2, an antiproliferative metabolite. In this study, we showed that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 recognized as substrates both the parent hormone E2 and the methoxyestrogens. Using purified recombinant enzymes, we demonstrated that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 O-demethylated the methoxyestrogens to catechol estrogens according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 demethylated 2-MeOE2 and 2-OH-3-MeOE2 to 2-OHE2, whereas CYP1B1 additionally demethylated 4-MeOE2 to 4-OHE2. Because the P450-mediated oxidation of E2 and the O-demethylation of methoxyestrogens both yielded identical catechol estrogens as products, we used deuterated E2 (E2-d4), unlabeled methoxyestrogens, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to examine both reactions simultaneously. Kinetic analysis revealed that methoxyestrogens acted as noncompetitive inhibitors of E2 oxidation with K(i) ranging from 27 to 153 micro M. For both enzymes, the order of inhibition by methoxyestrogens was 2-OH-3-MeOE2 > or = 2-MeOE2 > 4-MeOE2. Thus, methoxyestrogens exert feedback inhibition on CYP1A1- and CYP1B1-mediated oxidative estrogen metabolism, thereby reducing the potential for estrogen-induced DNA damage.     

Polymorphisms in CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1, and susceptibility to breast cancer

Polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) drug metabolic enzymes, which are responsible for metabolic activation/detoxification of estrogen and environmental carcinogens, were analyzed for their association with breast cancer risk in 541 cases and 635 controls from a North Carolina population. Each polymorphism, altering the catalytic function of their respective enzymes, was analyzed in Caucasian and African-American women. As reported in previous studies, individual polymorphisms did not significantly impact breast cancer risk in either Caucasian or African-American women. However, African-American women exhibited a trend towards a protective effect when they had at least one CYP1B1 119S allele (OR=0.53; 95% CI=0.20-1.40) and increased risk for those women harboring at least one CYP1B1 432V allele (OR=5.52; 95% CI=0.50-61.37). Stratified analyses demonstrated significant interactions in younger (age < or =60) Caucasian women with the CYP1B1 119SS genotype (OR=3.09; 95% CI=1.22-7.84) and younger African-American women with the GSTT1 null genotype (OR=4.07; 95% CI=1.12-14.80). A notable trend was also found in Caucasian women with a history of smoking and at least one valine allele at GSTP1 114 (OR=2.12; 95% CI=1.02-4.41). In Caucasian women, the combined GSTP1 105IV/VV and CYP1B1 119AA genotypes resulted in a near 2-fold increase in risk (OR=1.96; 95% CI=1.04-3.72) and the three way combination of GSTP1 105IV/VV, CYP1B1 119AS/SS and GSTT1 null genotypes resulted in an almost 4-fold increase in risk (OR=3.97; 95% CI=1.27-12.40). These results suggest the importance of estrogen/carcinogen metabolic enzymes in the etiology of breast cancer, especially in women before the age of 60, as well as preventative measures such as smoking cessation.     

CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms affect urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels after PAH exposure

Certain human biotransformation enzymes have been implicated in the formation and scavenging of the ultimate reactive metabolites, the diolepoxides, from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, performed on aluminum smelter workers, we have analyzed airborne PAH, the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine, and genotypes for biotransformation enzymes involved in PAH metabolism. The aim was to evaluate the correlation between external exposure and biomarkers of exposure and to investigate to what extent genetic polymorphism in metabolic enzymes can explain interindividual variation in urinary 1-OHP levels. DNA was prepared from blood samples from 98 potroom workers and 55 controls and altogether eight polymorphisms in the CYP1A1, mEH, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes were analyzed. The 1-OHP excretion was found to correlate significantly (P 100-fold) and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to find the variables that could determine differences in excretion. The variation could, to some degree, be explained by differences in exposure to airborne particulate-associated PAHs, the use of personal respiratory protection devices, smoking habits and genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes. The part of the variance that could be explained by differences in biotransformation genotypes seemed to be of the same order of magnitude as the variance explained by differences in exposure. In the control group as well as in the occupationally exposed group, the highest 1-OHP levels were observed in individuals carrying the CYP1A1 Ile/Val genotype who were also of the GSTM1 null genotype. The results show that urinary 1-OHP is a sensitive indicator of recent human exposure to PAHs and that it may also to some extent reflect the interindividual variation in susceptibility to PAHs.