生活垃圾大分流、小分类系统的构想

1 引言 上海从上世纪80年代中期推行垃圾袋装化收集开始，就有了垃圾分类的萌芽；1995年起，开始了垃圾分类的探索；2000年，垃圾分类纳入上海市环境保护三年行动计划，标志着垃圾分类工作正式进入政府推进层面。几年来，在生活垃圾分类方式，分类收集、分类运输、分类处置系统建设，垃圾分类社会宣传，垃圾分类绩效评估等方面进行了积极的探索，取得了一定的进展。但是，垃圾分类促进垃圾减量化、资源化和无害化的效果并没有得到明显的体现。2006年的统计数据表明，从进入环卫系统的垃圾中分类的各种具有市场回收价值的废旧物资不过16万吨左右，占上海2006年生活垃圾清运量还不到3％。     

我国城市生活垃圾分类收集与收费方式探讨

对我国城市生活垃圾分类收集和废品回收利用状况进行了评估,比较了我国与发达国家废纸的回收情况以及垃圾中其他成分,介绍了德国、美国垃圾分类收集情况,从而提出我国生活垃圾分类收集在厨余垃圾、家庭有毒有害垃圾和包装垃圾三个方面有待突破,垃圾收费需要充分考虑实际条件才能推行。最后对垃圾分类收集进行了经济分析。     

杭州市2000年垃圾量预测及处理方式探讨

应用灰色模型GM(1,1)预测杭州2000年的城市垃圾量达94万t(吨).如此大量的垃圾仅靠目前的填埋方式,会给杭州市带来较大的环保压力和土地资源的浪费.根据目前存在的一些问题,提出了垃圾减量、回收、分类收集、分类处理、实行向居民收费和加强立法与监管等对策.     

垃圾分类背景下易腐有机垃圾资源化处理模式探讨

随着我国经济的持续快速发展和人民生活水平不断提高,城市生活垃圾的产生量越来越大,易腐有机垃圾作为居民生活垃圾的主体部分,在分类收集的大背景下,其无害化处理与资源化利用已经成为生活垃圾处理的重点和难点.垃圾分类是在粗放式垃圾回收的模式出现较大诟病时顺势提出的一个全新概念,是在传统垃圾收集方式基础上的改革创新,是垃圾能否得...     

湖南长沙“三统一”处置有害垃圾

湖南长沙市长沙县推出了有害垃圾“统一收集、统一运营、统一处置”的举措,探索出一条两型环保之路。今年4月以来,对废弃纺织品“三统一回收”,每天巡回对全县32个集中回购点存放的废玻璃、废灯管、废电池、废旧纺织品进行有偿回收。星港社区成为泉塘街道惟一垃圾分类试点社区,开展了“五粒废旧电池换一粒新电池”等活动,提高居民对垃圾分类的积极性,目前已回收废旧电池4000多粒。     

大中型城市生活垃圾分类收集的思考

阐述了当前生活垃圾收运处理中存在的不足以及实施生活垃圾分类收集需要解决的问题,并提出了认真调研,科学规划;采取有效措施鼓励并方便居民垃圾分类;完善垃圾回收网络;改进收运办法,更新相关设备;启动阶段给予政策和资金支持的合理化建议.     

基于改进距离和蚁群算法的农村垃圾回收路线优化研究

垃圾综合处理系统由收集(含小车短距离运输)、运输(含转运)和处理3大环节组成。其中垃圾收集是第1个环节,如何降低垃圾回收的成本,除进行减量化以外,就是要减少垃圾在回收过程中运输成本,优化垃圾回收路线。结合欧式距离和曼哈顿距离计算方法,考虑地形因素,提出更适合农村地区实际情况的改进距离计算方法,并使用蚁群算法进行实例验证,该改进距离计算方法可以确定农村地区最优垃圾回收路线。     

居民垃圾干湿分离的可行途径分析

分析居民垃圾分类收集现状及存在的主要问题,结合居民垃圾组成及特性,分析家庭源头分离居民垃圾的必要性和可行性,提出居民垃圾“干湿分离”思路,并从分类要求、宣传教育、体系分离等方面分析居民垃圾分类收集的现实可行途径.     

居民生活垃圾分类收集的推动因素

探讨了居民垃圾分类收集中的两个基本概念,即垃圾的价值与分类垃圾收集量。讨论了居民行为与拾荒者问题,分析了我国目前条件下推动分类收集的各种因素,提出分类收集应作为集成式拉圾管理的一部分进行规划管理。     

中德垃圾分类比较及中国垃圾分类的措施

比较了中德两国垃圾分类回收的状况,说明我国应采取健全的政策法规,对居民进行广泛深入的宣传教育,完善后续处理手段等措施实施垃圾分类回收。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.