经剑突下及肋弓下切口胸腔镜胸腺切除术的临床分析

目的探讨经剑突下及肋弓下切口胸腔镜胸腺切除的可行性、安全性、适应证及操作要点。方法回顾性分析沧州市中心医院胸外科2015年1月至2017年7月经剑突下及双侧肋弓下胸腔镜胸腺切除术85例患者的临床资料,其中男34例、女51例,年龄42~70(34.0±11.0)岁,合并重症肌无力者6例。结果所有入组患者手术顺利,无围手术期并发症。无重症肌无力患者行全胸腺切除术,合并重症肌无力患者行全胸腺心包前纵隔脂肪切除术。手术时间60~120(85.0±18.0)h,出血量20~50 ml,胸腔引流管留置时间1~3(2.0±0.7)d,术后住院时间5~10(7.0±1.5)d。术后病理:胸腺瘤45例,胸腺癌6例,胸腺囊肿32例,胸腺脂肪瘤1例,胸腺增生1例。术后随访时间1~12个月。根据美国重症肌无力协会(MGFA)疗效判断标准,合并重症肌无力(6例)术后完全缓解1例(16.7%),药物缓解5例(83.3%)。所有患者术后至2017年7月无肿瘤复发。结论经剑突下及肋弓下切口胸腔镜胸腺切除术安全可行,具有创伤小、疼痛轻、术后恢复快等优点,可以作为治疗部分胸腺疾病和重症肌无力的有效手术方式。     

经剑突下胸腔镜技术在胸腺瘤切除术中的应用

目的探讨经剑突下胸腔镜技术在胸腺瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2015年6月~2017年5月15例胸腺瘤采用经剑突下途径行胸腺瘤切除手术的临床资料,其中男6例,女9例,年龄(48.5±5.4)岁,合并重症肌无力6例(眼肌型5例,轻度全身型1例)。结果 15例均顺利完成手术,无中转开胸。手术时间(95±15)min,术中出血量(50±10)ml,术后住院时间(4.2±1.5)d,术后胸腔引流管留置时间(1.5±1.0)d。无术后出血二次开胸手术等并发症。术后病理诊断胸腺瘤A型8例,AB型5例,B1型1例,B2型1例。15例术后随访(6.5±2.5)月,无胸腺瘤复发。合并重症肌无力6例按照Monden标准,肌无力症状消失5例,肌无力改善1例。结论经剑突下途径行胸腔镜胸腺瘤切除手术有效、可行。     

胸腔镜剑突肋缘下及纵劈胸骨胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤临床疗效的倾向性评分匹配研究

目的 分析胸腔镜剑突肋缘下及纵劈胸骨胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的临床疗效、安全性及可行性。方法 回顾性分析2011年12月—2021年12月在空军军医大学唐都医院胸外科同一诊疗组行手术治疗的重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤患者的临床资料，按照手术入路分为胸腔镜剑突肋缘下胸腺扩大切除术组（胸腔镜组）和纵劈胸骨胸腺扩大切除术组（纵劈组）。比较两组患者的临床资料。结果 共纳入456例患者，其中纵劈组51例，男30例、女21例，年龄23～66(49.5±11.8)岁；胸腔镜组405患者经倾向性评分匹配后纳入51例患者，男28例、女23例，年龄26～70(47.2±12.2)岁。两组均顺利完成手术，胸腔镜组无术中转开胸。胸腔镜组在手术时间、术中出血量、胸腔引流时间、术后住院时间、患者满意度评分、疼痛评分、并发症方面优于纵劈组（P<0.05）。两组在术中淋巴结清扫站数、术中淋巴结清扫枚数、术后肌无力缓解情况方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 对于重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤患者，胸腔镜剑突肋缘下胸腺扩大切除术的手术彻底性、安全性不亚于纵劈胸骨术式，但其更加微创化，是一种有效的手术方式。     

双悬吊拉钩辅助剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术在胸腺占位合并重症肌无力中的临床应用

目的探讨双悬吊拉钩辅助剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗胸腺占位合并重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的疗效。方法采用回顾性研究,选择2018年1月至2018年12月在我科住院的胸腺占位合并重症肌无力患者41例,均行双悬吊拉钩辅助剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术。结果41例患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间(83.43±24.32)min,均完整切除胸腺及周围脂肪组织,无使用双悬吊拉钩相关并发症,无其他手术相关并发症。结论应用双悬吊拉钩辅助行剑突下胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗胸腺占位合并重症肌无力患者,能扩大手术视野及操作空间,手术创伤小,手术过程顺利,安全可靠,值得推广运用。     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力500例

目的 总结胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力(MG)的经验,对比胸腺瘤和非胸腺瘤MG患者的术后效果,分析胸腔镜联合纵隔镜和单纯胸腔镜治疗非胸腺瘤MG的远期效果.方法 2001年至2011年,采用胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗MG患者500例,根据是否合并胸腺瘤和术中是否联合纵隔镜分组:胸腔镜胸腺瘤组(A组)118例,胸腔镜非胸腺瘤组(B组)301例,胸腔镜联合纵隔镜非胸腺瘤组(C组)81例.结果 全组无术中死亡.完全电视胸腔镜下完成手术495例.A组手术(128.5±77.8) min,术后24.6％患者出现肌无力危象;B组手术(111.3±31.6) min,术后11.0％患者出现肌无力危象;C组手术(145.0 ±71.6) min,术后9.9％患者出现肌无力危象.术后随访3个月至11年,A、B、C组患者完全缓解率(CSR)分别为28.7％、37.3％、36.5％.无病生存曲线示术后3年B、C组CSR高于A组,术后5年C组CSR高于B组.术后第5年C组CSR接近60％,B组为50％,而A组仅为36％.结论 胸腔镜基础上联合纵隔镜胸腺扩大切除手术清除颈部、前纵隔脂肪组织及异位胸腺更为彻底,远期效果更加理想.与非胸腺瘤MG患者相比,胸腺瘤MG患者术后远期效果较差.     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的围术期护理

2014年5月~2016年5月对40例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者行电视胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术,无手术及住院死亡,肌无力危象4例。本文总结围术期护理经验。     

电视胸腔镜胸腺切除9例报告

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜下行胸腺切除的可行性及合并重症肌无力患者的远期疗效。　方法　 1996年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,选择 9例胸腺相关疾病患者 ,应用电视辅助胸腔镜 (VATS)行胸腺切除 ,术后门诊或电话随访。　结果　胸腺囊肿 2例 ,胸腺瘤 1例 ,恶性胸腺瘤 1例 ,胸腺癌 1例 ,重症肌无力4例。重症肌无力据改良Osserman分型Ⅰ型 3例 ,Ⅱb型 1例 ,合并胸腺瘤 2例 ,胸腺增生 2例 ,手术总有效率 3/ 4。手术中转开胸 1例 ,手术后随访复发 1例 ,经胸骨正中切口行胸腺扩大切除术。　结论　VATS治疗部分胸腺疾病可行 ,VATS治疗重症肌无力疗效与常规手术相当。     

胸腔镜手术切除胸腺瘤治疗重症肌无力

目的探讨胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力的可行性。方法2005年7月-2006年2月，采用电视胸腔镜在双腔气管插管静脉复合麻醉下行胸腺、胸腺瘤切除术10例，胸腺瘤最大6cm×4cm×3cm。于腋中线第5肋间做1cm胸腔镜口，腋前线与锁骨中线中点第4肋间做3cm主操作孔，腋前线第6肋间做1．5cm辅助操作孔。术中沿胸廓内动脉与锁骨下动脉分叉下方、胸廓内动脉内侧，剪开纵隔胸膜暴露同侧胸腺及部分对侧胸腺；沿上腔静脉或膈神经前方剪开胸膜，暴露同侧胸腺下极，自下而上游离同侧胸腺，沿头臂干静脉前方解剖、结扎胸腺静脉，同法游离对侧并切除。术后全部进行4000cGy放疗。结果手术时间70—130rain，平均110min。术中出血〈100ml。术后Masaoka分期Ⅰ期7例，Ⅱ期3例。术后无死亡，未出现心肺并发症和重症肌无力危象。术后1周重症肌无力症状缓解。10例随访8—15个月，平均13．0月，均无复发、转移，重症肌无力症状无明显加重。结论采用胸腔镜手术切除Ⅰ期或部分Ⅱ期胸腺瘤技术上是可行的，创伤小，术后并发症少，且不影响美观。     

不同种手术方式治疗胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的比较

目的比较不同手术方式治疗胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力,探讨胸腔镜联合纵隔镜胸腺扩大切除术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011~2016年江苏省苏北人民医院收治的胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者58例的临床资料。根据手术方式将患者分为3组:A组(胸腔镜组)32例,B组(胸腔镜联合纵隔镜组)15例,C组(经胸骨正中开胸组)11例。比较各组临床效果。结果在手术出血量、术后住院时间和总并发症发生率上,A组和B组均显著小于或短于C组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);B组肌无力危象发生率(6.7%)低于C组(36.4%),但差异无统计学意义(PB-C=0.058);三组手术时间分别为(122.0±39.4)min、(130.3±42.5)min、(142.3±40.8)min,组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B组清扫程度(1级,12例,80.0%)显著高于A组(1级,14例,43.8%,P0.05)。三组术后有效率分别为84.4%,93.3%,90.9%,组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胸腔镜联合纵隔镜胸腺扩大切除术不仅具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优势,而且能更为彻底地清扫胸腺及脂肪组织,能达到与胸骨正中开胸术式相当的治疗效果。     

电视胸腔镜治疗胸腺瘤和重症肌无力

目的　探讨电视胸腔镜治疗胸腺肿瘤和重症肌无力 (MG)的手术方法和可行性。方法　1996年 3月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 ,2 2例病人行胸腺瘤和 (或 )重症肌无力胸腔镜手术治疗。其中男 16例 ,女 6例 ;年龄 14～ 77岁 ,平均 44 1岁。行胸腺全切 12例 ,合并MG者行胸腺扩大切除 10例。结果　所有手术均在胸腔镜下完成 ,无中转开胸者。 3例MG病例术后需短暂呼吸机辅助通气 ( <2 4h) ,二次气管插管1例 ,余无严重并发症 ,无手术死亡。平均手术时间 10 8min ,平均胸腔引流 2d ,平均术后住院 4 5d。结论　胸腔镜治疗Ⅰ期胸腺瘤较开胸手术具有创伤小、恢复快等显著优势 ,且符合该类肿瘤的外科治疗原则 ;胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上是可行的。     

经胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力42例报告

目的总结胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力的经验。方法42例重症肌无力患者行胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助小切口手术,切除范围包括胸腺组织及前上纵隔的脂肪软组织。结果手术均顺利完成,全组均无中转开胸。平均手术时间116.3（65-165）min,术中平均出血量为81.7（52-110）ml,术后平均住院时间为8.5（6-16）d。术后发生重症肌无力危象2例,予机械辅助通气及对症处理后好转。术后病理示26例为胸腺增生,16例为胸腺瘤。35例获随访,平均27.2（4-43）月,完全缓解7例,改善27例,1例无明显改善。结论胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力,方法可行、可靠,具有创伤小、恢复快的优点。     

Lung Metastasis of Thymoma Manifesting as Myasthenia Gravis 12 Years After Thymomectomy: Report of a Case

A 51-year-old woman, who had undergone thymomectomy for asymptomatic noninvasive thymoma 12 years before, was admitted to our hospital with blepharoptosis caused by myasthenia gravis. A chest computed tomogram (CT) showed an abnormal shadow in the right lower lung field and CT-guided needle biopsy revealed findings of a thymoma. We performed extended thymectomy and partial resection of the right lung using three different approaches, via a cervical incision and bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The resected specimen was a lung metastasis of thymoma, and the residual mediastinal tissue showed no sign of malignancy. Because thymoma and post-thymomectomy myasthenia gravis can both recur, we recommend performing extended thymectomy or thymothymectomy, even for patients who are asymptomatic.     

电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除术

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除的临床应用价值. 方法 2002年9月～2004年6月,18例胸腺疾病和重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)行胸腔镜辅助下胸腺切除手术,其中胸腺全切7例,11例MG行胸腺扩大切除. 结果 17例在胸腔镜辅助下完成, 1例中转小切口(7 cm)开胸手术.3例MG术后须短暂呼吸机辅助通气(<12 h),二次气管插管1例,余无严重并发症,无手术死亡.手术时间47～115 min,平均95 min;胸腔引流时间1.2～2.6 d,平均2 d;术后住院时间4～9 d,平均5.5 d.9例良性胸腺瘤或胸腺囊肿随访3～20个月,平均13个月,无复发.11例MG随访3～19个月,平均10个月,4例症状完全缓解,7例都分缓解. 结论胸腔镜辅助下胸腺切除手术,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,胸腔镜下胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力在技术上是可行的.     

Alternative choices of total and partial thymectomy in video-assisted resection of noninvasive thymomas

Background The purpose of this report is to discuss the appropriate choice of procedures for video-assisted resection of thymoma according to factors such as the presence of myasthenia gravis or location of the tumor. Methods We evaluated the short-term results of thoracoscopic surgery for 30 consecutive cases of noninvasive thymoma. Unilateral thoracoscopic partial (or subtotal) thymectomy (UTPT) was employed in patients with nonmyasthenic thymoma localized to the unilateral mediastinum, and extended (or total) thymectomy by an infrasternal mediastinal approach (ETIS) in myasthenic cases or those in which total thymectomy was considered inevitable. Results UTPT was performed on 11 nonmyasthenic patients, and ETIS on 19 (13 myasthenics and six nonmyasthenics). Three patients in the ETIS group underwent conversion to sternotomy because of pericardial dissemination, pleural adhesion, and vascular injury, respectively. The mean surgical duration was 163 min and 224 min and mean blood loss was 123 g versus 149 g for UTPT and ETIS, respectively. Post-thymomectomy myasthenia occurred in a patient after UTPT who made an excellent recovery to remission after the re-UTPT. There has not been any recurrence detected for 48 months of mean postoperative follow-up. Conclusions Our trial regarding the choice of total or partial thymectomy in thoracoscopic surgery for thymomas yielded acceptable results that warrant further investigations into long-term survival and recurrence after longer-term observation of patients undergoing these procedures.     

电视胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除治疗重症肌无力107例临床分析

目的探讨电视胸腔镜下胸腺扩大切除术治疗重症肌无力的临床效果。方法对1995年6月至2004年6月,台湾长庚纪念医院胸外科和北京大学人民医院胸外科根据临床表现及肌电图检查诊断证实为单纯重症肌无力,行电视胸腔镜胸腺完整切除及前纵隔脂肪组织廓清术治疗的107例患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果术后随访1—98个月,完全缓解34例,改善55例,全组完全缓解及改善率为83％,无手术死亡病例。结论电视胸腔镜下手术切除胸腺及前纵隔脂肪组织治疗重症肌无力临床效果良好,安全,创伤较小。     

Minimally invasive thymus surgery

There are absolute and relative indications for complete removal of the thymus gland. In the complex therapy of autoimmune-related myasthenia gravis, thymectomy plays a central role and is performed with relative indication. In case of thymoma with or without myasthenia, thymectomy is absolutely indicated. Thymus resection is further necessary for cases of hyperparathyroidism with ectopic intrathymic parathyroids or with certain forms of multiple endocrine neoplasia. The transcervical operation technique traditionally reflected the well-founded desire for minimal invasiveness for thymectomy. Due to the requirement of radicality however, most of these operations were performed using sternotomy. With the evolution of therapeutic thoracoscopy in thoracic surgery, several pure or extended minimally invasive operation techniques for thymectomy have been developed. At present uni- or bilateral, subxiphoid, and modified transcervical single or combination thoracoscopic techniques are in use. Recently a very precise new level of thoracoscopic operation technique was developed using robotic-assisted surgery. There are special advantages of this technique for thymectomy. An overview of the development and experiences with minimally invasive thymectomy is presented, including data from the largest series published so far.     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺瘤75例

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺瘤的临床价值.方法 2008年1月～2012年8月对75例经CT测量肿瘤最大径1 ～11 cm的胸腺瘤在电视胸腔镜下施行胸腺瘤切除,腋前线第5肋间做1.0 cm观察孔,主、副操作孔长1.5 cm,常规为第3肋间腋前线及第5肋间锁骨中线,可适当调整.电钩沿膈神经前纵行切开术侧纵隔胸膜达瘤体上下极,钝性分离暴露瘤体后处理肿物下极并游离至对侧纵隔胸膜.自下而上游离并处理胸腺静脉后完整切除瘤体.对合并免疫相关疾病的患者除切除瘤体与胸腺外进行前纵隔脂肪清扫.结果 围术期无死亡病例,57例全胸腔镜下完成,17例在胸腔镜辅助小切口下完成,1例因术中左无名静脉破裂出血而中转开胸.术后并发肺部感染6例,肌无力危象1例,静脉血栓形成2例.66例随访7 ～58个月,平均12.8月,1例C型胸腺瘤术后8个月复发,第15个月死于全身转移,余65例无复发或转移.29例合并MG者,14例完全缓解,13例部分缓解,2例无改善;2例合并PRCA者,1例部分缓解,1例无改善.结论 胸腔镜下胸腺瘤切除术可行.     

Minimal-invasive Chirurgie des Thymus

There are absolute and relative indications for complete removal of the thymus gland. In the complex therapy of autoimmune-related myasthenia gravis, thymectomy plays a central role and is performed with relative indication. In case of thymoma with or without myasthenia, thymectomy is absolutely indicated. Thymus resection is further necessary for cases of hyperparathyroidism with ectopic intrathymic parathyroids or with certain forms of multiple endocrine neoplasia. The transcervical operation technique traditionally reflected the well-founded desire for minimal invasiveness for thymectomy. Due to the requirement of radicality however, most of these operations were performed using sternotomy. With the evolution of therapeutic thoracoscopy in thoracic surgery, several pure or extended minimally invasive operation techniques for thymectomy have been developed. At present uni- or bilateral, subxiphoid, and modified transcervical single or combination thoracoscopic techniques are in use. Recently a very precise new level of thoracoscopic operation technique was developed using robotic-assisted surgery. There are special advantages of this technique for thymectomy. An overview of the development and experiences with minimally invasive thymectomy is presented, including data from the largest series published so far.     

Inclusion of the transcervical approach in video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy (VATET) for myasthenia gravis: a prospective trial

Background Because evidence-based data regarding the quality of video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy for the treatment of myasthenia gravis are lacking, a prospective trial comparing three different operative approaches was conducted to evaluate their efficacy. Methods This prospective study enrolled 20 consecutive patients with nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. A series of three approaches for bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy (VATET) using the anterior chest wall–lifting method (original), the original method with a flexed-neck position (modified), and the original method with a transcervical approach (final) were prospectively performed in each patient for quantitative and pathologic evaluation of the residual thymus after each approach. Results Complete VATET required 242 ± 48 min, with the transcervical procedure requiring 23 ± 12 min. After the modified method, the residual thymus in the cervical region was 1.5 cm in size and weighed 0.8 g (0.8% of the entire thymus), as compared with a size of 2.2 cm and a weight of 1.3 g (3.2%) after the original method. Each value is the result of comparison with the final method. Histopathologic studies showed residual tissue in the germinal center as well as Hassall’s corpuscles in more than 70% of cases. Conclusion The findings show that VATET without the transcervical approach could be an immunologically incomplete treatment for myasthenia gravis. Therefore, the transcervical approach should be included in VATET procedures to ensure radicality.     

Appearance of thymoma 15 years after extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis without thymoma.

Several cases of thymoma recurrence after resection have been reported. However, thymoma appearance following an extended thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis is very rare. We report a case of thymoma in a 48-year-old woman, 15 years after an extended thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. The importance of a complete dissection of mediastinal adipose tissue during the extended thymectomy as well as careful follow-up for such patients is also noted.