自体骨移植的替代物(摘要)

骨移植有利于骨的愈合,可用于重建或修复骨缺损。由于自体骨可提供的骨量有限,故其替代物已广泛应用于临床。理想的移植替代物应可提供四种成分:①骨传导基质,②骨诱导因子,③生骨细胞,④结构完整性。目前应用的移植替代物包括:同种异体松/皮质骨、陶瓷、脱钙质骨基质骨髓及复合移植物。其临床应用取决于它们本身的结构和生化特性。见表1。     

深低温冷冻同种异体骨修复骨缺损的临床应用

采用－８０℃深低温冷冻同种异体骨植骨治疗缺损３２例。四肢良性肿瘤１７例，恶性肿瘤２例，创伤性骨缺损６例，重建椎体６例，重建跟重１例，异体骨加自体骨移植１８例，单纯异体骨１４例，大块异体骨移植１４例。Ｘ线片显示移植骨与宿主骨愈合良好，认为深低温冷冻同种异体骨是一种较理想的骨缺损修复材料。     

血管化组织工程骨修复骨缺损的研究进展

随着我国经济的发展,交通事故、建筑事故等创伤,以及先天畸形、骨肿瘤、创伤后感染等引起临床骨缺损患者数量呈逐年上升趋势.目前主要采用自体骨、异体骨或人工骨移植修复骨缺损.但以上方法仍存在种种不足:自体骨移植来源有限,取骨增加了患者痛苦:同种异体骨有传播肝炎、艾滋病等疾病的危险:异种异体骨移植一直存在免疫排斥这一难题.单纯人工骨移植往往只能起骨传导作用.     

胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损修复重建的研究进展

目的对胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损的修复重建方式进行综述。方法查阅国内外胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损重建方式的相关文献,从保留踝关节术及非保留踝关节术两方面进行总结分析。结果对于胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损的修复重建,除了常规的同种异体骨移植、带血管自体腓骨移植、同种异体骨复合带血管腓骨移植、瘤段灭活回植、牵张成骨及骨搬运技术外,临床已逐渐开始应用膜诱导成骨技术、人工肿瘤干假体、3D打印金属骨小梁假体、踝关节融合术、人工肿瘤踝关节置换术。另外,因胫骨下段恶性肿瘤患者生存期较长,骨缺损修复重建后的功能恢复也受到越来越多关注。结论胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损修复重建方式已获得长足进步,但对于最佳方式仍存在争议。随着近年来3D打印技术及各类术前模拟技术的出现,个性化、精准化修复重建胫骨下段大段瘤性骨缺损成为可能,需要进一步探讨研究。     

深低温冷冻同种异体骨修复骨缺损的临床应用

采用—80℃深低温冷冻同种异体骨植骨治疗缺损32例。四肢良性肿瘤17例,恶性肿瘤2例,创伤性骨缺损6例,重建椎体6例,重建跟骨1例,异体骨加自体骨移植18例,单纯异体骨14例,大块异体骨移植14例。本组除1例感染失败,1例异体骨与宿主骨皮质端不愈合外其余30例切口Ⅰ期愈合,无排斥反应。X线片显示移植骨与宿主骨愈合良好,认为深低温冷冻同种异体骨是一种较理想的骨缺损修复材料。     

同种异体骨移植的研究进展

同种异体骨移植是目前临床广泛使用于治疗各种骨缺损和促进脊柱融合的方法。根据处理方式的不同,同种异体骨可以分为：新鲜异体骨、深冻骨、冷冻干燥骨（fresh frozen allograft, FFA）和脱钙骨基质（demineralized bone matrix, DBM）。同种异体骨与新鲜的自体骨的愈合机制有着本质不同,其主要依靠“爬行替代”实现与宿主骨的融合,因此愈合速度慢、愈合质量差,容易发生骨不连和移植骨骨折,故存在较高的失败率。而复合生长因子、复合间充质干细胞以及红骨髓等方法可以提高异体骨愈合的速度。利用组织工程的原理与方法,采用复合移植的方法使异体骨得到活化,是今后异体骨移植研究与应用的发展方向。     

大段同种异体骨移植重建四肢骨大段骨缺失

[目的] 探讨同种异体骨移植对大面积骨缺失的治疗.[方法] 骨缺失的修复几个世纪以来一直是骨外科工作者不断研究的重要课题.自体骨移植虽然得到普遍认同,但大面积的骨缺失却无法取得足够的自体骨,而人体同种异体骨移植材料和自体骨非常相近,它具有人骨的三维孔隙结构、更好的材料学和生物学特性,并在骨传导和骨诱导能力上有更强优势.但是如何将大段骨缺失用同种异体骨移植,降低移植骨宿主炎性反应及免疫排斥,完成骨诱导、骨传导以及移植骨逐步被自体骨替代的过程,自2000年5月-2004年7月作者收治了共3例四肢骨大段缺失的病人,将不同节段的、长度分别为6～12 cm的同种异体骨进行移植,同时进行了有效固定和抗免疫排斥处理.[结果] 移植均获得成功,每位患者随访2年以上,最长随访3年,患者复诊时x线片显示移植骨逐步被自体骨替代,患肢功能恢复正常.[结论] 经有效地固定和抗免疫排斥处理的大段同种异体骨的移植,能使肢体大段骨缺损重建.     

自固化磷酸钙复合BMP及同种异体骨修复兔股骨大段骨缺损

[目的] 观察一种新型自固化磷酸钙（CPC）复合BMP与同种异体骨修复兔股骨节段性骨缺损的效果，为临床复合应用大段同种异体骨移植提供参考。[方法] 54只新西兰大白兔随机分成3组，于一侧股骨中上段造成2cm长皮质骨缺损模型，分别进行：A组复合BMP与CPC的新鲜冷冻同种异体骨移植；B组单纯新鲜冷冻同种异体骨移植；C组自体大段骨移植。移植骨均用直径3mm三棱髓内针固定。于术后4、8、12周，进行影像学、组织学检查，对比各组移植骨愈合过程与修复效果。[结果] CPC复合BMP大段同种异体骨移植早期骨修复效果优于单纯异体骨移植（P〈0．01），与自体骨移植修复效果相似，至12周3组均达骨性愈合，以A组及C组骨修复塑形较好。CPC复合BMP组骨痂量较多，分布于移植骨与宿主骨结合部及移植骨周围，形成皮质骨外骨桥，并较早在异体骨外表面形成破骨与成骨，异体骨内哈佛氏管扩大，衬垫细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞及血细胞较其它组多。CPC随着新骨的形成及改建塑形逐步缓慢降解。[结论] CPC复合BMP对大段同种异体骨移植的愈合及替代有增强和促进作用。     

同种异体骨制备保存研究进展

同种异体骨已成为临床上治疗创伤、肿瘤、感染、骨吸收等原因所致骨缺损移植的重要材料.同种异体骨的制备保存一直是骨移植研究的重点.目前主要有低温、深冻或冻干等保存方法,再经灭菌和消除免疫原性等处理,制备出清洁、无菌、无病毒、保留一定生物活性和生物力学特性的同种异体骨.该文就同种异体骨制备保存的研究进展作一综述.     

自体腓骨移植修复病理性骨缺损

目的观察自体腓骨移植在病理性骨缺损治疗中的应用和长期疗效。方法 2008年5月至2015年7月我院共收治23例病理性骨缺损患者。其中男14例,女9例;年龄0.5~72岁,平均22岁。7例采用带血管腓骨移植,16例采用不带血管的腓骨移植,5例合并髂骨移植,2例合并同种异体骨移植,1例合并髂骨及人工骨移植。结果 20例获得随访,随访时间5~84个月,平均24.7个月。X线检查显示17例移植骨成活,恢复肢体功能。骨愈合时间3~39个月,3例移植骨不愈合。结论采用自体腓骨移植修复病理性骨缺损是一种较理想的治疗方案。     

Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for treatment of a posttraumatic defect of the lateral tibial plateau: a case report with two-year follow-up

Posttraumatic osteochondral defects following a tibial plateau fracture are common and a serious complication that may lead to the development of posttraumatic arthrosis. Successful reconstruction of the tibial plateau must include restoration of limb alignment, repair of bone defects, restoration of the articular cartilage, and preservation of the menisci. When osteochondral defects are present, the use of bulk bone grafts to restore the original articular surface anatomy of the tibial plateau is difficult due to incongruity between the graft and the original joint surface. Recognizing this, an autologous osteochondral transplantation utilizing the mosaic technique was performed successfully on a 32-year-old male alpine skier with a posttraumatic osteochondral defect following a tibial plateau fracture. At 2 years postsurgery, the patient had regained the capacity to perform most activities of daily living and to participate in sports. Clinical examination revealed an improvement of the Lysholm score from 48 points to 72 points.     

Bone grafts in orthopedic surgery

In orthopedic surgery the demand for the use of bone grafts increases daily because of the increasing quantity and complexity of surgical procedures. At present, the gold standard is the autologous bone graft but the failure rate, morbidity of the donor site and limited availability have stimulated a proliferation for finding materials that work as bone graft substitutes. In order to have good success, we must know the different properties of these choices and the environment where the graft is going to be used. As bone graft substitutes and growth factors become clinical realities, a new gold standard will be defined. Tissue engineering and gene therapy techniques have the objective to create an optimum bone graft substitute with a combination of substances with properties of osteconduction, osteogenesis and osteoinduction.     

骨肿瘤病段切除并骨缺损修复

目的 修复切除骨肿瘤后的骨缺损肢体,恢复其功能。方法 采用特制人工金属假体,带血管蒂游离骨、异体关节、自体骨、骨水泥等修复骨缺损。结果 26例中应用带血管蒂游离骨或自体骨植骨术愈合最佳并且无复发;异体骨移植有一定的排异反应;骨水泥堵塞只适用于特殊部位骨缺损的修复;人工假体修复,功能恢复良好。结论 对某些良性骨肿瘤及低度恶性的骨肿瘤作病段切除后,选择适当的替代物修复缺损行之有效。     

Joint depression in tibial plateau fractures: To bone graft or not to bone graft?

Tibial plateau fractures with significant joint depression and metaphyseal comminution pose a challenge. In order to prevent the collapse of the articular surface, some authors propose filling the subchondral void created during reduction with bone graft/substitute, which can add further complications. We present two cases of tibial plateau fractures with severe joint depression of the lateral condyle; both treated with a periarticular rafting construct, in one caseadditional bone substitute was used and in the other case no bone graft/substitute was used; their final outcomes were reported. The treatment of joint depression in tibial plateau fractures using periarticular rafting constructs without bone graft, may be also a valid option, to achieve good final results without the morbidity associated with the use of bone graft/substitutes.     

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A New Technique for Achilles Tendon Allograft Preparation

We describe a new technique in Achilles tendon allograft preparation for use in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction that allows for secure bony interference fixation on each side of the joint and aperture fixation for all patients. In addition, preparation of the graft in this manner avoids some problems that are frequently encountered with patellar tendon allografts, including graft tunnel mismatch and limited availability. Previous studies have reported successful results with Achilles tendon allograft use in ACL reconstruction with soft tissue fixation in the tibial tunnel. Bony interference fixation on the tibial side can be achieved by suturing a free bone plug to the tendon end of an Achilles allograft. We use a 9-mm circular oscillating saw to harvest a free 30-mm length bone plug from the remaining calcaneal bone block. This is then sutured directly to the tendon end of a bone-Achilles tendon allograft with the use of No. 1 nonabsorbable suture placed through 3 equally spaced drill holes in the free bone plug. Tendon length between the bone plugs can be individually set for each patient at a distance equivalent to the length of the native ACL (intra-articular distance between the femoral and tibial tunnels). After graft passage, the construct is tensioned and secured with interference screws, similar to a traditional bone–patellar tendon–bone graft. The senior author (S.G.) has performed 40 procedures with excellent results and reports no cases of tibial fixation failure. Biomechanical and long-term follow-up studies are in progress.     

Posterolateral and anterior interbody spinal fusion models in the sheep

Posterolateral and anterior interbody spinal arthrodesis is a frequent procedure, but high nonunion rates are reported and harvesting autologous bone graft from the iliac crest significantly increases morbidity. Bone graft substitutes are an alternative, but to date clinical results are not conclusive. Bone substitutes can be organic or inorganic, biologic or synthetic. They can have osteoconductive properties, inductive properties or both. Animal experiments are essential to investigating bone substitutes using biomechanical and histologic methods not available in clinical studies. Few authors reported on instrumented anterior fusion models, but none used the sheep model. In the current study posterolateral and anterior interbody fusion models in sheep are described. Both models used instrumented fusions, applying porous mineral scaffolds, alone or mixed with bone. The surgical techniques are described step-by-step and potential difficulties are highlighted. Preliminary results are reported for the posterolateral fusion model using coralline graft substitutes. The coral granules mixed with locally harvested bone had fusion outcomes similar to pure autologous bone. The graft substitute showed marked resorption between 12 and 20 weeks. All fusions had bone cortex and good trabecular connectivity. Histologic evaluation suggests after 20 weeks nearly the entire surface of the substitute is covered with new bone. Porous mineral bone substitutes mixed with locally harvested autologous bone are thought to be a valid alternative for posterolateral fusions.     

Bone grafting and substitutes in spine surgery

The increase of spinal procedures over the last decades has made the long-term problems, such as pseudarthrosis, apparent. This demands optimized strategies, techniques and technologies. Modern fixation systems have been developed as an adjunct to spinal fusion, and several generations of different synthetic cages have proved to be reasonable alternatives to autologous bone or allografts. The development of recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is of promise, because of their great osteoinductive capabilities. While spine surgeons are familiar with autologous and synthetic grafts as well as allografts, these comparably new evolving growth-factor-based technologies are of high interest. This was a selective literature review. Alternatives to autologous grafts include allograft bone, synthetic cages and growth-factor based bone substitutes, BMPs being the most-studied among them. Autologous iliac crest alone provides all of the required capabilities of an ideal bone graft, i.e. osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis, but each of the alternatives can produce excellent results in a number of indications. If combined, these alternatives can cumulatively provide all required graft capabilities. Nevertheless, all of the available grafts have specific characteristics and can feature certain complications. Alternatives to autologous grafts circumvent donor-site morbidity and are available in a larger amount than autologous bone for extensive surgery. New technologies offer excellent possibilities of new bone formation, but there are also severe risks and high costs to be considered. The indication for bone grafting must be clearly defined, the graft selection should be individually adapted, and the risks, efforts and costs of the selected fusion procedure should be carefully considered.     

Induction of bone ingrowth from acetabular defects to a porous surface with OP-1

Reliable ingrowth of bone into porous-coated cementless total hip components can be expected in primary surgery. In the revision scenario, however, bone deficiency frequently is encountered and the remaining bone may have less ingrowth potential. Allograft bone and bone graft substitutes may be successful in healing bone defects, but have virtually no capacity to induce bone growth from the defect into the porous surface. To evaluate the role osteoinductive bone proteins may play in enhancing bone ingrowth, six canines had bilateral total hip arthroplasties with a cementless press-fit porous-coated acetabular component. A defect 8 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth was created in the superior weightbearing area of each acetabulum. One defect in each animal was filled with recombinant human osteogenic protein-1. Each contralateral defect was filled with allograft bone, left empty (defect healing control), or no defect was created (intact) to serve as a control for ideal conditions for bone ingrowth. The osteogenic protein-treated defects healed more completely than allograft bone-treated or empty defects and achieved a bone density equivalent to the intact acetabulum. Bone ingrowth also occurred to a significantly higher degree in the osteogenic protein group compared with the allograft or empty defects achieving a degree of ingrowth equivalent to the intact acetabulum controls. The osteogenic bone protein was successful in achieving complete defect healing and inducing extensive ingrowth from the defect into the adjacent porous coating.     

自体骨修复初次全膝关节置换术中胫骨骨缺损的临床研究

目的为了探讨初次全膝关节置换术中自体骨修复胫骨平台骨缺损患者植骨处的骨密度变化及骨愈合情况,对自体骨修复胫骨平台骨缺损患者的随访探讨。方法收集2008年6月至2010年3月,在15例（16膝）初次全膝关节置换术中,采用自体骨移植的方法修复胫骨平台骨缺损的患者。对照组收集同期的14例（16膝）无骨缺损患者。应用X线拍片及双能X线骨密度仪（DEXA）观察术后6个月、12个月时胫骨假体下骨密度。分为3个兴趣区（ROI）,对各个区内平均骨密度变化进行观察和分析。结果术后6个月时胫骨平台骨缺损处ROI的骨密度：（0.967±0.320）g/cm2,对照组ROI的骨密度：（0.946±0.263）g/cm2;术后12个月时胫骨平台骨缺损处ROI的骨密度：（0.808±0.258）g/cm2,对照组ROI的骨密度：（0.806±0.262）g/cm2。术后12个月时胫骨平台骨缺损植骨处平均骨密度较6个月时均数略有下降,但无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;术后6个月与12个月时胫骨平台骨缺损自体骨植骨处平均骨密度较无骨缺损患者ROI的骨密度无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论自体骨修复胫骨平台骨缺损的全膝关节置换术后患者植骨处骨密度较无骨缺损患者的骨密度无明显变化,骨愈合情况良好。     

Bone grafting alternatives in spinal surgery.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Bone grafting is used to augment bone healing and provide stability after spinal surgery. Autologous bone graft is limited in quantity and unfortunately associated with increased surgical time and donor-site morbidity. Alternatives to bone grafting in spinal surgery include the use of allografts, osteoinductive growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins and various synthetic osteoconductive carriers. PURPOSE: Recent research has provided insight into methods that may modulate the bone healing process at the cellular level in addition to reversing the effects of symptomatic disc degeneration, which is a potentially disabling condition, managed frequently with various fusion procedures. With many adjuncts and alternatives available for use in spinal surgery, a concise review of the current bone grafting alternatives in spinal surgery is necessary. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A systematic review of the contemporary English literature on bone grafting in spinal surgery, including abstract information presented at national meetings. METHODS: Bone grafting alternatives were reviewed as to their efficacy in extending or replacing autologous bone graft sources in spinal applications. RESULTS: Alternatives to autologous bone graft include allograft bone, demineralized bone matrix, recombinant growth factors and synthetic implants. Each of these alternatives could possibly be combined with autologous bone marrow or various growth factors. Although none of the presently available substitutes provides all three of the fundamental properties of autograft bone (osteogenicity, osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity), there are a number of situations in which they have proven clinically useful. CONCLUSIONS: Alternatives to autogenous bone grafting find their greatest appeal when autograft bone is limited in supply or when acceptable rates of fusion may be achieved with these substitutes (or extenders) despite the absence of one or more of the properties of autologous bone graft. In these clinical situations, the morbidity of autograft harvest is reasonably avoided. Future research may discover that combinations of materials may cumulatively result in the expression of osteogenesis, osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity found in autogenous sources.