乳腺单纯性浸润性小叶癌的临床、X线、超声特征

目的 观察乳腺单纯性浸润性小叶癌(ILC)的临床、X线和超声检查特征,评价联合应用三种方法的价值.方法 回顾55例经手术病理证实为单纯性ILC的详细检查结果,分析得出假阴性结果的原因.结果 主要临床检查结果为肿块(96.15%)和腺体增厚(3.85%).主要X线检查结果为边缘不规则肿块(65.38%)和结构扭曲(23.08%).主要超声检查结果为肿块(98.00%)和结构紊乱(2.00%).临床、X线、超声对病灶的定性诊断准确率分别为94.55%、83.87%、98.04%,联合应用的准确率为100%.结论 超声检测ILC病灶的准确性高于X线检查.联合应用临床、X线、超声可提高ILC的术前诊断准确率.     

Sonographic and mammographic appearances of granular cell tumors of the breast with pathological correlation

PURPOSE: To describe the sonographic and mammographic appearance of granular cell tumors (GCTs) of the breast in 6 patients with pathological correlation. METHODS: A search was conducted of the cyto-histopathological database in a single institution from 1990 to 2004 for breast lesions given the diagnosis of GCT of the breast. Six patients with GCT of the breast who underwent mammographic or sonographic examination or both before surgery were included in this study. RESULTS: The mammographic features of GCT of the breast were indeterminate in most patients, often presenting as an isodense mass with indistinct or spiculated margins. Calcifications were not a feature. The sonographic features of GCT of the breast mimicked carcinoma, including heterogeneous echotexture, indistinct margins, and hypervascularity. Hyperechogenicity was noted in 5 of 7 (71%) GCTs in this series. The cytomorphological features of GCT included sheets of large granular cells intersected by arborizing thin-walled blood vessels. The cells had round to oval nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and abundant, ill-defined granular cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: Breast imagers should be aware that GCT of the breast is an uncommon differential in a minority of neoplasms that can be mistaken for breast cancer.     

Sonographic Appearances of Benign and Malignant Male Breast Disease With Mammographic and Pathologic Correlation

Objective. Imaging of the male breast is most often performed for the evaluation of a clinical abnormality such as breast enlargement or tenderness, a palpable mass, nipple skin changes, or nipple discharge. Most breast lesions encountered in men are benign. Malignant breast lesions are less frequent; breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all male cancers in the United States. The initial imaging evaluation of a finding in the male breast is performed with mammography. Sonography is frequently used as an adjunct to mammography but is less often used as the primary imaging modality. The objective of this article is to provide readers with a thorough review of the sonographic appearances of benign and malignant male breast disease. Methods. We reviewed our institution's case database to identify male patients who underwent mammography, sonography, and subsequent biopsy of a breast lesion. These cases were collected and reviewed to select the best imaging examples. Results. A spectrum of benign and malignant male breast disease is presented with corresponding sonographic, mammographic, and pathologic imaging. For each entity, the salient imaging findings and typical clinical presentation are discussed. Conclusions. Most studies in the literature have reported on the mammographic and sonographic imaging features of primary breast carcinoma in men. However, very little has been reported on the sonographic appearance of benign and malignant male breast conditions. Recognition and correct identification of pathologic male breast entities on sonography is essential to determine appropriate management recommendations and avoid unnecessary biopsies.     

乳腺黏液癌的影像学特征分析

目的 评价乳腺黏液癌的超声、X线等影像学特征及其与病理组织类型的相关性.方法 回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实的乳腺黏液癌患者(22个病灶)的超声、X线特征及与病理组织类型之间的关系.结果 病理组织学分类包括14个单纯型(6个富细胞型,8个少细胞型)和8个混合型病灶.超声:所有病例均存在实性肿块,85.71％(12/14)的单纯型肿块境界清晰,回声等或略低于皮下脂肪,92.86％(13/14)的单纯型病灶后方回声增强;75.00％(6/8)的混合型和14.29％(2/14)的单纯型肿块边界较模糊并细小毛刺,内部回声较脂肪回声低.超声和X线片术前怀疑恶性的比例均为63.64％(14/22).恶性X线表现包括肿块(10个)、局限性不对称致密影(2个)、结构扭曲并恶性钙化和单纯不定性钙化(各1个).肿块主要为高密度,单纯型边界清楚或呈浅分叶状,混合型边界不规则和毛刺改变.81.82％(18/22)的病灶被超声或X线之一疑诊恶性,45.45％(10/22)的病灶术前超声和X线均疑为恶性.结论 乳腺黏液癌尤其单纯型影像学特征不典型,超声和X线诊断均可能诊断为良性病变;肿块边缘特征是鉴别良恶性的重要依据,混合型肿块较单纯型更具有浸润性特征;超声和X线联合诊断有利于避免误诊,两者之一怀疑恶性时,即应行穿刺活检以明确诊断.     

非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的超声及X线表现

目的:回顾性分析非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的X线乳腺摄影和超声表现,为这种少见的病因不明的疾病提供诊断线索。方法:15例手术病理证实的非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎全部经过超声检查,10例经过乳腺X线摄影检查,结合临床及病理资料,对比分析非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的影像特点。结果:11例超声结果显示较周围正常腺体不同的大片不均匀低回声,其中6例病变内出现1~3cm管状更低回声区。9例X线摄影显示异常,其中限局性不对称密度6例,2例显示形态不规则、边缘模糊肿块,另1例弥漫肿胀,几乎累及整个乳房。两种方法显示6例腋下淋巴结增大,均为炎性增生。结论:在乳腺X线摄影中表现为局限性不对称密度、超声中不均匀低回声区域内出现管状结构更低回声,在除外恶性条件下,提示有非特异性肉芽肿性乳腺炎的可能,最后的诊断主要依靠手术后病理结果。     

钼靶X线及超声在乳腺导管原位癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)的钼靶X线和超声特点及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析95例乳腺DCIS患者的钼靶X线和超声特点,比较二者诊断DCIS的敏感度和对肿物及钙化的检出率。结果 16例钼靶X线片可见肿物,其中圆形8例(8/16,50.00%),分叶形6例(6/16,37.50%),不规则形2例(2/16,12.50%)。边缘浸润10例(10/16,62.50%),边缘清楚6例(6/16,37.50%)。77例钼靶X线片中可见钙化,42例钙化呈细线状或细分支状(42/77,54.55%),35例表现为多形性(35/77,45.45%);钙化呈簇状分布44例(44/77,57.14%),区段分布25例(25/77,32.47%),线样分布8例(8/77,10.39%)。70例超声可见肿物,圆形38例(38/70,54.29%),分叶状29例(29/70,41.43%),不规则形3例(3/70,4.29%);肿物边缘不清楚53例(53/70,75.71%),边缘清楚17例(17/70,24.29%)。根据检出肿物和钙化,钼靶X线和超声诊断DCIS的敏感度分别为77.89%(74/95)和42.11%(40/95,P<0.001),二者联合诊断准确率可提高至89.47%(85/95,P<0.05)。钼靶和超声对肿物的检出率分别为16.84%(16/95)和73.68%(70/95,P<0.001),对钙化的检出率分别为81.05%(77/95)和12.63%(12/95,P<0.001)。结论钼靶X线对钙化的诊断较敏感,而超声对肿物的检出率更高,二者联合可明显提高诊断DCIS的敏感度。     

乳腺黏液癌的钼靶影像特点及病理学基础

目的探讨乳腺黏液癌钼靶影像学表现的病理学基础。方法对66例乳腺黏液癌的钼靶影像与病理特点进行回顾性分析。结果所有影像均表现为肿物影或肿物伴钙化。单纯型35例,形态、边缘以良性特征为主,仅14%呈不规则形,29%边缘浸润,病理黏液含量高,误诊率为51%。混合型31例,形态、边缘以恶性特征为主,不规则形81%,边缘浸润、毛刺占88%,病理黏液量少,误诊率仅为9%。结论单纯型黏液癌多黏液组影像学表现类似良性疾病,少黏液组及混合型黏液癌多为浸润性生长的影像特点。     

Role of sonography in diagnosing and staging invasive lobular carcinoma

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to compare the sensitivity of sonography with that of mammography in the detection of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), to identify ILC's typical imaging characteristics, and to further show the important role of ultrasound in the staging and treatment planning of this elusive tumor. METHODS: We identified all patients with ILC seen at our institution from 1998 through 2001; 62 had pathologically proven pure ILC. We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the sonographic appearances in correlation with mammographic, pathologic, and clinical findings. We reviewed the results of sonographic examinations of the nodal basins and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of suspicious nodes and correlated them with initial clinical and final pathologic staging. We noted all cases of multicentricity or multifocality and analyzed the relative sensitivity of mammography and sonography according to tumor size. RESULTS: Sonography had a sensitivity of 98% versus 65% for mammography. The most common mammographic pattern was a spiculated mass or architectural distortion (39%). On sonography the most common pattern was a hypoechoic mass with (58%) or without (27%) shadowing. An infiltrative pattern was observed in 13% of the cases. Ultrasound-guided FNA confirmed disease was present in the axillary lymph nodes in 21% of the patients, and sonographic examination of the nodal basins resulted in a change of clinical staging from N0 to N1 in 75% and from N1 to N0 in 30% of the cases. Multicentricity/multifocality was identified sonographically and proved by FNA in 21% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography has a much higher sensitivity than mammography in detecting ILC and therefore is an important adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of this form of cancer. Routine examination of node-bearing areas in patients with ILC proved useful in refining the disease staging.     

Benign papillary lesions of the breast: sonographic-pathologic correlation.

We reviewed the sonographic findings of 42 benign papillary lesions of the breast and correlated them with pathologic findings. Sonography detected 95% of papillomas (22 intraluminal masses, four extraductal masses, nine purely solid masses, and five mixed type masses). The sonographic margins of the mass were well defined in 20 lesions and poorly defined in 14 lesions. Poorly defined margins on sonography were frequent in papillomas with pathologic pseudoinvasion and in juvenile papillomatosis. Most benign papillary lesions of the breast have the sonographic findings suggestive of intraductal origin. The sonographic findings of papillary lesions correlated well with pathologic findings.     

Sonographic features of benign papillary neoplasms of the breast: review of 22 patients

The sonographic features of 22 patients with histologically benign intraductal papillomas are presented, with clinical, mammographic, galactographic, and histopathologic correlation. The most common presenting feature in this series is a palpable central breast mass in an elderly woman. Sonography was abnormal in all 22 patients. The typical sonographic features include a well-defined, smooth-walled, solid, hypoechoic nodule or a lobulated, smooth-walled, cystic lesion with solid components. Dilated ducts are a common feature, often with visible solid intraluminal echoes. These findings suggest the diagnosis of an intraductal papilloma. The differential diagnosis includes fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor (for large solid lesions) and intracystic carcinoma (for complex cystic lesions). Mammograms are frequently normal (36% of patients). When abnormal, the mammographic features are of a smooth-walled, well-defined mass or increased retroareolar opacity. Contrary to the reported literature, calcification was seen infrequently. We conclude that ultrasonography is useful in the detection and delineation of intraductal papillomas.     

高频超声对甲状腺髓样癌的诊断价值

目的探讨高频超声在甲状腺髓样癌的诊断价值。方法对我院2005年9月～2010年9月经手术病理证实的甲状腺髓样癌（25个结节）的声像图特点进行、研究。选取同期甲状腺乳头状癌126个结节作为对照。并将每个结节评估为可疑恶性、良恶性不确定或可能良性。甲状腺髓样癌和乳头状癌之间的比较使用卡方检验。结果二维声像图上提示两者的位置、内部回声、边缘、回声强度、钙化形式、颈部淋巴结差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。甲状腺髓样癌的超声特征包括位于甲状腺中上极（68％）,实性结节（92％）,形状呈圆形或卵圆形（56％）,边缘模糊或可见毛刺（80％）,更低回声结节（52％）和钙化（52％）。25个甲状腺髓样癌的结节中20个（80％）被评估为可疑恶性结节。甲状腺髓样癌的平均长径为20±12．7mm,甲状腺乳头状癌平均长径为12±5．5mm,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。甲状腺髓样癌中圆形或卵圆形结节的比例大于甲状腺乳头状癌（P〈0．05）。结论甲状腺髓样癌除甲状腺恶性结节的一般特点外,还有相对特异性的声像图特征,超声检查可为临床早期诊断和手术治疗提供有价值的参考依据。     

Characteristic sonographic findings of Warthin's tumor in the parotid gland

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define the characteristic sonographic features of Warthin's tumors in the parotid gland, thus enhancing the ability to make a preoperative diagnosis of this disease process. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the sonograms of Warthin's tumors of the parotid gland that had been confirmed by histopathologic examination of surgically excised specimens from patients treated at our institution over a 2-year period. We recorded the echogenicity, shape, margin, and internal structure of the tumors and categorized them into 2 groups on the basis of size (< 5 cm versus > or =5 cm in the largest diameter). RESULTS: Eighteen patients (16 men and 2 women) with a mean age of 57 years (range, 29-82 years) were included in the analysis. One patient had 2 tumors (1 in each parotid gland); the other 17 patients each had only 1 tumor. Our review of the sonographic findings revealed that all 19 tumors were hypoechoic compared with the normal parenchyma of the affected parotid glands. Most of the tumors were ovoid, had well-defined margins, and contained multiple irregular, small, sponge-like anechoic areas. Tumors that were 5 cm or greater in diameter had a higher proportion of cystic content than smaller lesions had and in some cases were composed almost entirely of cystic material. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that the sonographic appearance of a Warthin's tumor in the parotid gland is distinctive: a well-defined round or ovoid hypoechoic mass containing microcystic anechoic areas. These sonographic features constitute useful criteria in the preoperative diagnosis of Warthin's tumor in the parotid gland, although sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.     

Prospective evaluation of the value of combined mammographic and sonographic assessment in patients with palpable abnormalities of the breast.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of combined mammographic and sonographic imaging in patients with palpable abnormalities of the breast. METHODS: Four hundred eleven consecutive cases of palpable abnormalities of the breast underwent combined mammographic and sonographic evaluation. Patients who did not undergo biopsy had imaging and clinical follow-up; the mean follow-up period was 28.9 months (range, 24-33 months). RESULTS: One hundred sixty-five (40.1%) of 411 palpable abnormalities had a benign assessment; 97 (58.7%) of the 165 benign lesions were visible on both mammography and sonography; 66 (40%) of 165 benign lesions were mammographically occult and identified at sonographic evaluation. In 60 (14.6%) of the 411 cases, imaging evaluation resulted in a suspicious assessment; 49 (81.7%) of the 60 lesions categorized as suspicious underwent biopsy; 14 (28.5%) of 49 lesions were histologically proved to be carcinoma. Nineteen (31.6%) of the 60 lesions categorized as suspicious were mammographically occult and identified only on sonography; 14 (73.7%) of these 19 lesions underwent biopsy; 12 (63.1%) of 19 were benign, and 2 (10.5%) were malignant. One hundred eighty-six (45.2%) of the 411 palpable abnormalities had negative imaging assessment findings; 12 patients with negative imaging findings underwent biopsy, and all had benign findings. The sensitivity (14 of 14) and negative predictive value (186 of 186) for a combined mammographic and sonographic assessment were 100%; the specificity was 80.1% (186 of 232). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer was diagnosed in 14 (3.4%) of 411 women who underwent combined imaging for palpable abnormalities of the breast. Combined mammographic and sonographic assessment was shown to be very helpful in identifying benign as well as malignant lesions causing palpable abnormalities of the breast.     

Metastatic tumors to the breast: mammographic and ultrasonographic findings.

We evaluated the mammographic (n = 16) and ultrasonographic (n = 15) findings of 18 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Fifteen patients showed multiple or diffuse lesions and three patients showed single lesions. Ten patients (55.6%) had bilateral lesions. Mammography revealed high density (15 cases, 93.8%), round to oval (11 cases, 68.8%) lesions with poorly defined or obscured margins (12 cases, 75.0%). No associated calcification was found in any lesion. Ultrasonographically, poorly defined (8 cases, 53.3%), irregularly shaped (8 cases, 53.3%), hypoechoic (14 cases, 93.3%), heterogeneous (8 cases, 53.3%) lesions were predominantly distributed superficially (11 cases, 73.3%). Axillary lymphadenopathy was detected in six patients (33.3%). The longest diameter of most of the lesions was less than 2.0 cm (13 cases, 81.3%). We conclude that metastatic tumors to the breast appear as relatively small, superficially located, poorly defined, irregular nodules without calcification on mammography and ultrasonography. However, when the metastatic lesion is diffuse, the appearance is indistinguishable from that of inflammatory breast carcinoma.     

低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤的超声表现分析

目的：分析低度恶性子宫内膜间质肉瘤（ESS）的超声特点,降低术前误诊率。方法：回顾性分析11例经手术及病理证实的低度恶性ESS的超声表现。结果：11例患者中,7例病灶位于肌壁间,4例位于宫腔;最大直径长径20~130 mm,平均为50.7 mm;形态为椭圆形8例、不规则2例、类圆形1例;边界清晰7例,不清晰4例;病灶内部回声均不均匀,低回声为主8例,等回声为主3例;呈＂斑片状＂表现6例,筛孔状暗区3例,中间为等回声,外周为低回声2例。4例合并其他疾病的低度恶性ESS病灶回声均与合并疾病病灶回声不一致。11例病灶中边缘及内部均可探及彩色血流信号,RI 0.41~0.78。结论：当超声发现肿瘤边界不清晰,向肌层浸润可能;内部回声不均匀,呈＂斑片状＂;子宫肿瘤内常合并其他性质病灶存在,而呈现多个病灶回声不一致声像;肿瘤边缘及内部探及中量血流,尤其是月经增多的育龄妇女,应警惕低度恶性ESS发生。     

Pregnancy- and lactation-associated breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mammographic and sonographic findings of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 22 consecutive patients with breast cancer pathologically diagnosed during pregnancy (n = 10) or lactation (n = 12) were included in this study. The ages of the patients ranged from 26 to 49 years. Both mammography and sonography were performed on 12 patients; sonography only was performed on 7 patients; and mammography only was performed on 3 patients. Mammographic and sonographic findings were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Mammography revealed positive findings in 13 (86.7%) of 15 patients, even though all 15 patients had dense breasts. Mammographic findings included masses (n = 5), masses with calcifications (n = 2), calcifications with axillary lymphadenopathy (n = 2), a mass with axillary lymphadenopathy (n = 1), calcifications alone (n = 1), asymmetric density alone (n = 1), and diffuse skin and trabecular thickening alone (n = 1). Sonographic findings were positive and showed masses for all 19 patients (100%). The common sonographic findings of masses were irregular shapes (n = 15), irregular margins (n = 16), parallel orientation (n = 11), complex echo patterns (n = 14, including marked cystic [anechoic] components [n = 4]), and posterior acoustic enhancement (n = 12). Surrounding tissue effects could be seen in 5 patients, including ductal changes (n = 2), Cooper ligament thickening (n = 1), edema (n = 3), and skin thickening (n = 3). Calcifications within or outside a mass (n = 7) and axillary lymphadenopathy (n = 8) were also detected. CONCLUSIONS: Although a mass could not be discernible by mammography because of increased radiodensity during pregnancy or lactation, calcification, asymmetric density, axillary lymphadenopathy, and skin and trabecular thickening were helpful for diagnosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Sonographic findings of a solid mass with posterior acoustic enhancement and a marked cystic component were somewhat different from the appearance of breast cancer in nonpregnant women, possibly because of the physiologic changes of pregnancy and lactation.     

Relationship between sonographic and pathologic findings in epidermal inclusion cysts

PURPOSE: We evaluated the sonographic findings in epidermal inclusion cysts and related them to the pathologic findings. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the sonograms and pathology specimens of 24 patients with pathologically proven epidermal inclusion cysts. We evaluated the lesions for shape, size, internal echogenicity, posterior sound enhancement, and presence of color Doppler signals. We classified the masses into 5 sonographic types according to their internal echogenicity. The relationship between the sonographic types and the pathologic findings was examined. RESULTS: The masses were ovoid or spherical in 17 cases (71%), lobulated in 5 (21%), and tubular in 2 (8%). The longest diameter ranged from 1 to 6 cm (mean, 3.1 cm). Twenty-three cases (96%) were associated with posterior sound enhancement. Color Doppler signals were absent in 20 cases, but some vascularity was noted in 4 ruptured epidermal cysts, in areas of granulation tissue. The most common sonographic type was a hypoechoic lesion with scattered echogenic reflectors (10 cases). Sonographic findings were related to the lamellation of keratin debris and the granulation tissue secondary to rupture. Most cases with a lobulated configuration (4 of 5) or color Doppler signals (4 of 4) were ruptured cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Epidermal inclusion cysts most often appeared sonographically as a hypoechoic mass containing variable echogenic foci without color Doppler signals. Ruptured epidermal cysts, however, may have lobulated contours and show color Doppler signals, mimicking a solid mass.     

乳腺囊实性病变的超声诊断

目的探讨不同病理类型乳腺囊实性病灶的超声声像图特点。方法根据病灶中囊性与实性所占的比例，对52例经病理确诊为乳腺良性或恶性囊实性病变患者的声像图表现进行回顾性分析，并以曲线下面积（ROC）评价超声对乳腺囊实性病变诊断的准确性。结果52例乳腺囊实性病变中超声显示以囊性为主15例，有规则或不规则实性厚壁或囊壁局部隆起，呈乳头样突入囊腔内；以实性为主27例，实性病灶内少许囊性区域或实性病灶周围液性无回声带环绕；囊实混合性10例，病灶内囊性及实性成分大致相等，相互混杂。超声及病理检查结果显示，52例中良性（40／52，76．9％）多于恶性（12／52，23．1％），良性与恶性病变检出率比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。良性病变可见上述各类声像图表现，但恶性囊实性病变主要表现为实性为主内含少许囊性区域。超声诊断乳腺囊性病变的ROC曲线下面积为0．893，对乳腺囊实性病变有诊断意义（P〈0．001）。结论乳腺囊实性病变的声像图有多种表现，正确认识不同表现的囊实性病变，有助于提高超声诊断符合率。     

乳腺黏液癌的声像图特点及病理学基础

目的探讨乳腺黏液癌的超声特征及病理学基础.方法对44例乳腺黏液癌的超声与病理特点进行回顾性分析.结果单纯型:本组28例,超声呈低或等回声,形态规则,边界清,内部回声均质,后方回声增强.病理黏液量多,部分边缘呈膨胀性生长.本组误诊率64%(18/28).混合型:本组16例,超声呈低或等回声,形态不规则,边界不清,内部回声不均质,后方回声不增强.病理黏液量少,边缘均呈浸润表现.误诊率19%(3/16).结论单纯型黏液癌类似良性疾病,了解其声像图特点对提高诊断率有一定帮助.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor (myoblastic tumor) of the breast: A case report and review of the literature

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the breast is a very rare cause of breast mass. To our knowledge, only a few cases have been described in the English literature. In this case, the lesion appeared on mammography as a round high‐density mass with ill‐defined margins and on sonography as an irregular mass of complex echogenicity with ill‐defined margins and an echogenic rim. The lesion was resected with no evidence of local recurrence after 3 years. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010