全肩胛骨切除术治疗肩胛骨巨大恶性肿瘤一例并文献复习

目的 通过报道1例肩胛骨巨大恶性肿瘤行全肩胛骨切除术的诊疗过程和随访结果,提高对肩胛骨肿瘤手术方式的认识,为骨肿瘤科医生提供一种临床治疗选择。方法 1例右肩胛骨巨大软骨肉瘤的病人行全肩胛骨切除术,术后随访采用美国骨肿瘤学会评分系统（Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93,MSTS 93）评价术后肩关节的功能。通过文献复习分析不同肩胛骨肿瘤切除后重建方法的特点,总结肩胛骨肿瘤的治疗经验。结果 术后随访30个月,病人双肩外形等高,末次随访右肩关节主动活动度：前屈80°,外展50°,后伸20°,外旋0°,内旋40°,右肘关节及腕关节功能正常,右上肢可负重15 kg,右肩关节的MSTS 93评分为78%。结论 全肩胛骨切除术治疗肩胛骨巨大恶性肿瘤可以达到保肢的目的,同时保留患肢肘、腕关节的功能,具有较为满意的早期临床效果。     

肩胛骨恶性骨肿瘤微波灭活的临床研究

目的 探讨采用微波对肩胛骨原发恶性肿瘤及转移瘤进行原位灭活,保持肩胛骨完整性的可行性和疗效.方法 1998年6月至2008年2月对累及肩胛骨的17例原发恶性骨肿瘤及转移瘤患者采用微波原位灭活进行治疗.男12例,女5例;年龄13～59岁,平均48岁.肿瘤类型:原发恶性骨肿瘤12例,转移瘤5例.肿瘤部位:14例累及S1区,3例转移瘤同时累及S1和S2区.17例全部采用肩胛骨背侧人路,根据肿瘤累及区域采用弧形或"口"形切口暴露肿瘤,周围软组织在铜网保护下,用2450MHz微波将肿瘤局部温度加热到50℃,持续20 min,然后全部或部分剥离坏死肿瘤组织,保留肩胛骨的支架作用.1例肩胛骨转移性腺癌患者术中切断进入肿瘤的部分腋神经,切除肿瘤后适当游离远、近端直接吻合.结果 手术时间60～180min,平均120min;手术失血量300～100ml,平均460ml.所有患者无严重的术中及术后并发症.随访3个月～10年,平均4.2年.3例肩胛骨Ewing肉瘤患者术后8～24个月出现肺、脑和全身多发性转移而死亡.3例恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者分别于术后10～22个月因肺转移及全身多发转移而死亡;1例术后6个月复发,带瘤生存.5例肩胛骨转移瘤患者分别于术后6～14个月出现非肩胛骨转移而死亡.其余5例原发恶性骨肿瘤患者随访期间未出现复发或转移.3例患者术后肩关节外展功能受限,前伸、后屈无受限.结论 微波原位灭活手术具有操作简便、疗效可靠、易于推广等优点,是一种理想的治疗肩胛骨恶性肿瘤的手术方法 .     

肿瘤型肱骨近端假体重建肩关节的临床效果

目的探讨肱骨近端骨肿瘤切除后人工假体重建肩关节的功能的临床效果。方法对18例肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者采用肿瘤型肱骨近端假体重建肩关节,肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤6例,软骨肉瘤4例,浆细胞瘤1例,恶性骨巨细胞瘤4例,转移癌3例。骨肉瘤、浆细胞瘤患者手术前后均接受化疗。术后6个月采用MSTS功能评分系统评价术后肩关节功能。结果 1例失访,17例获随访,时间10~96(52.8±8.4)个月。死亡4例,复发1例,肩关节半脱位2例。肩关节MSTS功能评分为9~27(18.6±3.5)分,其中优8例,良5例,中2例,差2例,优良率13/17。结论应用肿瘤型肱骨近端假体治疗肱骨上段肿瘤能降低术后并发症,需注意肩袖和外展装置的修复,大多数保肢患者肩关节功能恢复满意。     

肩胛带骨肿瘤的外科治疗结果及评价

目的 探讨肩胛带骨肿瘤的手术切除方式、重建方法,观察术后功能恢复情况及临床结果.方法 回顾性分析1998年7月至2006年7月收治的71例肩胛骨周围骨肿瘤患者的病例资料,其中恶性肿瘤61例,骨巨细胞瘤10例.15例恶性肿瘤起源于肩胛骨,56例起源于肱骨近端.男42例,女29例;年龄11～62岁,平均36.5岁.手术方法:肩胛带离断术10例,单纯肩胛骨切除3例,肩胛骨切除、人工肩胛骨置换3例,部分肩胛骨及肱骨近端切除、假体置换8例,肱骨近端切除、假体置换47例.结果 10例骨巨细胞瘤患者肩周肌肉保留较好,术后MSTS功能评分平均28分.起源于肱骨近端的原发恶性骨肿瘤患者三角肌止点处均予以切除,术后肩外展30°～60°,MSTS功能评分平均23分.37例肱骨骨肉瘤患者中4例(10.8%)局部复发,2例骨转移,5例肺转移.7例转移患者均死亡.1例恶性骨巨细胞瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.3例尤文肉瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.5例肱骨及5例肩胛骨软骨肉瘤患者术后未见局部复发及转移.结论 肩胛带骨肿瘤切除、人工肱骨近端假体重建能保留完整肘部及手部功能、并发症少,是肩部恶性肿瘤的首选术式;肱骨近端骨肉瘤和下肢骨肉瘤比较预后较好;肱骨近端恶性肿瘤行关节内肿瘤切除和关节外肿瘤切除肿瘤的局部复发率接近,提示对多数肱骨近端恶性肿瘤可以采用关节内切除.     

人工全股骨置换术治疗股骨恶性肿瘤

目的探讨人工全股骨置换术治疗股骨恶性肿瘤的手术方法和临床疗效。方法回顾分析2013年7月—2017年3月行人工全股骨置换术治疗的9例股骨肿瘤患者临床资料,其中男5例,女4例;年龄16～75岁,平均44.8岁。病程2～6个月,平均3.5个月。骨肉瘤5例(EnnekingⅡB期3例、Ⅲ期2例),恶性纤维肉瘤1例(EnnekingⅡB期),软骨肉瘤1例(EnnekingⅠB期),肺癌股骨多发转移伴病理性骨折2例。分别于术前及术后3个月采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、肿瘤患者生活质量评分(QOL)评价其生活质量,末次随访时采用国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)评分和髋关节功能Harris评分(HHS)评价其功能。结果 9例患者均获随访,随访时间11～58个月,平均21个月。无伤口感染、关节脱位、神经损伤等并发症发生。1例患者发生腘静脉血栓形成,2例骨肉瘤患者肿瘤持续进展死亡。术后3个月VAS评分和QQL评分分别为(3.2±1.2)、(40.6±5.4)分,均较术前的(5.9±0.8)、(22.3±4.2)分显著改善(t=11.314,P=0.000;t=–7.794,P=0.000)。末次随访时MSTS评分为15～29分,平均21.1分;HHS评分为44～90分,平均66.5分。结论人工全股骨置换术是治疗股骨恶性肿瘤的有效保肢方案,能够恢复肢体的负重和行走功能,减轻疼痛和提高生活质量。     

3D打印聚醚醚酮假体在肩胛骨肿瘤切除术后骨缺损重建中的价值

聚醚醚酮(polyetheretherketone, PEEK)作为一种新型热塑性工程塑料具有良好的生物活性、弹性模量与人体皮质骨相近和射线可透性等优点, 已广泛应用于医学领域。本文探讨使用3D打印个性化PEEK材料修复肩胛骨骨肿瘤切除术后骨缺损的安全性及临床疗效。2020年1月至2021年12月在云南省肿瘤医院采用肿瘤切除3D打印PEEK肩胛骨假体重建治疗肩胛骨肿瘤6例, 男3例、女3例, 年龄14～52岁, 滑膜肉瘤1例、Ewing肉瘤1例、软骨肉瘤4例。术前通过CT数据设计、制作PEEK假体;术中在确保安全外科边界的前提下进行肿瘤切除用假体置换, 其中全肩胛骨假体置换2例、部分肩胛骨假体置换4例。手术时间为90～170 min, 出血量为100～400 ml。6例患者均获得随访, 肿瘤无进展生存时间为16～28个月, 未见肿瘤复发和转移, 全部患者均无瘤生存。末次随访时, Constant-Murley肩关节评分最低为62分, 最高为68分;日本骨科协会肩关节评分最低为63分, 最高为78分。3D打印PEEK材料假体置换在肩胛骨肿瘤保肢治疗中具有一定的优势, 其质量轻、适配好、安...     

肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的探讨肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢手术方法及相关的临床效果。方法35例肩胛带骨肿瘤患者,男24例,女11例,平均年龄34岁(12～74岁)。肿瘤部位:肱骨上段21例,肩胛骨12例,锁骨2例;肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤10例,软骨肉瘤7例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,尤文肉瘤3例,纤维肉瘤1例,骨髓瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤7例,转移瘤3例。按照Malawer等提出的手术分类方法进行分类。保肢手术方法:肿瘤假体置换8例,瘤段骨灭活回植4例,异体骨关节移植3例,自体腓骨移植2例,髓针骨水泥假体置换1例,Tikhoff-Linberg手术3例,瘤段肢体切除、上肢短缩再植2例,全肩胛骨或关节盂切除、肱骨头悬吊4例,部分肩胛骨切除6例,锁骨瘤段切除2例,其中16例作了化疗。结果本组患者平均随访71个月(6～186个月),局部复发4例,远处转移6例,死亡9例,无瘤存活22例。按MSTS上肢功能评分标准,35例患者上肢功能评分平均为77%(40%～100%),上肢功能与手术切除范围密切相关。并发症:切口感染裂开4例,移植骨骨折2例,暂时性桡神经麻痹2例,肩关节半脱位3例。结论肩胛带区骨肿瘤的治疗应根据患者情况、肿瘤类型及侵袭范围等因素决定切除范围并选择应用肿瘤假体置换、自体或异体骨关节移植、瘤段骨骨灭活回植及Tikhoff-Linberg手术等重建方法,可以达到控制肿瘤、稳定无痛的肩关节重建和保留良好的肘部与手部功能的目的。     

肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗及疗效。方法2003年8月至2006年11月共手术治疗肩胛骨骨折患者19例,取肩关节背侧手术入路(Judet切口),重建钢板进行固定。结果本组患者术后复查X线片显示复位满意,随访14例,随访时间6个月～3年2个月,平均1年2个月。评定肩关节功能根据Neer标准:优11例(79%),不满意3例(21%),无失败病例。结论对不稳定肩胛骨骨折采用切开复位、内固定治疗,患者可早期进行功能锻炼,能最大限度的恢复肩关节功能,避免各种并发症的发生。     

肩胛骨直切口内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨采用肩胛骨直切口复位重建钢板内固定治疗肩胛骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-07—2018-01采用肩胛骨直切口复位重建钢板内固定治疗的28例肩胛骨骨折。末次随访时疗效采用肩关节功能Neer评分标准评定。结果本组手术时间为(65.3±10.2)min,术中出血量为(50.4±13.5)mL。术中未发生腋神经、旋肱后动脉损伤。28例均获得随访,随访时间平均13.2(11～19)个月。所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访期间无深部感染及内固定失效等并发症发生。骨折愈合时间为(20.6±6.3)周。末次随访时肩关节功能Neer评分:优21例,良3例,可2例,差2例;肩关节功能Constant-Murley评分为(87.5±9.7)分。结论采用肩胛骨直切口复位重建钢板内固定治疗肩胛骨体部、颈部及肩胛冈骨折具有创伤小、快速康复、并发症少等优点,疗效肯定,值得临床推广。     

人工全髋关节置换术治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤早期疗效

目的总结人工全髋关节置换术治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 2000年1月-2009年6月,采用广泛切除肿瘤后人工全髋关节置换术治疗17例股骨近端骨肿瘤患者。男11例,女6例;年龄38～65岁,平均52.6岁。病程3～485d,中位时间18d。骨肉瘤2例,软骨肉瘤2例,骨转移性肿瘤3例,骨巨细胞瘤6例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿1例,骨囊肿2例,骨囊肿复发1例。肿瘤大小范围为4cm×3cm～8cm×4cm。结果患者手术时间100～180min,平均138min;术中输血量600～1500mL,平均923mL;住院时间14～22d,平均16.5d。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、脱位、脂肪栓塞、深静脉血栓形成发生。17例均获随访,随访时间11～60个月,平均47.4个月。3例骨转移性肿瘤、1例骨肉瘤于出院后11～37个月因肿瘤肝、肺转移死亡。术后1年存活的16例根据Harris评分标准评定关节功能:获优5例,良8例,中2例,差1例。X线片均未见肿瘤复发、髋臼磨损、髋关节脱位、假体松动与假体周围骨折。结论人工全髋关节置换术治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤早期疗效满意,可以重建髋关节功能,肢体功能恢复快,并发症少。     

Allograft reconstruction after resection of malignant tumors of the scapula

The oncologic and functional outcomes of six patients who had scapular allograft reconstruction after scapulectomy for malignant tumors were reviewed. Five patients had Stage IIB and one patient had Stage IB tumors. Total scapulectomy was done in five patients, and partial scapulectomy (glenoid and neck) was done in one patient. Frozen glycerolized scapular allografts were implanted and fixed with plates and screws. The scapular muscles were reattached to the allograft. Tendon reconstruction to replace the excised muscles was done in two patients. The patients were followed up for an average of 3.8 years (range, 2-6 years). Cosmesis, elbow, and hand function were good in all patients. There were no infections, nonunions, or shoulder dislocations. One patient fractured the body of the allograft after a fall. One patient had local recurrence and had scapulectomy 5 years postoperatively. Two patients died 3 and 5 years postoperatively with lung metastases but with functioning grafts. The mean functional result using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional score was 82 (range, 77-87). In this series, scapular allograft reconstruction restored cosmesis, shoulder stability, and function. Preservation or reconstruction of rotator cuff muscles is recommended.     

关节镜下取自体肩胛冈肩盂植骨治疗肩关节复发性前脱位

目的探讨关节镜下取自体肩胛冈肩盂植骨治疗肩关节复发性前脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年7月至2018年8月,采用关节镜下取自体肩胛冈肩盂植骨治疗27例肩关节复发性前脱位患者资料。其中男20例,女7例;年龄30.8岁(范围,19~50岁)。27例患者肩盂均有骨缺损,缺损体积为肩盂体积的10%~15%。初次脱位到手术时间为(24.1±15.8)个月。采用关节镜下取自体肩胛冈肩盂植骨治疗。术后患侧肩关节使用外展支具固定6周,6周后开始被动活动肩关节;术后10~12周开始力量训练;6个月后开始体育活动。末次随访时采用Constant-Murley评分、上肢功能障碍评分(Disability of Arm,Shoulder and Hand,DASH)评价肩关节及上肢功能,采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)评价疼痛情况。CT三维重建测量患者术后1周及末次随访时移植骨块的长、宽、高并计算骨块的吸收率。记录患者末次随访时的主观满意度。结果27例患者均获得随访,随访时间19.8个月(范围,13~39个月)。术后无一例发生感染、血管神经损伤。末次随访时患者Constant-Murley评分为(85.15±5.62)分(范围,76~94分),DASH评分为(13.39±5.51)分(范围,3.19~21.95分),VAS评分为(1.29±0.45)分(范围,1~2分);以上三个指标分别与术前相比均有明显改善。患者术后活动度为:前屈上举153°±24°,体侧外旋38°±21°,内旋70°±21°,外展139°±18°。末次随访时,骨块吸收率为46.1%±20.6%(范围,24.0%~71.7%);肩关节无一例发生持续疼痛及再脱位,恐惧试验均为阴性。患者满意度评价,19例非常满意,6例满意,2例一般。结论关节镜下取自体肩胛冈肩盂植骨治疗关节盂骨质缺损10%~15%的肩关节复发性前脱位,术后可恢复肩关节稳定性,显著提高肩关节功能,明显降低肩关节脱位复发率。     

Predictors of scapular notching in patients managed with the Delta III reverse total shoulder replacement

BACKGROUND: The reverse Delta III shoulder prosthesis can relieve pain and restore function in patients with cuff tear arthropathy. The most frequently reported radiographic complication is inferior scapular notching. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of notching and to determine the anatomic and radiographic parameters that predispose to its occurrence. METHODS: Seventy-seven consecutive shoulders in seventy-six patients with an irreparable rotator cuff deficiency were managed with a reverse Delta III shoulder arthroplasty and were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of twenty-four months. The effects of cranial-caudal glenoid component positioning and the prosthesis-scapular neck angle on the development of inferior scapular notching and clinical outcome were assessed. RESULTS: All shoulders that had development of notching did so in the first fourteen months. Of the seventy-seven shoulders that were studied, thirty-four (44%) had inferior scapular notching, twenty-three (30%) had posterior notching, and six (8%) had anterior notching. Osteophytes along the inferior part of the scapula occurred in twenty-one (27%) of the seventy-seven shoulders. The angle between the glenosphere and the scapular neck (r = 0.667) as well as the craniocaudal position of the glenosphere (r = 0.654) were highly correlated with inferior notching (p < 0.001). A notching index was calculated with use of the height of implantation of the glenosphere and the postoperative prosthesis-scapular neck angle. This allowed prediction of the occurrence of notching with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 88%. The height of implantation of the glenosphere had approximately an eight times greater influence on inferior notching than the prosthesis-scapular neck angle did. Inferior scapular notching was associated with a significantly poorer clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Inferior scapular notching after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty adversely affects the intermediate-term clinical outcome. It can be prevented by optimal positioning of the glenoid component.     

保留上肢的肩胛带切除术治疗肩胛带恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨累及肩关节的肩部恶性肿瘤保肢术式的临床疗效.方法 2001年7月至2008年7月采用保留上肢的肩胛带切除术治疗肩胛带恶性肿瘤16例,男11例,女5例;年龄17～67岁,平均38.4岁.8例起源于肩胛骨,软骨肉瘤4例、Ewing肉瘤1例、转移癌3例;5例起源于肩部软组织,滑膜肉瘤2例、纤维肉瘤1例、血管外皮瘤1例、高分化脂肪肉瘤1例;3例起源于肱骨近端,骨肉瘤1例、转移癌2例.经典Tikhoff-Linberg手术12例,改良Tikhoff-Linberg手术4例.结果 手术时间2.5～4.0 h,平均3 h.术中出血1000～3000 ml,平均1600 ml.全部病例随访6～74个月,中位随访时间40个月.2例术前放疗者伤口延迟愈合,1例尺神经损伤.1例肱骨近端骨肉瘤患者出现局部复发及肺转移,行肩胛带离断术后18个月死亡.1例纤维肉瘤患者出现肺转移,23个月后死亡.1例滑膜肉瘤患者术后3个月出现肺转移,随访9个月带瘤生存.5例转移癌患者中4例于术后11～23个月死亡.至随访期末死亡6例,带瘤生存1例,无瘤生存9例.五年总体生存率34.6%.术后3个月接受经典术式者1993年美国骨肿瘤学会功能评分平均14.7分,接受改良术式者为19.5分.结论 对累及肩关节的肩部恶性肿瘤采用Tikhoff-Linberg手术可达到肿瘤广泛切除,保留上肢肢体及部分功能.经典术式术后肩部功能较差.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the functional outcomes of different limb salvage procedures in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas of the shoulder girdle.Methods From July 2001 to July 2008,16 patients with limb salvage for sarcomas of shoulder girdle were respectively analyzed,including 11 males and 5 females with an average age of 38.4 years (range,17-67).Localizations of the tumors were 8 in the scapula(including 4 chondrosarcomas,1 Ewing sarcoma,and 3 metastases),5 soft tissues of the shoulder girdie(including 2 synoviosarcomas,1 fibrosarcoma,1 hemangioperieytoma,and 1 well-differentiated liposarcoma),and 3 proximal humerus (including 1 osteosarcoma and 2 metastases).Twelve patients were treated with classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures,and 4 with improved procedures.Results The mean surgical time duration was 3 hours.The mean blood loss was 1600 ml.The mean follow-up time was 40 months.Major complications included 2 cases of delayed wound healing,and 1 ulnar nerve injury.One patient had local recurrence and died of pulmonary metastases 18 months after second operation of interscapulothoracal amputation.The patient with fibrosarcoma also died of pulmonary metastases 23 months later.One patient with synoviosarcoma was alive with pulmonary metastases in 9 months.Four of 5 patients with carcinoma metastases died during 11 to 23 months later.The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 34.6%.Functions were preserved in the whole hand and elbow.The MSTS functional score of the patients receiving classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures was 14.7,while improved Tikhoff-Linberg procedures was 19.5.Conclusion The Tikhoff-Linberg procedure not only provides a wide resection of tumors in the shoulder girdle but also preserve the whole hand and elbow functions.The shoulder function was poor in patients receiving classical Tikhoff-Linberg procedures.     

Scapular allografts. A report of two cases.

Some malignant tumors of the scapula can be adequately treated by limb-sparing, partial, or total scapulectomy. However, resection of the glenoid portion of the scapula and total scapulectomy result in an unsightly shoulder. In an attempt to minimize the functional impairment and restore stability and cosmesis, scapular glenoid allografts offer a reasonably good biologic replacement. This report describes the cases of a 45-year-old woman and a 32-year-old man in whom massive osteoarticular allografts were used. In one patient, good stability, cosmesis, and function were restored after resection of the glenoid portion. In the other patient, shoulder stability, cosmesis, and limited function were restored after total scapulectomy. No reports of scapular allografts seem to have been previously published in the literature.     

Vertical scapular osteotomy in congenital high scapula

PurposeChildren with congenital high scapula (CHS) have a cosmetic and functional problem due to limited shoulder abduction. Treatment options include excision of the prominent superior angle, scapular relocation procedures and subtotal scapulectomy. Excision of the superomedial angle results only in cosmetic improvement. Subtotal scapulectomy and relocation procedures are associated with ugly scars, extensive bleeding and high incidence of brachial plexus injuries. Vertical scapular osteotomy (VSO) is another surgical option that provides cosmetic and functional improvement. The aim of this study is to assess medium to long term results of VSO in treatment of CHS.MethodsThis is a prospective case series study. Seven children with CHS were treated at our unit. Age ranged from 5–13 years with an average of 8.4 years. All children were females with unilateral affection. All children underwent a VSO as described by Campbell. We used the Cavendish grading system together with combined shoulder abduction for assessment. Follow up averaged 4.6 years.ResultsAll children and parents were extremely satisfied with the results of surgery. All patients experienced an improvement in global shoulder abduction with an average gain in abduction of 52.9°. All patients experienced an improvement in cosmetic appearance with better shoulder levelling. The Cavendish grade improved in all patients.ConclusionThis study emphasizes the results of previous authors demonstrating that CHS can be treated successfully with a VSO. The procedure is simple and its results are reproducible.     

Scapular chondrosarcomas have high rates of local recurrence and metastasis

This is the first report of a large series of patients with scapular chondrosarcomas. The grade distributions, locations of the tumors in the scapula, surgical techniques, status of margins, chondrosarcoma subtypes, Enneking stages, adjuvant therapies, local recurrence rates, metastasis rates, and survival prognoses of patients with scapular chondrosarcoma were evaluated. Forty-seven patients treated between 1921 and 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. Grade 3 disease was significantly associated with a poorer survival prognosis when compared with Grades 1 or 2 disease. Patients with tumors smaller than 5 cm were treated mainly with partial scapulectomy, and patients with tumors larger than 5 cm often were treated with total scapulectomy. The survival prognoses of patients with intralesional resections at initial surgery showed a tendency toward poorer survival when compared with patients with wide resections at initial surgery. Metastasis and local recurrence (21.3% and 40.4%) were higher in scapular chondrosarcomas than rates reported for patients with general chondrosarcomas, and local recurrence or metastasis was associated with limited survival. The 5- and 15-year survival probabilities subsequent to diagnosis were 79% and 53%, respectively. The high rates of local recurrence and metastasis likely were caused by the difficult anatomic relationships encountered during scapular resections. This study shows the importance of wide margins which must be achieved to provide local disease control.     

肩胛带S2区恶性肿瘤保肢术的疗效评价

目的 评估肩胛带S2区恶性肿瘤保肢术后的疗效.方法 2005年1月至2009年1月,17例肩胛带S2区恶性骨肿瘤患者行保肢术,男13例,女4例;年龄14～55岁,平均32.6岁;软骨肉瘤6例,骨肉瘤4例,纤维肉瘤、骨髓瘤、Ewing肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、恶性骨巨细胞瘤、复发的软骨肉瘤各1例.Enneking分期:Ⅰ B期4例,ⅡB期13例.按国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)肩胛带分区标准,11例累及S2区和外1/3 S1区,6例累及S2区和S1区.肩袖均不同程度受累,肩关节囊受累8例.14例行新辅助化疗.8例瘤体范围较广或肩关节囊受累者行人工全肩胛骨置换术,9例瘤体范围较小或肩关节囊可保留者行肩胛骨次全切除、异体肩胛骨重建、肩关节囊及肩袖修复术.结果 随访16～62个月,平均35.1个月.9例患者出现并发症,其中发生异体骨排斥反应和异体骨吸收1例,异体骨排斥反应1例,假体肩峰外露3例,异体骨吸收4例.局部复发1例,死亡3例,死亡原因均为术后肿瘤广泛转移.MSTS功能评分53.3%～93.3%,平均74.1%.结论 在肩胛带S2区保肢手术中,将肿瘤完整切除与功能重建行个体化平衡,可获得较满意的肿瘤学疗效及稳定、美观、功能良好的肩关节.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate and discuss the limb salvage strategies of malignant bone tumors in region S2 of shoulder girdle.Methods The data of 17 patients(13 males and 4 females)were retrospectivelv analyzed.All of them had malignant scapular tumor at least in region S2,and underwent limb salvage between January 2005 and January 2009.They aged from 14 to 55 years old(mean,32.6 years).The histologic types of them were chondrosarcoma in 6 patients,osteosarcoma in 4,fibrosareoma in 1,myeloma in 1,Ewing's sarcoma in 1,rhabdomyosarcoma in 1,non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1,malignant giant cell tumor of bone in 1 and recurrent chondrosarcoma in 1.The tumors were staged according to Enneking surgical staging system:IB in 4 and IIB in 13.According to the MSTS classification system,the region S2 and lateral 1/3 of region S1 were effected in 11 cases,the region S2 and large part of region S1 were effected in 6 cases.The rotator cuff was involved to some extent in all patients,and the articular capsule were involved in 8 cases.Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 14 patients.The surgical strategies were depended on the range of tumor and preservation of articular capsule.The scapular prosthetic replacement was done in 8 cases with a relatively large range of tumor or resection of articular capsule,otherwise the scapular allograft replacement was done.Among the 11 cases with region S2 and lateral 1/3 of region S1 effected,the scapular allograft replacement was done in 9 cases with articular capsule preserved and the prosthetic replacement was done in 2 cases with articular capsule resected.And the prosthetic replacement was done in the other 6 cases.The articular capsule and partial rotator cuff were preserved and reconstructed preferentially.Results All patients were followed up 16-62 months (mean,35.1 months).Postoperative complications were noted in 9 patients, including mild allograft rejection and mild allograft resorption in 1 patient,allograft rejection in 1,prosthetic acromion exposure in 3,allograft resorption in 4.Local recurrence were noted in 1 patients.Three patients were dead because of extensive metastasis.The average function scores were 74.1%(range,53.3%-93.3%).Conclusion During the limb salvage surgery.it's very important to guarantee the en bloc resection of the tumor.In the meanwhile,the en bloc resection and functional reconstruction should be well balanced.     

Constrained total scapula reconstruction after resection of a high-grade sarcoma

Patients with high-grade sarcomas arising from the scapula or periscapular soft tissues traditionally have been treated with either a total scapulectomy or a wide, en bloc, extraarticular scapular resection, termed the Tikhoff-Linberg resection. The major challenge after such resections is to restore shoulder girdle stability while preserving a functional hand and elbow. The current authors describe three patients who had an extraarticular, total scapula resection (modified Tikhoff-Linberg) for a high-grade sarcoma. Each patient had reconstruction with a constrained (rotator cuff-substituting) total scapula prosthesis in an effort to optimally restore the normal muscle force couples of both glenohumeral and scapulothoracic mechanisms. At latest followup, the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional score was 24 to 27 of 30 (80%-90%). All patients had a stable, painless shoulder and functional hand and elbow. Forward flexion and abduction ranged from 25 degrees to 40 degrees. Glenohumeral rotation (internal rotation, T6; external rotation -10 degrees) below shoulder level, shoulder extension, and adduction were preserved. Protraction, retraction, elevation, and abduction of the scapula were restored and contributed to shoulder motion and upper extremity stabilization. There were no complications. Total scapula reconstruction with a constrained total scapula prosthesis is a safe and reliable method for reconstructing the shoulder girdle after resection of select high-grade sarcomas. The authors emphasize the clinical indications, prosthetic design, surgical technique, and early functional results.