溶剂萃取法分离Sn,Zn

研究了以TBP从盐酸溶液中萃取分离锡与锌,发现如用煤油作稀释剂,则萃取过程会出现第三相。选用MIBK或癸醇作调相剂来消除第三相。作者解释了当用MIBK作调相剂,盐酸浓度大于7mol/L时,又会出现第三相的原因。萃取的最佳条件为:25%TBP-10%MIBK(或癸醇)-65%煤油;室温;6mol/L HCl;负载有机相中的杂质离子Zn~(2+)用6mol/L HCl洗涤,一次洗涤率达95%左右;负载有机相中的锡用0.24mol/L HCl反萃。实验比较了TBP萃取Sn~(4+)与Sn~(2+)的性能,解释了Sn~(4+)比Sn~(2+)略易萃取的原因。由于Sn~(4+),Zn~(2+)的竞争萃取,D_(Zn~(2+))随初始水相中[Sn~(4+)]的增加而减小,但当[Sn~(2+)]小于18g/L时,D_(Zn~(2+))几乎不变。     

从含Sn,Zn,Cu,Pb,In的盐酸溶液中用TBP萃取Sn

文题的最佳工艺条件为:25%TBP-10%癸醇-65%煤油,3mol/LHCl,20～30℃。负载有机相中的杂质离子Zn~(2+),Cu~(2+),In~(3+),Pb~(2+)用约5mol/L盐酸洗涤除去。负载有机相中的Sn~(4+)用0.24mol/L HCl反萃。萃取及反萃取的理论级数分别为2和7级。     

TBP从盐酸溶液中萃取锡的稀释剂效应

TBP从盐酸溶液中萃取Sn~(4+)时,其稀释剂的影响不仅与稀释剂的性质有关,而且与盐酸浓度,萃取剂浓度,初始水相中锡的浓度等有关。只有[HCl]<6mol/L,[TBP]<40%,[Sn~(4+)]_(in)<1.5g/L时,才能排除这些因素的影响,因为这时各种稀释剂对Sn~(4+)的分配比D_(Sn~(4+))随这些因素的变化趋势相一致。在TBP-SnCl_4-HCl体系中,对于非极性类稀释剂,若按D_(Sn~(4+))的大小来排列,则烷烃类(环己烷、正己烷、正庚烷)>芳烃类(苯)>卤代烃类(四氯化碳),且可用稀释剂的极化率与摩尔体积等因素来解释;对于极性类有接受电子基团的稀释剂,则硝基苯>1,2-二氯乙烷>氯苯>氯仿,可用稀释剂的偶极矩、介电常数、溶解度参数或粘度等物性参数来解释其规律。     

从盐酸溶液中萃取铟

报道了几种常用的萃取剂从盐酸溶液中革取In3~+的性能分析。发现在较高的盐酸浓度下,N235、TBP萃取In~(3+)的能力均较大,分配比达到最大时所对应的盐酸浓度随萃取剂浓度的增加而减小。初步探讨了N263-MIBK,N235-MIBK,N235-N263从盐酸溶液中苹取In~(3+)时的协同作用,发现对In~(3+)均有明显的协同效应。对于N263-MIBK,协萃分配比在N263和MIBK的浓度分别为0.08 mol/L,4.8 mol/L时达到最大,最大值为580。改变盐酸浓度和温度,协萃分配比亦有较大的变化,但协萃比变化不大。在盐酸浓度为4.5mol/L时,协萃分配比达到最大。     

磷钨杂多酸的萃取

实验获知,N,N-二(1-甲基庚基)-乙酰胺(N503)的萃取效果优于醇、酮类萃取剂;有机相中加入长碳链酸性含磷萃取剂(OA-4),显示了一定的协萃效应。以5份N503-10份OA-4-20份TBP-65份磺化煤油(体积比)为萃取体系,在[HCl]=5mol/L,相比1∶1,[WO_3]_(2)=50.11g/L,W/P=11.9时,进行文题研究,结果表明:D_W≈1.16×10~3,用2mol/L氨水反萃,单级反萃率≈60%。初步探讨了协萃机理,在[HCl]=4～6mol/L时,N503-OA-4萃取磷钨酸为离子缔合萃取。N503质子化后,与磷钨杂多酸根阴离子缔合,OA-4则作为配位体进入协萃络合物以降低络合物的亲水性,进一步提高分配比。其协萃络合物的组成认为是(?)_2~+·[HPW_(12)O_(40)]~(2-)·(HA)     

从菱锌矿氯化浸出液中萃取锌和镉——Ⅰ.萃取提锌过程

从主要含锌、镉、铁和铅的菱锌矿盐酸浸出液中选择性地萃取锌,提出了浸取-萃取-电积提锌的湿法炼锌过程。锌由75%(v/v)的磷酸三丁酯(TBP)-煤油溶液从浸出液中选择性地萃入有机相、负载的有机相分别用电解液和废电解液洗涤和反萃,反萃液可直接用于电解从而获得高纯的金属锌。     

Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of Cu~(2+) and Zn~(2+) for Xenopus Laevis, Assayed by the FETAX Procedure

Cupric chloride (CuCl_2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl_2) were tested by the FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay: xenopus) procedure.Results: In control embryos, the survival rate at 101h post-fertilization was>95%) and teratogenic rate was>7%. The teratogenic concentrations (EC_(10), EC_(50), EC_(90)) of Cu~(2+) were 0.9, 2.5 and 4.4μmol/L; the embryolethal concentrations(LC_(10), LC_(50), LC_(90)) of Cu~(2+) were 10, 22 and 40 μmol/L; the teratogenic index(TI=LC_(50)/EC_(50))for Cu~(2+) was 8.8. EC_(10),EC_(50),EC_(90) of Zn~(2+) were 6.7,40 and 70μmol/L: LC_(10), LC_(50), LC_(90) of Zn~(2+) were 410, 850 and 1080μmol/L, TI for Zn~(2+) was 21. TI(1.5) was considered the threshold for positive teratogenicity in the FETAX assay. Both metal ions were shown to be potential teratogens for xenopus(TI>1.5). Mortality and teratogenic rate in embryos exposed to Cu~(2+) and Zn~(2+) were shown concentration-response relation. Head-to tail lengths of the tadpoles, measured at 101h post-fertilization were negative correlation with the Cu~(2+) and Zn~(2+) concentrations (r=0.95). The minimum concentration to inhibit growth,(MCIG) was 10 μmol/ L for Cu~(2+) and 300 μmol/L for Zn~(2+).The anomalies observed in Cu~(2+) and Zn~(2+) exposed tadpoles primarily affected the face、eyes、heart、gut、notochord and fins. The most common facial anomaly was a beak-like deformity of the snout, eye malformations included incomplete closure of the choroid fissure, herniation of the selera. Cardioproptosis was frequent findings, hypertrophy and distention of the gut were commonly noted. Flexion was frequent at the tip of the notochord or at the midsection of the notochord, associated with broad, ruffled fins. The authors emphasize that caution and scientific judgment must be used in extrapolating the results of FETAX assays to predict teratogenic risks for man and other mammals.     

TSH和Carbachol对甲状腺细胞内游离钙的动员作用

研究促甲状腺激素(TSH)和 Carbachol(Cch)对猪甲状腺细胞 Ca~(2+)的动员作用的结果表明,0.01～10mU/ml TSH 或10~(-5)～10~(-4)mol/L Cch 可引起甲状腺细胞[Ca~(2+)]急性升高.甲状腺细胞对 TSH 或 Cch 反应的敏感性在贴壁的单层细胞高于细胞悬液,在近汇合单层细胞高于汇合单层细胞。TSH 和 Cch 均能在无钙/EGTA 缓冲介质中刺激猪甲状腺细胞[Ca~(2+)]升高,提示此升高的[Ca~(2+)]源自细胞内储藏 Ca~(2+)的动员。     

马钱子碱抗血小板聚集及其对凝血酶诱导血小板内游离钙的变化

①以Born和O′Brien法进行血小板聚集实验,可见马钱子碱(Brucine,B)和士的宁(Strychnine,S)各10~(-5)～10~(-3)mol/L明显抑制ADP、Epi和Thrombin诱导的人血小板聚集作用,呈剂量依赖性。②用Fura-2/AM检测B对Thrombin诱导人血小板内游离钙[Ca~(2+)]i的变化。结果:静息[Ca~(2+)]i值为111.14±11.71nmol/L(n=12)。Thrombin诱导的[Ca~(2+)]i峰值为1015±36.38nmol/L。B10~(-4)、10~(-3)mol/L分别使Thrombin诱导的[Ca~(2+)]i值下降至328.68±17.81和94.17±4.9nmol/L。在EGTA螯合血小板外钙[Ca~(2+)]o情况下,Thrombin诱导的[Ca~(2+)]i峰值为218.55±56.2nmol/L与静息[Ca~(2+)]i相比具有非常显著差异(P<0.01),提示Thrombin促血小板内钙释放;B10~(-4)、10~(-3)mol/L分别使其[Ca~(2+)]i值下降至89.93±6.31和75.49±4.37nmol/L,上述结果提示:B抑制Thrombin的促外钙内流及内钙释放,呈剂量依赖性。     

β3-肾上腺素能受体对心力衰竭大鼠心室肌细胞内静息Ca2+浓度的调控及其转导途径

目的 观察β_3-肾上腺素能受体(β_3-AR)对心力衰竭大鼠心室肌细胞内静息Ca~(2+)浓度([Ca~(2+)]I)的调控及其转导途径.方法 通过结扎冠状动脉前降支制备大鼠实验性心力衰竭模型,经典酶分离法分离心肌细胞,Fluo-3/AM染色,激光共聚焦显微镜观察B_3-AR兴奋剂BRL-37344以及合用PTX(Gi抑制剂)、L-NAME(NOS抑制剂)、Methylene blue (NO抑制剂)时对心室肌细胞内静息Ca~(2+)浓度的影响及其转导途径.结果 在心力衰竭和正常对照大鼠,β_3-AR激动剂BRL37344(1 μmol/L)分别使心室肌细胞内[Ca~(2+)]I下调至用药前水平的59.4%、45.5%(P<0.05);在分别用L-NAME(10μmoI/L)、Methylene blue(10 μmol/L)、PTX(2μg/ml)阻断下,BRL37344(1μmol/L)使正常对照大鼠[Ca~(2+)]I分别下降10.1%、16.9%、15.4%,而在心力衰竭大鼠[Ca~(2+)]I分别下降16.9%、19.3%、11.7%.结论 β_3-AR激动剂可以使心室肌细胞内[Ca~(2+)]I下调,心力衰竭心肌下调程度较轻,其作用是通过PTX-NOS-NO转导.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effect of β_3-adrenoceptor (AR) in regulating resting intracellular Ca_(2+) concentration of the ventricular myocytes and investigate the signaling pathway in rats with experimental heart failure. Methods Rat models of experimental heart failure were established by ligation of the anterior descending artery, and the myocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion. The resting intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration was determined using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in the cells stimulated with 1 μmol/L BRL37344 (a selective β_3-AR agonist) alone or in combination with PTX,L-NAME, or methylene blue. Result In the ventricular myocytes from normal control rats, BRL373444 reduced the resting intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration of by 45.5%, while the reduction increased to 59.4% in the cells from rats with heart failure. In combination with L-NAME (10 μmol/L), methylene blue (10 μmol/L), and PTX (2 μg/ml), BRL373444 caused a reduction in resting intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration of the ventricle myocytes from normal control rats by 10.1%, 16.9%, and 15.4%,respectively in control group, while the rate was 16.9%, 19.3%, and 11.7% in the heart failure group. Conclusion β_3-AR agonist can decrease the resting intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration of the ventricular myocytes, but the reduction is smaller in cells from rats with heart failure than in cells of normal rats. This effect is mediated through the PTX-NOS-NO pathway.     

萃取过程中的盐析效应

以磷酸三丁酯萃取富马酸和从盐酸溶液中苹取Sn~(4+),三烷基氧化磷革取苹果酸、琥珀酸,二丁基亚矾从天然磷矿的盐酸分解液中萃取盐酸和磷酸为例,进行了萃取过程盐析效应的研究。提出了盐析剂浓度对被萃物分配比或萃取率经验公式,并用文献中的数据对此经验公式进行了检验,计算值与实验值吻合较好。     

用十二烷基苯磺酸钠萃取酪氨酸

用溶剂萃取法从盐酸介质中萃取酪氨酸。以十一烷基苯磺酸钠为萃取剂，以磺化煤油为稀释剂，磷酸三丁酯为调相剂，考察了各种因素对酪氨酸分配比的影响，确定了萃取及反萃过程的最佳工艺条件。研究了萃取反萃过程的热效应，计算了萃取和反萃取的理想级数。     

以胶体粒子为模板制备含磁药物胶囊

以低度交联的单分散三聚氰胺甲醛(M F)微球作为胶体模板,采用层层静电自组装技术,交替组装带正电的聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)和带负电的聚4-苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS),得到具有核壳结构的复合微球,然后利用盐酸溶液将模板M F微球溶解,制得均匀的空腔胶囊。在N aC l浓度为0.7 m o l/L,pH<3时,将抗癌药物盐酸多柔米星(DOX)和磁流体同时封装到聚电解质胶囊中,可得到含磁药物胶囊,磁性粒子分散在胶囊的壳层和空腔内。该含磁药物胶囊具有良好的磁响应性和药物缓释性。     

Synergistic effect of zinc and vitamin A on T cell functions

Objective To determine whether supplementation of zinc and vitamin A may improve the function of T cells in human PBMC. Methods T cells were separated and cultured in vitro,supplemented with either Zn or vitamin A alone,or both Zn and vitamin A(10-6 mol/L,10-5 mol/L,10-4 mol/L). After harvesting,cell proliferation,cell cycle,apoptosis,expression or function of cell-surface molecules,such as CD3 ,CD4 ,and CD8 were detected. Results Higher proliferation level and lower apoptosis level were observed in cells supplemented with both Zn and vitamin A,showing the strongest effect(P<0.05). Zn-supplement increased the CD4 /CD3 cell percentage,and simultaneously decreased the CD8 /CD3 cell population. VA-supplement showed the opposite effect in comparison with Zn-supplement. Conclusion T-cell function can be improved,depending on the zinc and/or vitamin A supplemented.     

聚偏氟乙烯支撑液膜萃取乳酸

采用聚偏氟乙烯固体微孔膜,与溶解在煤油中的三烷基氧磷组成支撑液膜(SLM),分离稀水溶液中的乳酸。考察了pH值、料液浓度、载体浓度、温度、料液及解析液流量对传质速率的影响。同时进行了膜稳定性的定性研究。发现乳酸以分子形式通过SLM;载体浓度为40%时传质速率最大;SLM对乳酸的通量与稀水溶液中乳酸浓度成正比。料液和解析液预先用有机相饱和时,膜的稳定性可大大改善。     

磷酸三丁酯萃取酚类的机理性研究

测得磷酸三丁脂萃取苯酚和间甲酚的平衡等温线，表明ＴＢＰ具有很高的萃取分配比，探讨了盐析效应，采用双对数斜率法和连续变量法分别测得ＴＢＰ与苯酚，间甲酚的萃合物的组成比。