包载表柔比星的生物素化泊洛沙姆聚合物胶束的构建与体内外初步评价

摘 要 目的：把生物素接枝到泊洛沙姆上制备包载表柔比星（EPI）的生物素 泊洛沙姆（BP）胶束。方法: 分别对包载EPI的BP胶束的粒径、Zeta电位、表面形态、载药量、包封率及药物释放等方面进行考察和表征。用骨髓白血病HL 60细胞株评估包载EPI的BP胶束的体外细胞毒性。裸鼠皮下注射HL 60细胞建立肿瘤模型,考察包载EPI的BP胶束抑制肿瘤的影响。结果:这些纳米粒子的尺寸约为100 nm。荧光显微镜观察得出生物素结合的胶束有助于细胞摄取。抑制肿瘤体积增长的顺序：包载EPI的BP胶束>包载EPI的单胺封端的泊洛沙姆（MATP）胶束>包载EPI的泊洛沙姆胶束>单纯EPI。结论:与非靶向胶束相比,BP胶束表现出显著的的抗肿瘤活性和低毒性。拥有增强通透性和滞留性（EPR）效应和肿瘤靶向两大优势,BP胶束可能发展成为一个新的运载化疗药物的途径。尚需进一步进行其他细胞实验和大动物实验证明该肿瘤靶向技术。     

紫杉醇pH敏感聚合物胶束的制备与评价

摘 要 目的：合成双嵌段共聚物材料聚（2-乙基-2-噁唑啉）-聚乳酸（PEOz-PLA）,制备紫杉醇pH敏感嵌段共聚物胶束,并对其体外性质进行评价。方法: 用¹ HNMR和红外光谱对聚合物结构进行表征,采用透析法制备紫杉醇载药胶束,对冻干胶束的冻干保护剂种类进行筛选,芘荧光探针法测定胶束的临界胶束浓度（CMC）,动态光散射法（DLS）对胶束的粒径分布进行测定,透析法测定载药胶束在不同pH条件下的体外释药行为。结果: 胶束的临界胶束浓度为25.63 mg·ml^-1,以10% 聚乙二醇4000作为冻干保护剂胶束复溶性好,粒径分布窄,胶束载药量为8.12%,包封率为69.33%,冻干胶束平均粒径为183.7 nm;在 pH 7.4释放介质中,胶束释药缓慢,而在pH 5.0条件下,胶束释药速率明显加快,体现出胶束释药行为的pH敏感性。结论: PEOz PLA 聚合物胶束制备工艺简单,其粒径、包封率和载药量可控,具有一定的缓释作用,为其进一步的药理与临床应用提供依据。     

聚合物胶束作为药物载体及其在肿瘤靶向方面的研究进展

聚合物胶束具有粒径小、稳定性高、滞留时间长、良好的生物相容性等特点,这些优良性质使得聚合物胶束作为药物载体具有许多独特的优势。近年来,涌现了许多围绕聚合物胶束设计肿瘤靶向给药系统的报道,包括利用肿瘤的病理学性质,设计被动靶向给药系统和对聚合物胶束进行表面修饰,设计主动靶向给药系统。本文主要综述了聚合物胶束作为肿瘤靶向药物载体的研究进展。     

载药聚合物胶束的制备和肿瘤靶向性研究进展

聚合物胶束具有增溶难溶性药物、选择性靶向、P-gp抑制以及改变药物摄取途径等特点,作为药物传递系统具有广泛的应用前景。本文着重综述载药聚合物胶束的制备方法与肿瘤靶向策略的研究现状及进展。     

塞来昔布载药胶束的制备与表征

摘 要 目的：以聚乙二醇单甲醚 聚乳酸（mPEG PLA）嵌段共聚物为载体材料制备塞来昔布载药胶束并评价其药剂学性质。方法: 采用薄膜分散法制备塞来昔布载药胶束,采用单因素试验法初步筛选塞来昔布载药胶束的处方和制备工艺,并采用Box Behnken效应面法进一步优化。评价了载药胶束的微观形态、粒径分布、Zeta电位等理化性质,并采用动态膜透析法考察载药胶束的体外释药情况。结果:透射电镜显示塞来昔布载药胶束粒径均一,成球状分布,平均粒径为（35.6±15.1）nm,多聚分散系数（PdI）为（0.152±0.05）,Zeta电位为（-24.6±2.9）mV;塞来昔布载药胶束在0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6.8）中24 h累积释放81.5%。结论:采用Box Behnken效应面法优化塞来昔布载药胶束处方与制备工艺是简单、可行的。     

聚合物胶束作为肿瘤靶向给药载体的研究

聚合物胶束是近年来出现的一种新型胶态药物载体,具有很多优良的性能,如体内外稳定性高、良好的生物相容性、难溶性药物的增溶作用等.它可以作为靶向肿瘤的给药载体,通过多种机制,如环境响应的聚合物胶束、特异性配基耦合的聚合物胶束、免疫聚合物胶束、通透性增强与滞留(EPR)效应、肿瘤的血管系统等途径来实现药物靶向给药.现主要讨论肿瘤给药的靶向策略和聚合物胶束作为靶向肿瘤给药载体的研究进展.     

多西紫杉醇纳米制剂的研究进展

摘 要多西紫杉醇作为一种高效广谱的抗肿瘤药,临床上用于不同类型实体瘤的治疗,但是水溶性差限制了其制剂的开发。纳米载药系统在提高难溶性药物溶解度、靶向给药、减少药物不良反应等方面极具发展前景。因此,采用纳米载体传递多西紫杉醇的研究受到广泛关注。本文综述了近几年来多西紫杉醇纳米制剂的研究进展,包括脂质体、纳米粒、生物共轭物、聚合物胶束、纳米乳、纳米囊、树枝状聚合物等,以期为新型纳米制剂的开发和应用提供参考。     

聚合物胶束在经皮给药系统中的应用

摘 要 目的：综述聚合物胶束作为药物载体在经皮传递系统中的应用进展。方法: 根据国内外发表的最新文献,对聚合物胶束的制备方法、促进皮肤渗透的机制、释药过程及其在经皮给药系统中的应用进行分析与讨论。结果: 聚合物胶束具有增加难溶性药物的溶解度,促进药物的经皮吸收等作用,作为药物载体在经皮传递系统的应用越来越广泛。结论:聚合物胶束可作为药物载体被广泛用于经皮给药系统的研究中,具有较好的发展前景。     

透明质酸修饰的PAMAM纳米胶束的制备及性质研究

目的采用透明质酸(HA)修饰聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树状大分子,以姜黄素、阿霉素为模型药物,构建HA-PAMAM纳米胶束肿瘤主动靶向给药系统。方法采用酰胺化反应合成不同透明质酸取代度的HA-PAMAM;采用溶剂挥发法制备HA-PAMAM单药和双药联合载药胶束;采用高效液相色谱法测定姜黄素、阿霉素的包封率和载药量;通过体外透析法研究载药胶束的释药特性。结果采用溶剂挥发法制备阿霉素、姜黄素单药或联合载药胶束,载药胶束的包封率与载药量较高(姜黄素分别为66.70%、6.57%,阿霉素分别为82.14%、33.15%)。HA-PAMAM载药胶束体外释放显示出良好的缓释性能。结论透明质酸修饰的PAMAM是一种具有良好肿瘤靶向性应用前景的纳米载药系统。     

聚氨基酸胶束作为肿瘤靶向药物载体的研究进展

聚氨基酸作为一种毒副作用低、生物相容性好的高分子材料,被广泛应用于肿瘤以及基因治疗。聚氨基酸链的活性基团丰富,可通过多种反应途径与目的基团连接,从而实现药物的主动靶向性。同时又因为聚合物胶束的粒径为1～100纳米,而肿瘤组织毛细血管壁与正常组织血管壁相比间隙较宽,可以形成“渗透滞留”效应（EPR效应）,使载药纳米粒在肿瘤组织中不断蓄积,进而实现药物在肿瘤中的被动靶向性,本文简要综述了载药聚天冬氨酸、聚谷氨酸以及聚赖氨酸聚合物胶束的理化性质及优势,如肿瘤靶向性、缓释性等,并对近年来聚氨基酸胶束的研究进展进行综述。     

Polymeric micelles as nanocarriers for drug delivery

Polymeric micelles are built from amphiphilic polymers through self-assembly effects. Due to their unique core shell structure, small size and modifiable surface, polymeric micelles have been widely investigated as nanoscale drug delivery carriers. Such systems may increase drug solubility and have possible applications in tumour targeting and gene therapy. These biomedical applications require that polymeric micelles are biocompatible, have prolonged blood circulation and possess high drug-loading efficiency. In addition, tumour targeting and smart drug release behaviour need special modification towards micelles with multiplicate functional substances. This review focuses on the present progress of polymeric micelles and highlights some critical issues for their application in drug delivery systems. Composition and micellisation procedures are also briefly discussed.     

Polymeric micelles with stimuli-triggering systems for advanced cancer drug targeting

Abstract

Since the 1990s, nanoscale drug carriers have played a pivotal role in cancer chemotherapy, acting through passive drug delivery mechanisms and subsequent pharmaceutical action at tumor tissues with reduction of adverse effects. Polymeric micelles, as supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic polymers, have been considerably developed as promising drug carrier candidates, and a number of clinical studies of anticancer drug-loaded polymeric micelle carriers for cancer chemotherapy applications are now in progress. However, these systems still face several issues; at present, the simultaneous control of target-selective delivery and release of incorporated drugs remains difficult. To resolve these points, the introduction of stimuli-responsive mechanisms to drug carrier systems is believed to be a promising approach to provide better solutions for future tumor drug targeting strategies. As possible trigger signals, biological acidic pH, light, heating/cooling and ultrasound actively play significant roles in signal-triggering drug release and carrier interaction with target cells. This review article summarizes several molecular designs for stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles in response to variation of pH, light and temperature and discusses their potentials as next-generation tumor drug targeting systems.     

Drug delivery by polymeric micelles: an in vitro and in vivo study to deliver lipophilic substances to colonocytes and selectively target inflamed colon

Colitis is the term used for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases at substantially increased risk of developing a form of colorectal cancer (CRC) known as colitis-associated cancer. In our study we synthesized core-shell polymeric micelles obtained by self-assembly of block copolymers for high efficiency delivery of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer compounds to colonocytes and colon mucosa. We achieved an efficient intracellular delivery of these hydrophobic compounds (prednisone, retinoic acid and doxorubicin) to cultured colonocytes without cellular toxicity. The efficacy of retinoic acid and doxorubicin administration was significantly increased using these nanosized carriers. Moreover, these polymeric micelles have been shown to overcome the multidrug resistance efflux mechanism effectively delivering doxorubicin to multidrug-resistant colon cancer cells. These nanocarriers are also suitable for selective in vivo delivery of lipophilic drugs by enema administration to the inflamed colon tissue, specifically targeting the inflamed mucosa.From the Clinical EditorThis team of investigators studied polymeric micelles as highly efficient drug delivery systems enabling intracellular delivery of hydrophobic compounds (prednisone, retinoic acid, and doxorubicin) to cultured colonocytes without cellular toxicity, also demonstrating beneficial in vivo effects.     

Amphiphilic polysaccharide-hydrophobicized graft polymeric micelles for drug delivery nanosystems

Self-assembled amphiphilic graft copolymers in aqueous solution to form polymeric micelles, have received growing scientific attention over the years. Among the polymeric micelles, hydrophobicized polysaccharides have currently become one of the hottest researches in the field of drug delivery nanosystems. It is attributable to such appealing properties as small particle size and narrow size distribution, distinctive core-shell structure, high solubilization capacity and structural stability, tumor passive localization by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, active targeting ability via tailored targeting promoiety, long-circulation property and facile preparation. The polymeric micelles self-assembled by hydrophobicized polysaccharides can be employed as targeted drug delivery nanosystem by including thermo- or pH-sensitive components or by attaching specific targeted moieties to the outer hydrophilic surface. Beside encapsulation of water-insoluble drugs, hydrophobicized polysaccharide polymeric micelles can complex with charged proteins or peptide drugs through electrostatic force or hydrogen bond, and serve as an effective non-viral vector for gene delivery. In the latter case, polymeric micelles can not only markedly protect these macromolecules from degradation by protease or ribozymes, but also increase the gene transfection efficiency. This review will highlight the state of the art self-assembled mechanism, characterization, preparation methods and surface modification of hydrophobicized polysaccharide polymeric micelles and their recent rapid applications as drug delivery nanosystems.     

Polymeric micelles as a new drug carrier system and their required considerations for clinical trials

Importance of the field: A polymeric micelle is a macromolecular assembly composed of an inner core and an outer shell, and most typically is formed from block copolymers. In the last two decades, polymeric micelles have been actively studied as a new type of drug carrier system, in particular for drug targeting of anticancer drugs to solid tumors.

Areas covered in this review: In this review, polymeric micelle drug carrier systems are discussed with a focus on toxicities of the polymeric micelle carrier systems and on pharmacological activities of the block copolymers. In the first section, the importance of the above-mentioned evaluation of these properties is explained, as this importance does not seem to be well recognized compared with the importance of targeting and enhanced pharmacological activity of drugs, particularly in the basic studies. Then, designs, types and classifications of the polymeric micelle system are briefly summarized and explained, followed by a detailed discussion regarding several examples of polymeric micelle carrier systems.

What the reader will gain: Readers will gain a strategy of drug delivery with polymeric carriers as well as recent progress of the polymeric micelle carrier systems in their basic studies and clinical trials.

Take home message: The purpose of this review is to achieve tight connections between the basic studies and clinical trials.