钬激光内镜碎石术治疗上尿路结石的临床进展

随着输尿管镜与经皮肾镜碎石术的广泛应用,钬激光内镜碎石术治疗上尿路结石已被国内外泌尿外科医师广为接受。目前,内镜技术的不断改进,钬激光碎石术的有效性与安全性日益受到关注,从而对于传统的上尿路结石治疗思路产生影响。有些报道认为,钬激光内镜碎石术可能取代ESWL,成为治疗上尿路结石的首选方案。     

输尿管结石ESWL失败改腔内钬激光碎石术的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管结石ESWL失败后采用腔内钬激光碎石术的临床疗效。方法 自2001年10月至2002年8月，对28例输尿管结石(ESWL失败)行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术。结果 26例经输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治愈，治愈率92．8％(26／28)；1例结石上移，辅以ESWL治愈；1例因输尿管纤维性扭曲改开放手术。结论 输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术安全、有效、方便，可以作为输尿管结石的首选治疗。     

双J管在孤立肾上尿路结石ESWL的应用

目的:探讨双J管在ESWL治疗孤立肾上尿路结石中的作用。方法:对25例孤立肾上尿路结石患者行ESWL治疗,16例治疗前放置双J管作支架内引流(置管组),9例未放置双J管作支架内引流(未置管组)。结果:25例ESWL治疗的总成功率为92%。置管组10例一次ESWL治疗成功,5例两次治疗成功,1例输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术后ESWL治疗失败,再次行钬激光碎石术治愈,成功率为93.8%。未置管组8例一次ESWL治疗成功,1例开放手术后ESWL治疗失败,改经皮肾镜穿刺取石术及输尿管镜取石术治愈,成功率为88.9%。结论:孤立肾上尿路结石采用ESWL治疗,效果确切;治疗前放置双J管,可以保证其尿路通畅和尿液引流。     

钬激光治疗ESWL失败的输尿管上段结石78例分析

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石（extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy,ESWL）失败的输尿管上段结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗ESWL失败的输尿管上段结石78例患者资料。结果输尿管上段结石并发炎性息肉者67例（86%）,碎石同时钬激光消融息肉。有输尿管扭曲、狭窄者16例（21%）。一次碎石成功63例,成功率81%。1周内结石排净46例,其余17例4周内结石排净。无输尿管穿孔、撕脱等严重并发症。11例结石冲回肾盂,经EWSL或经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术成功。4例置镜失败,行开放手术治愈。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石安全有效,可作为ESWL治疗失败的输尿管上段结石首选治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石失败的输尿管结石89例报告

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy,ESWL)失败的输尿管结石的临床效果。方法应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗ESWL失败的输尿管结石89例。69例合并息肉或被肉芽组织包裹,同时钬激光消融息肉;合并结石远端输尿管狭窄4例,开放手术切除狭窄段。结果一次碎石成功81例,成功率91%。1周内结石排净67例,其余14例2周内结石排净。4例结石被冲入肾盂,术后2周经ESWL后排出;4例输尿管镜置入失败,经开放手术治愈。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石具有安全高效性,可作为ESWL治疗失败的输尿管结石首选治疗方法。     

肠膀胱重建术后尿路结石的微创治疗(附4例报告)

目的：探讨肠膀胱重建术后尿路结石的微创治疗效果。方法：报告4例膀胱癌膀胱全切肠代膀胱术术后并发尿路结石患者的临床资料。结果：1例行经皮肾穿刺肾盂输尿管造影定位下体外冲击波碎石术，结石粉碎并排至结肠膀胱；1例行经皮肾镜碎石术；另2例行经尿道输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术，结石粉碎并取出。结论：肠膀胱重建术后尿结石的发生与尿路感染和手术操作等因素有关，对可控膀胱术后上尿路结石可实施经皮肾镜取石术或尿路造影定位下ESWL治疗，原位回肠代膀胱术后尿路结石可实施腔内碎石治疗。     

ESWL与腔内技术联合处理复杂性上尿路结石(附编者按)

目的　探讨复杂性上尿路结石的治疗方法。　方法　对近期 138例复杂性上尿路结石患者 ,采用体外冲击波碎石 (ESWL)与输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石 ,经皮肾微穿刺造瘘碎石、取石等腔内技术联合治疗。其中复杂性输尿管结石 110例 ,复杂性肾结石 2 8例 ,均有不同程度肾积水。对输尿管结石先行ESWL ,2 4h内再行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石 ;对肾结石及输尿管镜碎石困难的输尿管上段结石 ,先一期行经皮肾微穿刺造瘘术 ,5～ 7d后行ESWL ,2 4h内再经肾造瘘通道行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石、取石。　结果　结石总排净率为 97.1% (134/138) ,其中输尿管结石排净率为10 0 .0 % (110 /110 ) ,肾结石排净率为 85 .7% (2 4 /2 8)。无治疗失败病例。　结论　ESWL与腔内技术联合处理复杂性上尿路结石 ,降低了腔内手术难度 ,缩短了腔内操作时间 ,提高了结石排净率 ,患者创伤小 ,恢复快 ,并发症少 ,是治疗复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光治疗小儿尿路结石19例报告

目的：探讨输尿管镜钬激光治疗小儿尿路结石的效果及并发症。方法：对19例小儿尿路结石（输尿管结石16例,膀胱结石3例）患者进行输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗。结果：18例患儿均成功碎石并排出结石,1例将结石推入肾盂行ESWL术。19例患儿均无输尿管损伤和穿孔。结论：在明确掌握适应证和操作熟练的情况下,输尿管镜钬激光碎石是治疗小儿尿路结石的理想方法。     

钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石87例报告

目的：探讨复杂性输尿管结石经钬激光腔内治疗的有效性及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2003年12月-2004年12月收治的经输尿管镜钬激光治疗复杂性输尿管结石87例患者的临床资料。87例均伴有患侧轻～中度肾孟积水,其中46例合并结石远端输尿管狭窄,69例合并息肉或肉芽组织包裹,21例为ESWL治疗失败后。结果：87例中,83例单次手术碎石成功,单次手术结石粉碎率达95．4％（83／87）,2例结石在钬激光碎石过程中移位于肾盏,术后再行ESWL治疗;1例进镜时输尿管穿孔,1例术中退镜时输尿管黏膜撕脱改为开放手术。结论：输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石安全、有效,尤其适用于ESWL治疗效果不佳的患者。     

体外冲击波碎石术的操作技巧

<正>近年来,由于输尿管软镜技术的迅速发展以及高清晰度的电子输尿管软镜的应用,使得先前适合体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗的肾结石和输尿管上段结石病例,相当一部分被输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术替代。但是,相对于输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,ESWL仍然具有较高的结石清除率、并发症少和治疗费用低等优势。因此,欧洲泌尿外科学会(EAU)2020版泌尿系结石指南以及中华医学会泌尿外科学分会(CUA)2019版泌尿系结石诊断与治疗指南均推荐,     

经皮肾穿气压弹道碎石联合体外冲击波碎石治疗上尿路结石

目的 探讨提高上尿路结石碎石成功率的微创治疗方法。方法 采用经皮肾穿微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石，术中放置双J管，术后配合体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗上尿路结石48例。结果 结石总排净率为89．1％，结石最小排净率79．2％，无严重并发症发生。结论 该方法结石排净率高，创伤较小，手术并发症少，是上尿路结石较为理想的微创治疗方法。     

电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的　总结电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石的疗效。方法　回顾性分析 166例电子动能碎石术治疗的上尿路结石患者资料。男 96例 ,女 70例 ,年龄 16～ 62岁 ,平均 3 9岁。肾结石 2 7例 ,输尿管上段结石 42例 ,中段 3 5例 ,下段 62例。采用mPCNL治疗 42例 ,URSL12 4例。结果　mPCNL碎石成功率 10 0 % ,15例输尿管上段结石行mPCNL ,结石清除率 10 0 %。URSL碎石成功率 83 .0 6% ( 10 3 /12 4)。URSL时结石移位至肾盂或肾下盏 9例 ,发生输尿管穿孔 6例。随访 10 3例 ,随访时间 1～ 16个月 ,术后 1月结石排净 96例。B超显示肾积水较术前明显减少或消失。结论　电子动能碎石术治疗上尿路结石创伤小、成功率高、并发症少。微创经皮肾碎石取石是治疗合并中、重度肾积水的输尿管上段结石的首选方法。     

孤立肾上尿路结石的ESWL治疗

目的:总结孤立肾并发上尿路结石ESWL治疗的经验。方法:电压比非孤立肾者略低,JT-Ⅲ型机8～12kV,HB-V型机4～8kV;放电次数比非孤立肾者略少,Ⅲ型机1500～2000次,V型机3000～3500次;同时减慢冲击频率;间隔时间二周以上比非孤立肾者稍长。直径大于2cm或多发结石且颗粒较大者,先行经皮肾镜取石后残石再行ESWL,多发或直径大于1.5cm的结石留置双J管后再ESWL,梗阻引起急性肾功能减退者急诊ESWL或先行肾造瘘或逆行插管引流积水,肾功能基本恢复后再ESWL。结果:22例独肾结石除7例多发外,15例一次成功,6例输尿管结石除1例再碎石外,5例一次成功。结论:ESWL治疗孤立肾上尿路结石损伤小且疗效好。     

孤立肾上尿路结石的治疗（附53例报告）

目的 比较孤立肾上尿路结石的治疗方法。方法 对53例孤立肾上尿路结石的患者,8例采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),36例采用微创经皮肾镜取石术(mPCNL),9例采用经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)。结果 采用ESWL治疗的患者,3个月后结石排净率为85.9％;采用URL治疗的患者,输尿管中、下段结石取净率为100％,上...     

Minimally invasive treatment of urinary tract calculi in children.

OBJECTIVE: To report experience of a broad multimodality approach to the treatment of calculi in children using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy, lithoclast and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The treatment and outcome were reviewed in 43 children managed by a range of minimally invasive modalities, either singly or in combination, between 1990 and 1997. These patients represent a selected group deemed suitable for minimally invasive management during a period of developing experience with these techniques. Of this cohort, six children had previously undergone open stone surgery and contributory metabolic abnormalities were identified in seven. ESWL was the sole treatment modality in 24 children (56%). In five children (12%) ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy was combined with ESWL, eight (18%) underwent ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy alone, whilst three with bladder stones were treated with the lithoclast. Combined therapy including PCNL was required in three patients. RESULTS: Of the 43 children treated, 38 (88%) were rendered stone-free. Metabolic disorders accounted for three of the five cases of residual calculi. Complications requiring intervention occurred in two children (7%) and three subsequently underwent open pyelolithotomy or ureterolithotomy after unsuccessful minimally invasive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Used selectively, the range of minimally invasive procedures available for adults, including ureteroscopy and PCNL, can be safely and effectively extended to the treatment of urinary tract calculi in children. The role of open surgery will diminish further with the availability of specialized instruments for paediatric PCNL.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children: experience using a mpl-9000 lithotriptor

Our objectives were to assess the value of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in treating pediatric urolithiasis, and to determine the factors that may affect treatment success. Between January 1993 and August 2002, 129 children with upper urinary tract calculi (134 renoureteral units) were treated using a Dornier MPL-9000 lithotriptor. The series consisted of 77 boys and 52 girls with an age range from 20 months to 14 years (average age: 8.7 years). All ESWL procedures took place under general anaesthesia or sedation with ketamin or fentanyl. Under ultrasonic or fluoroscopic guidance, children were treated with a maximum 2,550 shocks at an average of 19.5 kV. Success was defined as the lack of any visible stone fragments on post-treatment radiological evaluation. The patients were assessed 3 months after ESWL treatment and the results were compared using ²-tests to detect factors that might be associated with treatment success. There were 105 renal, 20 ureteral, four bilateral renal and one unilateral renal plus contralateral ureteral calculi. The mean sizes were 15.7 mm for pelvic, 17.8 mm for renal and 10.2 mm for ureteral stones. One or two lithotripsy sessions were sufficient in most cases (71.6%). In 15 (11.6%) patients, double J stents introduced before lithotripsy were left indwelling until all stone fragments were voided. Overall success rates were 89.5% for pelvic, 85.5% for renal and 75% for ureteral stones. Complications such as urinary tract infection, Steinstrasse and small subcapsular hematoma occurred in 19 (14.7%) patients. The only significant factor associated with the stone-free rate was the diameter of the stone (P=0.022). This study confirmed that the stone-free rate is significantly influenced by stone size. Because children with stone disease are at risk for a longer period than adults, their cumulative likelihood of stone recurrences may be higher. Thus, we agree with other authorities that minimally invasive treatment, such as ESWL, is mandatory in children with urolithiasis.     

复杂性上尿路结石微创综合治疗的临床应用研究

目的:探讨和总结上尿路结石微创综合治疗的有效方法和经验。方法:采用经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜取石术(MPCNL)、逆行输尿管镜碎石术(URL)、体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)等方法治疗复杂性上尿路结石患者52例,其中采用MPCNL治疗52例,俯卧位44例,侧卧位8例;采用URL治疗31例;采用ESWL治疗16例。最大结石直径1.7～4.0 cm,平均(2.40±0.07)cm。结果:52例患者住院天数9～22天,平均(15.27±0.46)天。Ⅰ期结石清除率71.1%(37/52),Ⅱ期结石清除率60.0%(9/15),总的结石清除率88.5%(46/52);Ⅰ期结石清除率与总的结石清除率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。其中15例肾功能不全患者术前肌酐平均值为(326.87±63.28)mmol/L,术后1～3个月拔管后血肌酐平均值为(142.60±28.53)mmol/L,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术中无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等并发症发生。最后6例有残余结石,术中大出血3例(5.7%),肾对穿(孔)2例,输尿管穿孔2例(7.7%),尿外渗5例(9.6%),术后休克1例(1.9%),发热9例(17.3%)。结论:在治疗复杂性上尿路结石患者的过程中,制定个体化微创综合治疗方法非常重要,可以明显提高结石清除率,有效保护和改善肾功能,减少机体损伤以及其他并发症发生。     

微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石(附706例报告)

目的:探讨与评价微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾脏与输尿管上段结石的方法与疗效。方法:采用微创经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石上尿路结石706例。结果:1999年9月～2005年8月,采用Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期或分步微创经皮肾镜手术成功处理706例上尿路结石,其中包括鹿角形结石、多发性肾结石、ESWL治疗失败、孤立肾结石、开放取石手术后复发、输尿管上段结石,肾结石清除率91.6%,输尿管结石清除率98.4%;随访1～12个月,无严重手术并发症发生。结论:微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有微创损伤、恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点。     

上尿路结石的现代治疗方法的探讨(附5178例报告）

目的：探讨上尿路结石的现代治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2001年2月8日～2002年12月31日收治的5178例上尿路结石患者的临床资料。结果：5178例中，采用体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗1826例，输尿管镜取石术(URL)2157例，微创经皮肾镜取石术(mini-PCNL)1131例，腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术8例和开放手术56例，分别占总数的35．3％、41．7％、21．8％、0．2％和1．0％。ESWL治疗中，1个月后结石排净率为83．0％，2个月后结石排净率为86．0％，3个月后为86．5％。术后有13例发生输尿管石街，采用URL或PCNL取净。URL对输尿管中、下段结石取净率为100％，上段为76％，术中无输尿管穿孔和撕脱并发症发生。mini—PCNL对肾盂和输尿管上段结石的取净率为100％，鹿角形结石为93％。术中未见肾盂大穿孔和。肾皮质撕裂。术后79例输血，输血率为1．5％。腹腔镜治疗8例全部成功，无并发症发生。结论：上尿路结石可用腔内技术和ESWL治疗，开放手术几乎可避免。     

ESWL与输尿管镜碎石联合处理上尿路结石

目的：探讨对部分上尿路结石采用ESWI．与输尿管镜碎石联合处理的方法。方法：对70例上尿路结石患者采用ESWI。与输尿管镜下钬激光碎石（URS）联合交替治疗。其中输尿管结石48例,。肾结石22例。结果：结石总排净率为91．4％00（64／70）,其中输尿管结石排净率为95．8％（46／48）,肾结石排净率为81．8％（18／22）。3例治疗失败,其中1例输尿管结石因输尿管狭窄无法入镜;另2例肾结石,1例因交替治疗次数过多中途停止治疗,1例因结石硬度过大ESWI,不佳,均改为PCNL术。结论：ESW[。与URS联合交替进行的疗法处理上尿路结石,避免了创伤性治疗,扩大了ESWI,治疗范围,降低了URS手术难度,缩短了URS操作时间,提高了结石排净率,患者创伤微小、恢复快、并发症少,是治疗上尿路结石,特别是部分复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法之一。