肺保护性通气策略在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗中的应用

目的探讨肺保护性通气策略在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗中的应用效果。方法将需进行机械通气治疗的60例NRDS患儿随机分成两组,即保护通气组和传统通气组,每组30例。对两组呼吸机设置、血气分析结果、呼吸机相关性肺损伤及其他临床资料进行比较分析。结果保护通气组呼吸机参数吸气峰压(PIP)和平均气道压(MAP)分别为(24.2±2.3)cmH2O和(9.7±2.8)cmH2O,显著低于传统通气组(28.6±3.4)cmH2O和(12.6±3.1)cmH2O(P均<0.01);呼气末正压(PEEP)为(5.8±0.6)cmH2O显著高于传统通气组(4.9±0.9)cmH2O(P<0.01);两组吸入氧浓度(FiO2)、吸气时间(Ti)和通气频率(VR)差异无显著性。保护通气组PaCO2为(53.4±6.7)mmHg高于传统通气组(40.8±10.6)mmHg,二者比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);两组PaO2分别为(63.5±19.6)mmHg和(67.8±18.1)mmHg,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。保护通气组呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VALI)的发生率为3%,显著低于传统通气组20%(P<0.05);两组脑室内出血(IVH)的发生率分别为20%和27%,动脉导管开放(PDA)的发生率分别为30%和23%,慢性肺疾病(CLD)的发生率分别为3%和10%,二者之间差异均无显著性(P均>0.05);两组上机时间、氧疗时间、住院时间和病死率之间比较差异亦无显著性(P均>0.05)。结论实施肺保护性通气策略可维持适当的肺气体交换,显著降低VALI的发生率,并不增加IVH、PDA和CLD的发生率,PaCO2尚维持在患儿可耐受的范围且无副作用。     

双水平气道正压通气与同步间歇指令通气治疗新生儿肺出血

目的:探讨双水平气道正压通气(BIPAP)与同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)模式联合气管内滴注凝血酶治疗新生儿肺出血的疗效。方法:将63例肺出血新生儿随机分为SIMV组(30例)和BIPAP组(33例),两组均同时采用气管内滴注注射血凝酶治疗,每种模式通气12 h,稳定后分别记录两组的呼吸力学指标RR、Vte、PIP(PEEPH)、Pmean、Crs、氧动力学指标Pa CO2、Pa O2、Sa O2、Pa O2/Fi O2;并比较两组患儿最终的病死率、肺出血停止平均时间、撤离呼吸机时间、镇静剂(咪达唑仑)使用总剂量(mg)和并发症发生率。结果:两组的呼吸力学指标:RR、PIP(PEEPH)和PmeanBIPAP组低于Sl MV组(P<0.05),而Crs BIPAP组高于SIMV组(P<0.05);氧动力学指标:Pa O2和Pa O2/Fi O2BIPAP组高于SIMV组(P<0.05);病死率两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肺出血停止平均时间、撤离呼吸机时间、镇静剂(咪达唑仑)使用总剂量BIPAP组均低于Sl MV组(P<0.05),BIPAP组并发症发生率高于Sl MV组(4.00%vs 31.82%,P<0.05)。结论:BIPAP通气模式人机协同性好;通过改善氧合及呼吸力学效应,有效防治肺出血,缩短病程,减少呼吸机相关并发症的发生,治疗新生儿肺出血优于SIMV。     

平台压监测在ARDS机械通气中的应用

目的探讨平台压监测在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气患者中的应用价值。方法选取2014年1月—2016年1月在肇庆市第一人民医院住院治疗的32例成年ARDS患者为研究对象,按随机原则分为两组。观察组患者应用平台压监测指导ARDS机械通气参数的设置,维持平台压<30～35 cmH2O。对照组患者应用6 ml/kg的小潮气量机械通气模式。通过监测治疗前和治疗后患者生命体征、平台压、静态顺应性(cst)、血气分析、氧合指数、降钙素原(PCT)、APACHEII评分和痰培养结果,比较两组患者机械通气效果。结果两组患者治疗前的平台压、静态顺应性、氧合指数、PCT、APACHEII评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经治疗后观察组平台压为(23.43±1.87)cmH2O,PCT为(1.93±1.87)μg/L,APACHEII为(15.28±2.13),较对照组平台压、PCT、APACHE II [(25.30±1.70)cmH2O、(8.35±11.57)μg/L、(16.33±2.15)低,而观察组的静态顺应性为(41.56±3.4)ml/cmH2O],氧合指数为(106.67±27.14)mmHg,较对照组静态顺应性(37.85±2.23)ml/cmH2O,氧合指数(83.68±21.68)mmHg高。住院期间观察组患者病死率为31.25%,呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发病率为25.00%,而对照组病死率为50.00%,VAP发病率为43.75%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ARDS机械通气患者应限制平台压及连续监测平台压,根据平台压设置个体化的机械通气参数。     

腹腔高压对急性肺损伤猪呼吸系统的影响

目的评价在急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)时腹腔高压(intraabdominal hypertension,IAH)对呼吸系统的影响。方法将6只家猪按实验过程中的不同状态分组,分为基础状态,ALI和ALI+IAH组,基础状态为ALI成模前状态,ALI是稀盐酸(pH<2.5)气管内灌注直至PaO2/FiO2≤150,IAH是通过气腹机注入氮气将腹内压提升至20 mmHg。观察以上三组维持机械通气1 h后的氧合指标和呼吸力学指标的变化。结果 (1)氧合:ALI+IAH组PaO2/FiO2为(84±10)mmHg明显低于基础状态(374±46)mmHg和ALI组(135±15)mmHg(P<0.05)。(2)呼吸力学:ALI+IAH组胸壁顺应性(Ccw)为(26.0±2.8)ml/cmH2O显著低于基础状态(117.1±6.4)ml/cmH2O和ALI组(86.7±5.6)ml/cmH2O,(P<0.05)。ALI和ALI+IAH的肺顺应性(Cl)分别为(15.1±1.1)ml/cmH2O及(13.0±0.9)ml/cmH2O,均明显低于基础状态(40.5±2.6)ml/cmH2O,(P<0.05)。ALI与ALI+IAH比较,差值无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ALI+IAH组呼气末跨肺压(Ptp)为(-3.5±0.8)cmH2O显著低于基础状态(-0.5±1.2)cmH2O和ALI组(-1.3±0.5)cmH2O,(P<0.05)。结论当ALI伴IAH时以胸壁顺应性显著下降为主,同时引起跨肺压进一步下降,在ALI伴IAH行机械通气时更应关注腹内压(IAP)对胸壁顺应性的影响及跨肺压的改变。     

小儿肺出血17例临床分析

目的 分析17例小儿肺出血的病因,总结其治疗特点.方法 分析肺出血的临床表现及凝血功能检查结果,探讨主要治疗措施的特点和疗效.结果 17例肺出血患儿中,雏生素K缺乏症3例,血友病B1例,重症感染性肺炎2例,吸八性肺炎1例,汽油中毒l例.肺出血组PT、APTT的均值分别比对照组显著延长.差异有显著性(P<0.001).机械通气指标:呼吸机参数:FiO2为0.6～1.0、RR为(38.1±6.4)次/min、PIP为(33.5±3.4)cmH2O、PEEP为(8.2±3.1)cmH2O、I:E为1:1.1～1:1.5.7例为常频通气 高频通气,呼吸机参数:FiO2为0.5～0.8、RR为(35.2±5.6)次/min、PIP为(28.6±3.2)cmH2O、PEEP为(6.6±3.1)cmH2O、I:E为1:1.1～1:1.5.HFV频率一般设于8～12 Hz之间,振荡幅度(即△P)5～15.HFV频率一般设于8～12 Hz之间,振荡幅度(即△P)5～15.给予榆注凝血酶原复合物、输血、输血浆、静滴酚妥拉明,8例均成活.结论 小儿肺出血有多种病因.补充凝血酶原复合物合并应用不同机械通气方式治疗肺出血是有效的.     

部分液体通气对油酸型兔急性肺损伤的治疗作用及其CT影像学表现

目的观察部分液体通气对油酸型兔急性肺损伤的治疗作用及肺部CT影像的变化。方法16只健康成年大白兔经油酸致伤后随机分为二组,常规机械通气组和部分液体通气(PLV)组,每组8只,于各观察时相点检测动脉血气、肺静态顺应性,并于治疗前后行肺部CT扫描。结果PLV组PaO2从(109±22)mmHg升高到(194±38)mmHg(P<0.05),PaCO2从(53±7)mmHg降低到(45±7)mmHg(P<0.05),肺静态顺应性从(1.3±0.3)mL/cmH2O升高到(1.7±0.3)mL/cmH2O(P<0.05),血气指标及肺顺应性的改善均优于常规机械通气组。CT显示油酸型兔急性肺损伤兔肺组织呈现明显的重力依赖性分布,全氟化碳主要分布在肺的重力依赖区。结论部分液体通气治疗急性肺损伤时,全氟化碳在肺内的分布是不均一的,主要分布于肺的重力依赖区,与肺的损伤部位一致,有利于发挥治疗作用。     

双水平正压通气对慢阻肺患者行椎管内麻醉及手术时呼吸功能的影响

目的 探讨双水平正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者在椎管内麻醉及手术中呼吸支持的效果.方法 选择23例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭拟行下腹部或下肢手术的患者,腰-硬联合麻醉后行双水平正压(BiPAP)通气,BiPAP呼吸机采用S/T模式,设定呼吸频率为15次/min,吸气相压力(IPAP)为10～16cmH1O,呼气相压力(EPAP)为4 cmH1O.吸入氧浓度为50%.监测无创血压、呼吸、心电图、脉搏氧饱和度、麻醉前、BiPAP通气后1 h及脱机30 min后的动脉血气值.结果 患者BiPAP通气后动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO1)显著降低,从(62.6±13.1)mmHg降至(51.0±8.7)mmHg(P<0.01);动脉血氧分压(PaO1)显著增高,从(54.3±12.2)mmHg升至(71.4±14.5)mmHg(P<0.01);动脉血pH显著增高,从(7.31±0.09)升至(7.39±0.07),(P<0.01);脱离BiPAP通气30 min后动脉血气比麻醉前基础水平略有改善,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 双水平正压通气可明显改善COPD患者在低平面阻滞麻醉及手术期呼吸功能.     

高频振荡通气在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的观察高频振荡通气(HFOV)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的应用价值及安全性。方法40例NRDS患儿,20例应用HFOV治疗,20例应用常频机械通气(CMV)治疗,观察治疗前后24h内呼吸机参数和氧合参数的变化。结果HFOV组24h内吸氧浓度(Fi02)从0.85±0.13降至0.50±0.06(P<0.01);平均气道压(MAP)从(15.3±1.8)cmH2O降至(11.2±2.3)cmH2O(P<0.01),二氧化碳分压(PCO2)从(7.1±0.8)kPa降至(5.2±0.9)kPa(P<0.01)。HFOV期间血压、心率无异常。结论HFOV治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征,通气效果明显优于CMV,氧合改善快,短时间内氧浓度、MAP下降更快,是一种疗效肯定、安全性好的新型机械通气方法。     

纳洛酮辅助无创通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床效果

目的研究纳洛酮辅助无创机械通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭的临床效果。方法选择2014年3月至2015年4月在泰州市第二人民医院接受治疗的老年COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者82例,依据随机数字表法分为两组,各41例。对照组采用无创机械通气进行治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用纳洛酮2 mg+0.9%氯化钠溶液100 m L,利用微泵(10 m L/h)静脉输注进行治疗,治疗周期均为5 d。比较两组患者的总体疗效及治疗前后的血气指标[动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO_2)、氧合指数(OI)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)]、呼吸力学指标[内源性呼气末正压(PEEPi)、气道阻力、静态顺应性(Cst)]、生活质量、呼吸频率、心率、脑钠钛水平变化。结果治疗后,两组患者的总体疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的PaO_2、SaO_2、OI、Cst较治疗前升高,且观察组显著高于对照组[(94.7±7.6)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 k Pa)比(83.4±6.3)mmHg,(0.95±0.04)比(0.91±0.04),(307.4±28.4)mmHg比(291.7±21.7)mmHg,(29.5±2.8)m L/cmH_2O(1 cmH_2O=0.098 k Pa)比(27.4±2.5)m L/cmH_2O](P<0.05);Pa CO2、PEEPi、气道阻力、呼吸频率、心率、脑钠钛水平较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组[(54.1±3.9)mmHg比(62.3±4.1)mmHg,(4.2±1.1)cmH_2O比(5.2±1.3)cmH_2O,(15.8±1.9)cmH_2O/(L·s)比(17.7±2.0)cmH_2O/(L·s),(20.8±6.4)次/min比(25.1±5.3)次/min,(87.6±7.4)次/min比(93.4±7.1)次/min,(308.2±38.5)ng/L比(341.8±41.4)ng/L](P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的躯体功能、情绪功能、生活技能、治疗满意情况评分及总分均较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组[(23.2±4.6)分比(17.3±3.4)分,(18.6±3.3)分比(13.4±2.9)分,(21.5±4.8)分比(18.5±3.2)分,(14.7±2.9)分比(12.4±3.9)分,(77.8±8.3)分比(60.7±7.4)分](P<0.05)。结论纳洛酮辅助无创机械通气能够显著改善老年COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者肺功能,改善血气指标,降低血浆脑钠肽水平,临床疗效确切,可在临床推广应用。     

肺保护性通气对急性肺损伤患者的影响

目的观察肺保护性通气对急性肺损伤(ALI)患者的影响。方法40例ALI患者均在常规治疗的基础上予以机械通气(SIMV模式),随机分为传统通气组和肺保护性通气组,每组各20例。记录ALI患者机械通气后即刻2、h6、h2、4 h及48 h的动脉血气结果、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、气道平台压(PPlat)、吸入峰值压(PPeak)、呼吸系统顺应性(Crs)、呼气末正压(PEEP)、内源性PEEP(PEEPi)及28 d死亡率。结果肺保护性通气组在机械通气48 h后PaCO2明显增加[(48.6±3.5)mm Hg比(37.7±3.1)mm Hg,P<0.05],同时伴pH值明显下降[(7.25±0.16)比(7.33±0.23),P<0.05];两组患者在机械通气后PaO2/FiO2均有改善,且肺保护性通气组在通气后6 h明显优于传统通气组[(156±12)比(146±15),P<0.05];传统通气组的PPlat和PPeak均明显高于肺保护性通气组[通气24 h后分别为:(22.1±1.3)cm H2O比(16.6±2.1)cm H2O,(28.3±3.7)cm H2O比(24.6±2.1)cm H2O;通气48 h后分别为:(24.4±1.6)cm H2O比(16.5±1.7)cm H2O,(31.7±3.5)cm H2O比(25.3±2.3)cm H2O;P均<0.05];肺保护性通气组的PEEPi略高于传统通气组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肺保护性通气组的28 d死亡率小于传统通气组(10%比20%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肺保护性通气可改善ALI患者的氧合而不增加死亡率。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.