14-3-3β在人脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨14-3-3β在人脑星形细胞瘤中表达与肿瘤病理分级的关系。方法采用免疫组化法检测14-3-3β亚型在80例人脑星形细胞瘤和10例正常脑组织标本中的表达水平。结果在正常脑组织中，14-3-3蛋白6亚型只表达于神经元胞体和突起，在胶质细胞中未见表达。母亚型在人脑星形细胞瘤的表达阳性率及免疫反应评分（IRS）分别为60％、1．86±1．83。Ⅰ～Ⅳ级脑星形细胞瘤中β亚型表达阳性率分别为40％（8／20）、50％（10／20）、70％（14／20）和80％（16／20）。Ⅰ～Ⅳ级脑星形细胞瘤中β亚型IRS分别为0．88．4±0．27、1．15±0．28、2．19±0．37和3．23±0．47。不同恶性级别的脑星形细胞瘤中，14．3-3蛋白β亚型的阳性表达率无显著差异，但其IRS有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论14-3-3β在人脑星形细胞瘤中高表达，且随着星形细胞瘤病理级别的增高而表达增强，14-3-3蛋白β亚型在脑星形细胞瘤的发生过程中具有重要作用。     

Skp2和PTEN在人脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨Skp2和PTEN在人脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及与病理分级的关系。方法免疫组化S-P法检测70例Ⅰ～Ⅳ级脑星形细胞瘤和8例正常脑组织标本中Skp2和PTEN的表达。结果（1）Skp2、PTEN在人脑星形细胞瘤组中阳性表达率分别为47．1％和50．0％，而在正常脑组织组中阳性表达率分别为0％和100％。从星形细胞瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ级组，Ⅲ级组到Ⅳ级组，Skp2的阳性表达率呈增高趋势，分别为9．1％、45．5％、80．8％，而PTEN的阳性表达率呈降低趋势，分别为90．9％、50．0％、15．4％。（2）Spearman等级相关检验证实病理分级和Skp2标记指数呈正相关，和PTEN标记指数呈负相关。人脑星形细胞瘤中Skp2和PTEN的表达呈负相关。结论Skp2和PTEN蛋白的表达情况可作为人脑星形细胞瘤的诊断和恶性程度评估的参考资料，可能成为人脑星形细胞瘤治疗的新靶点。     

Survivin、PTEN蛋白在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨Survivin、PTEN蛋白在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及其相关性.方法 应用免疫组化SP法,检测65例脑星形细胞瘤患者的肿瘤标本中Survivin、PTEN蛋白的表达.结果 不同级别间的脑星形细胞瘤Survivin 蛋白的表达阳性率差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ级显著低于Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级(均P＜0.05);不同级别间PTEN蛋白表达的阳性率差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ级显著高于Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级(P＜0.05,P＜0.001);两者在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达呈负相关(r=-0.5367,P＝0.002).结论 Survivin、PTEN蛋白的表达与脑星形细胞瘤形成有关,抑癌基因PTEN的突变与Survivin基因的表达可能在星形细胞瘤的恶性进展中起协同作用.     

Moesin在人脑星形细胞瘤的表达及意义

目的探讨膜结构伸展刺突蛋白（Moesin）在人脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及意义。方法应用免疫组织化学链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连结法（SP法）,检测56例人脑星形细胞瘤和10例正常脑组织中Moesin和磷酸化Moesin的表达,并结合临床随访资料分析表达水平与星形细胞瘤临床预后的相关性。结果Moesin的阳性表达率在人脑星形细胞瘤组96．4％（54／56）和正常脑组织对照组0％（0／10）之间有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。Ⅲ～Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤Moesin的强阳性表达高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,两者相比有统计学差异（χ^3=27．50,P〈0．01）,磷酸化Moesin的表达结果与Moesin的结果基本一致。Moesin强阳性表达组患者比弱阳性＋阴性表达组患者的术后无瘤生存时间短,其差异有统计学意义（χ^2=29．85,P=0．000）。结论Moesin的表达水平与人脑星形细胞瘤的恶性程度密切相关,Moesin的过度表达对星形细胞瘤发展和预后起重要作用,提示Moesin可以作为反映星形细胞瘤预后的一种有价值的分子标志物。     

神经细胞粘附分子和基质金属蛋白酶与星形细胞瘤的关系

目的 研究神经细胞粘附分子（NCAM）与基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）在人脑星形细胞瘤中的作用。方法 用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法分别检测40例人脑星形细胞瘤组织中的NCAMmRNA及MMP-2、9蛋白的表达。结果 星形细胞瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ级中NCAM-140mRNA,MMP-2、9蛋白的表达阳性数为16/17,12/17,5/17,病理指数为 29.08±12.31,19.63±11.37,13.32±11.53,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级中表达阳性数为11/23,22/23,17/23,病理指数为15.02±10.41,34.52±7.65,30.29±16.88,人脑星形细胞瘤高级别（Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）与低级别（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）差异显著。MMP-2蛋白与NCAMmRNA两者有显著负相关性。结论NCAMmRNA及MMP-2、9蛋白表达与星形细胞瘤的恶性程度有关。NCAM和MMP对星形细胞瘤的发生发展与侵袭转移起重要作用。     

人脑星形胶质细胞瘤中nm23-H1蛋白及PCNA的表达

目的 研究人脑星形胶质细胞瘤中nm23-H1 蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达情况及其与患者预后的关系。方法采用免疫组化的方法,对62例人脑星形胶质细胞瘤石蜡切片标本中mn23-H1编码蛋白和PCNA进行检测。结果 62例人脑星形胶质细胞瘤免疫组化结果。Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级中nm23-HI蛋白的表达显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ级;Ⅲ、Ⅳ级中PCNA的表达显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级;但PCNA蛋白表达与nm23-H1表达无显著相关性。在34例随访病人中,发现nm23-H1蛋白高表达组及PCNA低表达组的术后生存时间较长。结论nm23-H1蛋白低表达及PCNA高表达与星形胶质细胞瘤的高病理学分级有关。nm23-H1蛋白高表达和PCNA低表达提示较好的临床预后。     

Olig-2在人脑胶质细胞瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的研究少突胶质细胞转录因子-2（Olig-2）在人脑胶质细胞瘤组织中的表达,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化sP法和蛋门印迹技术（Westernblot）,检测96例脑胶质细胞瘤患者的手术标本,WHO分类：Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级28例,Ⅲ级20例,Ⅳ级22例;组织学分类：巨细胞星形胶质细胞瘤26例,少突胶质细胞瘤28例,间变性星形胶质细胞瘤20例,多形胶质母细胞瘤10例,髓母细胞瘤12例和10例颅脑损伤内减压脑组织标本中Olig-2蛋白的表达水平：结果免疫组化结果表明：巨细胞星形胶质细胞瘤阳性表达牢为23．08％（6／26）,少突胶质细胞瘤阳性表达率为82．14％（23／28）,间变性星形胶质细胞瘤阳性表达率为40．00％（8／20）,多形胶质母细胞瘤阳性表达率为30．00％（3／10）,髓母细胞瘤阳性表达率为75．00％（9／12）和正常脑组织阳性表达率为60．00％（6／10）;Olig-2阳性率在良性（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ）和恶性（Ⅲ＋Ⅳ）中分别为53．70％（29／54）和47．62％（20／42）,统计学处理无明显差异（P〉0．05）;少突胶质细胞瘤Olig-2阳性率82．14％（23／28）和其它病理类型肿瘤阳性率38．24％（26／68）比较有明显差异（P〈0．05）;Westernblot结果显示少突胶质细胞瘤中Olig-2蛋白的表达明显高于其它类型胶质细胞瘤及正常脑组织（P〈0．05）。结论Olig-2在少突胶质细胞瘤中明显高表达,但表达水平与脑胶质细胞瘤恶性程度无明显相关,Olig-2可以作为人脑少突胶质细胞瘤与其它类型胶质细胞瘤鉴别诊断的重要标记物.     

基质金属蛋白酶-2、-7、-9在人脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase，MMP)在人脑星形细胞瘤侵袭、转移中的作用。方法 用免疫组织化学方法(S-P法)检测了45例人脑星形细胞瘤组织中MMP-2、MMP-7、MMP-9的表达情况。结果 Ⅲ、Ⅳ级中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达要明显高于I、Ⅱ级，而MMP-7在部分Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中过度表达，而在T、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级中无表达。结论 MMP-2、MMP-7、MMP-9蛋白的表达与星形细胞瘤的恶性程度有关，其高表达可能与星形细胞瘤的侵袭、转移等恶性生物学行为有关，并有可能成为星形细胞瘤恶性程度、侵袭能力的判断指标。     

14-3-3蛋白在星形细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨14-3-3蛋白在星形细胞瘤中的表达与肿瘤病理分级和预后间的关系。方法采用免疫组化ABC法检测10例正常脑组织和67例确诊并有随访的人脑星形细胞瘤石蜡标本中14-3-3蛋白的表达情况。分析14-3-3蛋白的表达与肿瘤恶性程度及预后间的关系。结果在正常脑组织标本中，14-3-3蛋白主要表达于神经元胞体和突起，而在少数的胶质细胞中仅见其弱表达。绝大部分星形胶质细胞瘤中可见14-3-3蛋白阳性表达，其阳性表达率为：Ⅱ级76．5％（13／17），Ⅲ级76．2％（16／21），Ⅳ级79．3％（23／29）。不同恶性级别的星形细胞肿瘤中，14-3-3蛋白的阳性表达率无显著差别（P〉0．05），但14-3-3蛋白表达的强度和范围有随肿瘤的恶性度增高而增加的趋势（P〈0．05）。52例14-3-3蛋白阳性表达患者的生存期明显短于15例14-3-3蛋白表达阴性的患者（P〈0．01）。结论14-3-3蛋白在人脑星形细胞瘤中的表达上凋与肿瘤的恶性程度及预后相关。14-3-3蛋白有望成为星形细胞瘤基因治疗的新靶点。     

P53蛋白在脑胶质细胞瘤中的表达

用SP免疫组化方法检测79例脑胶质细胞瘤中P53蛋白的表达,总阳性率为21.52%.其中星形细胞瘤及室管膜瘤阳性率分别为26%及25%,且Ⅲ、Ⅳ级肿瘤阳性率及表达量均显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级肿瘤.表明P53蛋白的表达与这两型肿瘤的恶性程度密切相关.但临床上恶性程度很高的髓母细胞瘤反而未见表达.     

不同病理级别胶质瘤p57^kip2/p21^cip1mRNA的表达变化

目的探讨不同病理级别人脑神经胶质瘤组织中p57^kip2/p21^cip1mRNA的表达变化及其关系。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR检测p57^kip2/p21^cip1mRNA在68例脑胶质瘤组织和16例非肿瘤脑组织中的表达水平。结果①p57^kip2mRNA在脑胶质瘤中的表达水平显著低于非肿瘤脑组织（P〈0.01）,且其表达水平与肿瘤病理级别呈显著负相关（rs=-0.495;P〈0.01）。②p21^cip1mRNA在脑胶质瘤中的表达水平与非肿瘤脑组织相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）,但其表达水平与肿瘤病理级别呈显著负相关（rs=-0.615;P〈0.01）。结论p57^kip2/p21^cip1的异常表达可能与人脑胶质瘤的发生和发展有密切相关,其表达水平可反映肿瘤的恶性程度。     

The effect of cyclin D expression on cell proliferation in human gliomas.

The expression of three cyclin D subtypes was defined immunohistochemically with cyclin D1, D2 and D3 monoclonal antibodies in 52 human glioma biopsies and eight control samples of normal brain tissue. PCNA labeling indices (LI) were used to evaluate proliferation in the glioma biopsies. LI of cyclin D1, D2 and D3 were compared with histological grade and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) LI. Cyclin D1 expression only was observed in normal brain tissue, but marked overexpression of cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 was observed in glioma. Cyclin D1 LI increased with malignancy, in parallel with an increase in PCNA LI. Lower expression of cyclin D2 was found in a small fraction of the gliomas, but its LI did not vary significantly with grade. Cyclin D3 was mainly expressed by malignant gliomas and was rarely observed in low-grade glioma. Cyclin D2 and D3 expression correlated with PCNA LI, but not as strongly as for cyclin D1. Expression of cyclin D1 is closely related to both the oncogenesis and progression of glioma, while cyclin D3 is associated with transformation to a malignant phenotype. Cyclin D2 is weakly expressed and shows no marked relationship with any aspect of tumorigenesis. The exact contribution of cyclin D subtypes to cell cycle progression in neoplastic and reactive cells remains to be defined.     

p16在星形胶质细胞瘤患者生存分析中的意义

目的探讨p16在星形胶质细胞瘤患者生存分析中的意义。方法采用免疫组化方法检测p16、Rb、细胞周期素D1(cyclinD1)及Ki-67蛋白在62例星形胶质细胞瘤中的表达,对患者进行随访,并结合临床和影像学资料进行生存分析,研究p16的预后意义。结果单因素分析表明p16阴性病例术后生存时间较阳性者明显为短(Logrank检验,P<0.001),而这种差别在卡诺夫斯基机能状态(KPS)评分<70分、复发性肿瘤、Rb和cyclinD1蛋白阴性的病例中不存在;p16不同表达强度的患者之间预后也有差别;但多因素COX模型分析显示p16不是独立的预后因子(P=0.06)。结论p16是能反映星形胶质细胞瘤恶性生物学行为的分子标志物之一,对星形胶质细胞瘤具有初步判断预后的价值,但不是独立的预后因子。     

脑胶质瘤EZH2基因的表达分析

目的探讨脑胶质瘤果蝇zeste基因增强子同源物2（EZH2）蛋白的表达变化。方法选取2010年5月至2011年12月手术切除的胶质瘤组织标本83例,其中2008年WHO分级Ⅰ级15例,Ⅱ级20,Ⅲ级26例,Ⅳ级22例;术前均未接受放疗或化疗。另外,收集30例颅脑损伤内减压手术切除的无肿瘤脑组织作为对照。采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测EZH2 m RNA表达。根据EZH2 m RNA表达水平分为高表达组（EZH2 m RNA≥0.3,48例）和低表达组（EZH2 m RNA〈0.3,35例）,分析两组术后生存期。结果胶质瘤组织EZH2 m RNA表达水平明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,高级别胶质瘤（WHOⅢ、Ⅳ级）组织EZH2 m RNA表达水平明显高于低级别胶质瘤（WHOⅠ、Ⅱ级）组织（P〈0.01）。低表达组患者术后生存期较高表达组显著延长（P〈0.01）。结论脑胶质瘤组织EZH2 m RNA呈高表达,且其表达水平与病理分级具有相关性。     

Proteasome-dependent degradation of p27/kip1 in gliomas.

p27/kip1 regulates the G1-S transition of the cell cycle by inhibiting cyclin D-CDK4, cyclin E-CDK2, and cyclin A-CDK2. Modulation of p27 cellular abundance occurs mainly at post-translational level by the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis. Although rearrangements and mutations of p27/kip1 are extremely rare events, p27 levels are reduced and associated with a poor prognosis in many human carcinomas. In astrocytic tumors, p27 decreases with advancing anaplasia and is almost absent in glioblastomas. To verify whether the degradation of p27 protein was responsible for its reduced levels in malignant gliomas, p27 degradation activity was tested in 22 tissue extracts that represented high, low, and absent p27 protein levels. p27 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis and comparable results between the 2 methods were obtained. Low or undetectable p27 degradation activity was found in samples that displayed high levels of p27, i.e. all 4 normal brain biopsies, and 4 out of 6 grade II astrocytomas. Enhanced degradation activity resulted in malignant gliomas with low or absent p27 protein levels. The proteasome inhibitor LLnL abolished p27 degradation, demonstrating that it occurs in a proteasome-dependent manner. These data suggest that proteasome degradation of p27 may be instrumental in the deregulation of the cell cycle and to the malignant transformation of gliomas.     

High cyclin E/low p27Kip1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in astrocytomas

Cyclin E and p27Kip1 are co-regulators of the G1- to S-phase transition and closely related to tumor behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine expression of cyclin E and p27Kip1 in astrocytomas and to evaluate the relationships between expression of these cell-cycle regulators and prognosis of patients with astrocytoma. Tissue samples from 130 astrocytomas (WHO grade 1 n = 5, grade 2 n = 23, grade 3 n = 64, grade 4 n = 38) were examined immunohistochemically for cyclin E and p27Kip1 expression. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical presentation, and survival was followed. The cyclin E labeling index (LI) tended to increase with tumor grade (Kruskal-Wallis, P = 0.0104). For patients with primary astrocytomas, the 50% survival times for the low cyclin E LI (< 5%) group and the high cyclin E LI (> or = 5%) group were 53.7 months and 19.8 months. In combined analysis of cyclin E and p27Kip1 expression, the low cyclin E/high p27Kip1 LI (> or = 50%) group had the best survival (50% survival time: 103.2 months), the low cyclin E/low p27Kip1 LI (> or = 50%) and the high cyclin E/high p27Kip1 LI groups moderate survival (24.1 and 27.5 months), and the high cyclin E/low p27Kip1 LI group the worst survival (13.1 months). Multivariate analysis identified the combined factor, high cyclin E/low p27Kip1, as a novel independent prognostic factor for survival time (P = 0.0037, relative risk = 2.4). This study suggested that combined analysis of cyclin E and p27Kip1 expression was considered to be potentially useful in predicting the prognosis of patients with astrocytoma.     

胶质瘤PTEN和细胞周期蛋白D1表达及其意义

目的　探讨胶质瘤组织中PTEN和细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)表达的意义。 方法　应用免疫组化结合计算机图像分析方法检测PTEN和CyclinD1蛋白在 80例胶质瘤的表达及其相关关系。结果　PTEN阳性率为 6 3.8% (5 1/ 80 ) ,低分级胶质瘤 (I～II)阳性率显著高于III级和IV级 (P<0 .0 1) ;胶质瘤不同病理分级间CyclinD1蛋白表达存在显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。胶质瘤细胞CyclinD1与PTEN蛋白表达呈显著性负相关关系 (r=- 0 .5 4 3,P <0 .0 1)。结论　PTEN蛋白表达可能在胶质瘤细胞周期调节和细胞增殖中发挥重要作用     

Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin A in astrocytic tumours

Cyclins are important regulators of the cell cycle; there is increasing evidence that some cyclins are positively involved in carcinogenesis. Amplification and translocation of the cyclin genes and overexpression of their mRNAs and proteins have been observed in a variety of tumours. We studied cyclin A protein in astrocytic tumours by immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemistry with microwave antigen retrieval was carried out on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material from 15 glioblastomas (WHO grade IV), 10 anaplastic astrocytomas (WHO grade III), seven diffuse low grade astrocytomas (WHO grade II) and nine pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I) using antibodies against cyclin A and a proliferation marker MIB1. Staining for these antibodies was seen mainly in the tumour cell nuclei; 66% of all cases showing staining for cyclin A and 95% of all cases staining for MIB1. Mean labelling indices (LI) for cyclin A were higher in glioblastoma (mean LI-6.7) and anaplastic astrocytoma (mean LI-5.9) than low grade diffuse astrocytoma (mean LI-1.7) and pilocytic astrocytoma (mean LI −0.12), although there was no clear cut off point between the various tumour types. A good correlation was seen between labelling indices of cyclin A and MIB1 (Pearson correlation coefficient r =0.59, P <0.0001). Cyclin A is variably expressed in astrocytic tumours, either reflecting increased tumour proliferation (cyclin A being an integral component of the cell cycle), an alteration of its gene, protein upregulation or regulation of apoptosis. The genetic basis of expression of cyclin A in astrocytic tumours remains to be determined.     

Skp2、P27kip1和PTEN在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其相互关系的研究

目的探讨S期激酶相关蛋白2（skp2）、细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制蛋白P27^kip1和抑癌基因蛋白PTEN表达与人脑胶质瘤发生、发展的关系。方法用免疫组化SP法检测52例人脑胶质瘤和8例正常脑组织标本中Skp2、P27^kip1和PTEN蛋白的表达。结果Skp2在8例正常脑组织中全部表达阴性。在52例胶质瘤标本中随着肿瘤恶性程度增高而表达增强。在低、高级别胶质瘤中的阳性率分别56％和81．5％，三者之间的表达水平差异有显著性意义（P〈0．001）。P27^kip1和PTEN在正常脑组织中表达均为强阳性，随着肿瘤恶性程度增高而表达减弱，P27^kip1和PTEN各自在低、高级别人脑胶质瘤中阳性率分别96％、77．8％和80％、55．6％。三者之间的表达水平差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。在52例胶质瘤标本中，Skp2表达与P27^kip1（r=-0．490，P〈0．01）和肿瘤抑制蛋白PTEN（r=-0．489，P〈0．01）表达呈负相关，PTEN表达与P27^kip1表达呈正相关（r=-0．802，P〈0．01）。结论人脑胶质瘤中Skp2蛋白过表达与P27^kip1降解及PTEN蛋白低表达有关，提示Skp2蛋白过表达可能是人脑胶质瘤发生和发展的一个重要原因。     

Human mesenchymal factors induce rat hippocampal‐ and human neural stem cell dependent oligodendrogenesis

The generation of new oligodendrocytes is essential for adult brain repair in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. We previously identified the multifunctional p57kip2 protein as a negative regulator of myelinating glial cell differentiation and as an intrinsic switch of glial fate decision in adult neural stem cells (aNSCs). In oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs), p57kip2 protein nuclear exclusion was recently found to be rate limiting for differentiation to proceed. Furthermore, stimulation with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐derived factors enhanced oligodendrogenesis by yet unknown mechanisms. To elucidate this instructive interaction, we investigated to what degree MSC secreted factors are species dependent, whether hippocampal aNSCs respond equally well to such stimuli, whether apart from oligodendroglial differentiation also tissue integration and axonal wrapping can be promoted and whether the oligodendrogenic effect involved subcellular translocation of p57kip2. We found that CC1 positive oligodendrocytes within the hilus express nuclear p57kip2 protein and that MSC dependent stimulation of cultured hippocampal aNSCs was not accompanied by nuclear p57kip2 exclusion as observed for parenchymal OPCs after spontaneous differentiation. Stimulation with human MSC factors was observed to equally promote rat stem cell oligodendrogenesis, axonal wrapping and tissue integration. As forced nuclear shuttling of p57kip2 led to decreased CNPase‐ but elevated GFAP expression levels, this indicates heterogenic oligodendroglial mechanisms occurring between OPCs and aNSCs. We also show for the first time that dominant pro‐oligodendroglial factors derived from human fetal MSCs can instruct human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived NSCs to differentiate into O4 positive oligodendrocytes.