跟骨延长术治疗42例足外翻畸形

目的：观察跟骨截骨延长治疗足外翻畸形的疗效。方法：在患足跟骨外侧作4－5cm的长斜切口,显露跟骨的前半部;在跟骨狭窄部,即跟骰关节1．5cm处切开跟骨,以撑开器撑开截骨间隙至足外翻畸形矫正为止;将自体全厚楔形髂骨块植入截骨间隙内维持患足矫正位。钢针内固定,外加石膏靴固定3个月。结果：优31例,占73．8％;良：10例,占23．8％;可：1例,占2．4％;差：无。优良率97．6％,总有效率100％。结论：42例跟骨截骨延长观察收到以下效果：（1）跟骨延长使足的外侧弓伸长,矫正了前半足的外展及旋转和外翻畸形。（2）外侧弓的伸长带来足内侧弓的抬高,平跖足畸形改善,恢复了足静态稳定性。     

Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术治疗青少年距跟联合合并前足外展畸形

目的探讨Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术并联合切除治疗青少年距跟联合(TCCs)合并严重前足外展畸形的疗效。方法回顾性分析郑州市骨科医院足踝外科自2014年2月至2018年8月收治的11例(14足)青少年症状性TCCs合并严重前足外展畸形患者资料。男6例(8足),女5例(6足);双足3例,单足8例,左足7例,右足7例;年龄13~17岁,平均15岁。所有患者均采取TCCs切除后行Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术。测量患者术前及末次随访时负重正位X线距舟覆盖角(TCA)、距骨-第2跖列角(T-2MT),负重侧位X线距骨倾斜角(TH)、距骨-第1跖列角(T-1MT)。采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估足部功能和疼痛改善情况。结果11例患者术后获12~24个月(平均16.5个月)随访。TCA由术前平均22.3°(20°~26°)改善为末次随访时10.5°(8°~13°);T-2MT由术前平均17.6°(16°~20°)改善为末次随访时6.5°(5°~11°)。侧位X线TH由术前平均35°(25°~40°)改善为末次随访时17.5°(16°~21°);T-1MT由术前平均15.5°(10°~22°)改善为末次随访时3.5°(2°~6°)。AOFAS的踝-后足评分由术前平均56.5分(50~62分)改善为末次随访时90.6分(75~95分),VAS评分由术前平均6.0分(5~7分)改善为末次随访时2.0分(0~3分)。结论对于青少年TCCs合并严重前足外展畸形患者,联合切除后行Evans跟骨外侧延长截骨术可以有效纠正畸形,缓解症状,改善足部功能和影像学表现。     

足外侧柱延长术的基础及临床研究进展

目的综述足外侧柱延长术(lateral column lengthening,LCL)的基础及临床研究进展。方法广泛查阅近年国内外LCL相关文献,并对其进行分析。结果 LCL作为治疗平足畸形的重要手术方式之一,包括两种术式——跟骨远端截骨延长术和跟骰关节撑开融合术,目前在治疗平足畸形时具体术式选择尚存在争议。结论 LCL临床广泛用于治疗平足畸形,但需要生物力学试验和大样本临床随访结果进一步验证疗效。     

疼痛性跟距联合的治疗

目的 :探讨疼痛性跟距联合手术治疗适应证及术式。方法 :根据术前跟距轴位CT扫描所测量的跟距联合与跟距后关节二者横向切面之比率及跟骨外翻角度来决定采取跟距骨桥局部切除或三关节融合术。共治疗 12例 16足 ,其中男 8例 ,女 4例。平均随访时间 18个月。结果 :术后根据患者症状消失程度分为优良、可、差。单纯行跟距联合切除者 9例 12足 ,其中优 6例 ,可 3例 ;三关节融合者 3例 4足 ,均为优良。结论 :经保守治疗无效者可行手术治疗 ,跟距联合与跟距后关节二者横向切面之比率 <5 0 % ,跟骨外翻角 <2 1°时可行跟距骨桥局部切除术 ,反之则应行三关节融合术。     

经后外侧入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的评价经后外侧人路行距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究自2009-03-2012—10收洽的采用后外侧人路距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗且获得完整随访的27例陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者。定期随访观察术后切口愈合、骨折愈合及内固定情况,比较手术前后距骨跟骨角、距骨第1跖骨角、美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分。结果27例术后获平均20（12～36）个月随访,切口均一期愈合,无皮缘坏死、切口感染及内固定物、跟骨骨质外露发生。术后4～6个月X线片显示27例融合处均骨性愈合。距骨跟骨角由术前平均（15．8±3．0）°改善至术后平均（24．8±1．9）°,距骨第1跖骨角由术前平均（16．9±3.2）°改善至术后平均（5．6±1．9）°,AOFAS评分由术前平均（33．9±7．9）分提高至术后平均（84．9±7．5）分,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论跟骨后外侧人路可清楚显露距下关节,能在直视下对距下关节面进行彻底清理,撑开植骨矫正跟骨内、外翻畸形,恢复足弓,矫正或减轻跟骨骨折畸形愈合的主要病理改变,有效地改善症状,减少切口并发症,临床疗效满意。     

关节镜下跟距骨联合切除术

[目的]介绍关节镜下内后方入路行跟距骨联合切除治疗疼痛性跟距骨联合的手术技术与疗效。[方法]2014年7月～2017年3月,采用关节镜下经内后方入路跟距骨联合切除治疗疼痛性跟距骨联合患者12例。自后内侧建立通道,用刨刀刨除踝关节后方的脂肪组织,充分暴露出母长屈肌腱,然后刨除母长屈肌腱外侧的脂肪组织,充分显露出跟骨、距骨、胫骨的后缘。关节镜下可见骨性联合完全替代了关节间隙,用磨钻由后向前顺序磨除骨联合。采用VAS疼痛评分、美国足踝外科(AOFOS)后足评分,以及术后患者主观满意度评估临床疗效。[结果] 12例患者获得24个月随访。疼痛VAS评分由术前(6.82±0.80)分减少至末次随访时(1.52±1.20)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。AOFOS后足评分由术前(48.80±6.85)分提升至末次随访时(86.90±7.44)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者主观疗效满意度调查:满意8例,较满意2例,一般2例;满意率83.33%。12例患者术后24个月复查踝关节X线片未见跟距骨桥复发征象。[结论]对跟距关节无骨性关节炎、跟距骨联合面积未达到整个跟距关节面1/2的疼痛症状的骨联合,关节镜下行跟距骨联合切除术短期疗效优良。     

截骨重建跟骨丘部并距下关节融合治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的：分析截骨重建跟骨丘部并距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的效果,探讨跟骨骨折畸形愈合的手术方法。方法：分析我科自2009年9月至2012年11月利用截骨重建跟骨丘部并距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合28例,其中男22例,女6例,均为单侧,年龄为32．6岁（18～62岁）。高处坠落伤25例,交通伤3例;24例患者为跟骨骨折后行保守治疗未愈,4例患者为跟骨骨折行切开复位内固定术后。根据Stephens and Sanders分型为：Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型9例。患者在我科由同一手术者手术,术后随访,利用AOFAS评价功能,CT检查评价距下关节愈合情况,同时行影像学测量,记录术后并发症。结果：28例患者获得随访,随访时间为14．5月（7～25月）,至随访终点,28例患者AOFAS评分由术前的40分（30。45分）提高至术后79分（70—88分）,平均提高44．5分;术后距下关节融合率100％;术后1例吸烟患者出现伤口边缘坏死,经换药后愈合;1例糖尿病患者出现切口处浅表感染,经给予抗生素及控制血糖治疗后愈合,但此例患者术后AO—FAS评分仅为70分;术后跟骨高度、宽度、距骨倾斜角、跟骨内翻角、Bohler角及Gissane角较术前明显改善。结论：截骨重建跟骨丘部并距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合,可取的满意的临床效果,能重建跟骨形态,恢复足部功能。     

保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的以保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合,并探讨其适应证及优缺点。方法1998年11月至2003年5月,对伤后1～9个月,共24例(26足)跟骨骨折畸形愈合采用保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术进行治疗。患者平均年龄32.6岁(28～42岁)。患者术前均摄跟骨侧位、轴位及足斜位X线片,并行CT三维重建检查。骨折按Sanders分型,Ⅱ型13足(Ⅱb9足,Ⅱc4足),Ⅲ型13足(Ⅲac8足,Ⅲab5足)。选择跟骨外侧改良“L”形切口,用骨刀切除外膨的跟骨外侧壁,然后将后关节面骨折块向上、向后撬起复位后关节面。跟骨内骨缺损处采用自体骨植骨,其中髂骨植骨19足,劈下的跟骨外侧壁植骨7足。最后以钢板螺钉固定。结果21足术后获得9～22个月(平均14.5个月)随访。所有患者术后均未发生切口感染、螺钉断裂及跟骨内翻等并发症。截骨植骨处愈合时间平均为11.2周(10.5～13.3周)。按Maryland足部评分标准评价术后功能,优8足,良10足,可3足,优良率为86%。术后X线检查见Bhler角、Gissane角、距骨倾斜角、跟骨宽度及丘部高度的恢复接近正常。结论保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术是治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的有效方法之一,具有跟骨畸形矫正明显、后足外形及功能恢复满意等优点。     

跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效观察

目的探讨跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法自2009-11—2013-07诊治的21例（22足）跟骨骨折畸形愈合,采用跟骨外侧L形切口,切除膨出的跟骨外侧壁并松解腓骨肌腱,行跟骨截骨重建丘部距下关节融合术。比较手术前后跟骨Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度、跟骨宽度及美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分（VAS）。结果所有患者术后获平均16.3（3~54）个月随访。术后4~6个月X线片显示22足融合处均骨性愈合,无内固定物松动及断裂。术后Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度、跟骨宽度、AOFAS评分、VAS评分等指标均较术前改善,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术能矫正跟骨畸形,恢复后足外形、力线及功能,缓解跟骨畸形愈合引起的症状,临床疗效良好。     

先天性马蹄内翻足矫形后距舟骨畸形的成因分析

[目的]探索先天性马蹄内翻足经矫形后距、舟骨畸形的病理成因与生物力学基础。[方法]在动物模型的基础上和采用CT图像重建足内侧纵弓和外侧纵弓的三维模型，采用有限元方法建立正常足与马蹄足内侧纵弓（第2序列）的生物力学模型。[结果]距骨在胚胎阶段即出现发育不良，距骨、跟骨间重叠不良和跟骨内翻；正常足与异常足第2序列的应力主要集中于第2跖骨与足底腱膜。足弓结构异常、跖筋膜切断都将加剧应力集中程度、增加足弓背屈变形，应力传导导致舟骨、距骨变形。[结论]先天性马蹄内翻足在胚胎发育期即有足的马蹄内翻且畸形程度随生长发育而逐步加重，距骨在胚胎阶段即出现发育不良。距、舟骨继发畸形与经矫形后应力集中、足弓背屈变形有关。     

Evaluation of the anterior and middle talocalcaneal articular facets and the evans osteotomy

The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of discrete anterior and middle talocalcaneal facets and the distance of these facets from the anterior border of the calcaneus as it relates to the Evans osteotomy. Seven hundred sixty-eight calcanei were examined from the human osteology archive at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Measurements taken included: 1) distance from the proximal border of the anterior facet to the anterior border of the calcaneus (DTAF), 2) distance from the distal border of the middle facet to the anterior border of the calcaneus (DTMF), and 3) width of facet separation (WFS). The results revealed that 310 of 755 (41.06%) had discrete anterior and middle facets and 423 of 755 (56.03%) had a conjoined facet. In those with discrete facets, the mean DTAF, DTMF, and WFS were 11.04 mm, 15.47 mm, and 3.85 mm, respectively. In those with discrete facets, an osteotomy begun between 11.5 mm and 15 mm from the calcaneocuboid joint should pass between the anterior and middle facets and avoid damaging these articular surfaces. This information may aid the foot and ankle surgeon in patient selection and in attaining optimal surgical outcome for the Evans lateral column lengthening procedure.     

Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy versus lateral column lengthening to treat stage II tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction,a prospective randomized controlled study

PurposeAdult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) requires optimum planning that often requires several procedures for deformity correction. The objective of this study was to detect the difference between MDCO versus LCL in the management of AAFD with stage II tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction regarding functional, radiographic outcomes, efficacy in correction maintenance, and the incidence of complications.Patient and methods42 Patients (21 males and 21 females) with a mean age of 49.6 years (range 43–55), 22 patients had MDCO while 20 had LCL. Strayer procedure, spring ligament plication, and FDL transfer were done in all patients. Pre- and Postoperative (at 3 and 12 months) clinical assessment was done using AOFAS and FFI questionnaire. Six radiographic parameters were analyzed, Talo-navicular coverage and Talo-calcaneal angle in the AP view, Talo- first metatarsus angle, Talo-calcaneal angle and calcaneal inclination angle in lateral view and tibio-calcaneal angle in the axial view, complications were reported.ResultsAt 12 months, significant improvement in AOFAS and FFI scores from preoperative values with no significant difference between both groups. Postoperative significant improvements in all radiographic measurements in both groups were maintained at 12 months. However, the calcaneal pitch angle and the TNCA were better in the LCL at 12 months than MDCO, 17̊ ± 2.8 versus 13.95̊ ± 2.2 (p = 0.001) and 13.70̊ ± 2.2 versus 19.05̊ ± 3.2 (p < 0.001) respectively. 11 patients (26.2%) had metal removal, seven (16.6%) in the MDCO, and four (9.6%) in the LCL. Three (7.1%) in the LCL group had subtalar arthritis, only one required subtalar fusion.ConclusionLCL produced a greater change in the realignment of AAFD, maintained more of their initial correction, and were associated with a lower incidence of additional surgery than MDCO, however, a higher incidence of degenerative change in the hindfoot was observed with LCL.     

Biomechanical consequences of lateral column lengthening of the calcaneus: part I. long plantar ligament strain

Lateral column lengthening of the calcaneus has been a powerful tool used to correct peritalar subluxation in symptomatic flat feet. The mechanical basis and limits for correction with this procedure are not well understood. A flatfoot model was created on 8 fresh-frozen cadaver feet by sectioning the deltoid ligament, talonavicular capsule, and spring ligament. Strain-gauge analysis of the long plantar ligament was performed (on 6 specimens) as the lateral column was sequentially lengthened from 4 to 12 mm in 2-mm increments. Results showed that only the lateral most one-third of the long plantar ligament measured positive strain during this procedure. The medial two-thirds of the long plantar ligament and plantar fascia decreased in tension and became fully lax during lengthening. Maximum tension in the long plantar ligament was measured after placing grafts 6 mm in thickness (P <.05). Larger grafts produced additional strain in the ligament, but were not significant. The authors conclude that grafts >6 mm have no additional corrective capacity without compromising the long plantar ligament. Either larger graft size or loss of the long plantar ligament could compromise the intrinsic stability of the lateral column of the foot. These findings may decrease the incidence of complications with this procedure, specifically lateral column pain, instability, and calcaneocuboid arthrosis.     

Double calcaneal osteotomy in treatment of flexible planovalgus foot deformity in ambulatory cerebral palsy. A case series study

BackgroundThe aim of this prospective non randomized case series study was to assess the intermediate-term outcomes of double calcaneal osteotomy (lateral column lengthening and medial slide calcaneal osteotomy) use in ambulatory cerebral palsy with flexible planovalgus feet.Methods16 cases with planovalgus feet were surgically treated by double calcaneal osteotomy and observed over an average of 33.5 months. The mean age at the time of surgery was 10.74 years. The functional outcomes were assessed clinically and radiologically.ResultsThere were a statistical improvement of clinical heel valgus and all radiological parameters as regard talar head uncoverage, calcaneal pitch, talo-calcaneal angle, and talus 1st metatarsal angle at the end of follow up period.ConclusionDouble calcaneal osteotomy is a good option in the treatment of flexible planovalgus feet in ambulatory cerebral palsy patients.     

Three-dimensional displacement after a medializing calcaneal osteotomy in relation to the osteotomy angle and hindfoot alignment

BackgroundA medializing calcaneal osteotomy is frequently performed to correct adult-acquired flatfoot deformities, but there is lack of data on the associated three-dimensional variables defining the final correction. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the pre-operative hindfoot valgus deformity and calcaneal osteotomy angles and the post-operative calcaneal displacement.MethodsWeight-bearing CT scans obtained pre- and post-operatively were retrospectively analyzed for sixteen patients. Corresponding three-dimensional bone models were used to measure valgus deformity pre- and post-operatively, inclination of the osteotomy and displacement of the calcaneus. Linear regression was conducted to assess the relationship between these measurements.ResultsOn average, the hindfoot valgus changed from 13.1° (±4.6) pre-operatively to 5.7° (±4.3) post-operatively. A mean inferior displacement of 3.2 mm (±1.3) was observed along the osteotomy with a mean inclination of 54.6° (±5.6), 80.5° (±10.7), −13.7° (±15.7) in the axial, sagittal and coronal planes, respectively. A statistically significant positive relationship (p < .05, R² = 0.6) was found between the pre-operative valgus, the axial osteotomy inclination, and the inferior displacement.ConclusionsThis study shows that the degree of pre-operative hindfoot valgus and the axial osteotomy angle are predictive factors for the amount of post-operative inferior displacement of the calcaneus. These findings demonstrate the added value of a computer-based pre-operative planning in clinical practice.Level of evidence II Prospective comparative study.     

Intertrochanteric valgus lengthening osteotomy in adults with coxa vara

Surgical Principles Intertrochanteric open wedge valgus osteotomy with lateral femoral displacement to gain limb length. Internal fixation with a 95° condylar plate. Revised Version from: Operat. Orthop. Traumatol. 2 (1990), 193–202 (German Edition).     

经皮Chevron截骨术治疗轻中度足拇外翻畸形

目的评估经皮Chevron截骨术治疗轻中度足拇外翻畸形的疗效。方法 2010年6月至2012年5月,采用经皮Chevron截骨术治疗24位(26例)轻中度足拇外翻患者。所有患者均为女性,平均年龄48岁,其中右足14例,左足12例。术前和末次随访时测量足拇外翻角、跖骨间角,并进行美国足踝骨科学会(AOFAS)前足评分。术前足拇外翻角20°~40°,跖骨间角小于20°,跖骨远端关节角小于10°。结果术后平均随访26.3个月,足拇外翻角由术前平均31.68°纠正至术后平均14.39°,跖骨间角由术前平均13.77°纠正至术后平均7.98°,AOFAS前足评分由术前平均59.26分改善至术后平均88.35分。术后4例出现内侧关节囊折叠缝合引起的刺激症状,4例出现螺钉尾端刺激症状,但无伤口感染、关节僵硬及跖骨头坏死等并发症发生。结论经皮Chevron截骨术中期随访结果较好,可有效治疗轻中度足拇外翻畸形。