急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊治体会

目的总结急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊治体会,以改进诊治方法.方法对110例胆源性胰腺炎的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 110例中83例确是胆源性胰腺炎,其中入院时胆道仍有梗阻者(梗阻型)34例,梗阻已解除者(非梗阻型)49例.其余27例不是胆源性胰腺炎,20例只是胆源性一过性胰高压,7例乃一般胰腺炎,发病与胆道无关.结论诊断胆源性胰腺炎要有根据,临床上不可凡遇胆道有结石,血或(和)尿淀粉酶升高就诊断为胆源性胰腺炎.要根据治疗前胆道有无梗阻对胆源性胰腺炎分型论治:梗阻型应尽早引流解除胆道梗阻,非梗阻型宜积极保守治疗,病情缓解后在同一住院期内手术.胆源性一过性胰高压和胰腺炎要按胆道或胰腺病情处理,不可一概按胆源性胰腺炎治疗.     

重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与预后关系

目的：探讨重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与疗效的关系。方法：分析1996年1月至2000年12月共收治的重症急性胰腺炎271例，分析其病因、治疗方案选择与患者预后间的关系。结果：重症胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗64例，治愈率92．2％，死亡病例平均生存天数29．0d，主要死亡原因是MODS和坏死感染；非手术治疗56例，治愈率85．7％，死亡病例平均生存天数6．2d，主要死亡原因为休克、严重感染、肾功能衰竭、胰性脑病和MODS。重症非胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗76例，治愈率75．0％，死亡病例平均生存天数52．9d，死亡原因有MODS、感染、DIC、消化道瘘和腹腔内出血；重症非胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗75例，治愈率89．3％，死亡病例平均生存6.4d(1-54d)，早期死亡的病例发病急，迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS和腹内高压，后期死亡的病例有包裹性感染坏死病灶破裂、全身感染 和MODS。结论：胆源性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当行急诊手术或者行EST及ENBD，同时积极抗休克、防治肾功能衰竭，无胆道梗阻者先做积极的抗感染非手术治疗，后期作胆囊切除手术，是否探查胆总管根据病情决定。对来势急，经过积极的非手术治疗仍迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS、胰性脑病，或伴有腹膜炎或腹内高压者应及时手术引流。     

重症急性胆源性胰腺炎的诊断与治疗

目的探讨重症急性胆源性胰腺炎(SABP)的诊断方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析8年36例SABP的临床资料。结果36例SABP中，26例非梗阻性SABP行保守治疗，治愈24例，2例因胰腺坏死继发感染而转外科手术；10年梗阻性SABP中8例先行急诊ENBD，病情平稳后再行EST/ENBD，2例发生壶腹部结石嵌顿病情恶化而行急诊切开取石并引流，均成功治愈。全组治愈率94．44％(34／36)。结论梗阻型SABP应尽早予以EST/ENBD解除胆道梗阻；非梗阻型SABP宜先积极保守治疗，当治疗72h后病情无缓解或并发感染时应积极中转外科手术。     

重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与预后关系

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案选择与疗效的关系.方法分析1 996年1月至2000年12月共收治的重症急性胰腺炎271例,分析其病因、治疗方案选择与患者预后间的关系.结果重症胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗64例,治愈率92.2%,死亡病例平均生存天数29.0 d,主要死亡原因是MODS和坏死感染;非手术治疗56例,治愈率85.7%,死亡病例平均生存天数6.2 d,主要死亡原因为休克、严重感染、肾功能衰竭、胰性脑病和MODS.重症非胆源性胰腺炎手术治疗76例,治愈率75.0%,死亡病例平均生存天数52.9 d,死亡原因有MODS、感染、DIC、消化道瘘和腹腔内出血;重症非胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗75例,治愈率89.3%,死亡病例平均生存6.4 d(1～54 d),早期死亡的病例发病急,迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS和腹内高压,后期死亡的病例有包裹性感染坏死病灶破裂、全身感染和MODS.结论胆源性胰腺炎有胆道梗阻者应当行急诊手术或者行EST及ENBD,同时积极抗休克、防治肾功能衰竭,无胆道梗阻者先做积极的抗感染非手术治疗,后期作胆囊切除手术,是否探查胆总管根据病情决定.对来势急,经过积极的非手术治疗仍迅速出现休克、肾功能衰竭、ARDS、胰性脑病,或伴有腹膜炎或腹内高压者应及时手术引流.     

内镜介入加中药清胰利胆治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎30例

[目的]观察内镜介入联合清胰利胆中药治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床疗效.[方法]经B超、CT、逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)明确诊断的急性胆源性胰腺炎30例,经ERCP明确胆道梗阻部位及性质后,经奥狄括约肌切开术(EST)取石或鼻胆管引流术(ENBD),术后给予清胰利胆中药.[结果]ENBD成功率100%,治疗后黄疸、血淀粉酶及发热、腹痛迅速消退,30例胰腺炎全部治愈.[结论]内镜介入并清胰利胆中药治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎安全、有效、可靠.     

急性胰腺炎的药物治疗进展

急性胰腺炎是胰腺的急性炎症过程。急性胰腺炎尤其是重症胰腺炎，既是疗效不佳，又是治疗方案不定的一个棘手的疾病。第七届全国胰腺外科学术研讨会提出了急性胰腺炎诊治规范^[1]。诊规范提出急性胰腺炎的治疗原则：①对胆源性胰腺炎，凡伴有胆道梗阻者应急诊手术或早期手术。无胆道梗阻者，先行非手术治疗，出院前做胆石症手术。     

重症急性胆源性胰腺炎内镜治疗回顾性研究

目的：评价治疗性逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对重症急性胆源性胰腺炎（SABP）的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾分析65例SABP患者内镜治疗情况,比较早期及择期内镜治疗成功率、症状缓解及对预后的影响。结果：65例患者ERCP成功60例（成功率92．3％）。其中急诊ERCP成功率87．7％,择期ERCP成功率100％。33．83％ERCP未见胆管结石。对于无胆道梗阻的SABP患者,比较急诊与择期ERCP组患者的腹痛缓解、体温、白细胞计数、肝功能、淀粉酶等恢复正常时间无显著性差别（P〉0．05）。结论：SABP行治疗性ERCP的诊治创伤小、有效。对于急性期SABP无明确胆道梗阻及感染,早期ERCP增加治疗风险及不成功率;病情稳定后择期ERCP可增加成功率并减少风险,不会加重病情。     

非梗阻型胆源性胰腺炎的手术时机和手术方式探讨

众所周知,对于梗阻型胆源性胰腺炎,应行急症手术,也可内镜下行乳头括约肌切开(EST),以解除胆道梗阻.但对于非梗阻型胆源性胰腺炎,其手术时机和手术方式,还存在争议.我院自1996年至2006年收治了165例非梗阻型胆源性胰腺炎,现报告如下.     

早期ERCP在急性胆源性胰腺炎治疗中的价值

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)及内镜治疗的应用价值及安全性。方法选择54例次急性胆源性胰腺炎患者作早期(24～48h)ERCP及内镜治疗(ERCP组),并以同期保守治疗的36例次急性胆源性胰腺炎患者作对照(对照组),观察了两组患者血清淀粉酶恢复时间、腹痛缓解时间、住院天数及并发症发生等情况。结果 ERCP组腹痛缓解天数及平均住院天数分别为(10.5±2.8)及(23.7±3.8)d,明显短于对照组(17.4±3.8)及(35.0±3.1)d(P0.01)。血清淀粉酶恢复时间两组相差不显著。两组均未发生严重并发症。结论早期内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎具有微创、安全有效、快速解除胆道急性梗阻及防止胆汁胰管反流的特点,可使急性胆源性胰腺炎和临床怀疑为胆源性胰腺炎的患者得到及时正确的诊治,以防止其向重型发展。     

内镜下置入金属支架治疗中晚期胰头癌引起的胆道梗阻

胰头癌患死亡的主要原因是胆道梗阻所致的并发症，早期解除梗阻有利于延长生命。外科冶疗仍是目前惟一有效的治疗方法，但其手术切除率低（10％～20％）：，并发症多，创伤大，病死率高，远期疗效差。对手术不能切除的中晚期胰头癌引起的胆道梗阻，我科采用经内镜置放胆道金属支架对其进行姑息性治疗，效果满意，现报告如下。     

Endoscopic pancreatocholangiography

We have evaluated 60 patients with suspected pancreatic or biliary disease by endoscopic pancreatocholangiography. The pancreatic duct was successfully visualized in 35 of 45 patients (78%) with suspected pancreatic disease and in 11 of 15 patients (73%) with suspected biliary disease. In 8 patients with obstructive jaundice, endoscopic cholangiogram was helpful in localizing the site and type of biliary obstruction. Two patients with intrinsic liver disease had normal cholangiograms, and 6 patients with common duct obstruction were diagnosed by this technique. Ten patients with recurrent pancreatitis (2 episodes in the preceding year) have been evaluated by endoscopic pancreatography. Eight patients had a history of alcoholism and 4 of the 8 patients had abnormal pancreatograms. Abnormal pancreatograms showed mild to marked deformity of the main pancreatic duct with stenosis and ductal sacculation. We have experienced minimal complications from the procedure although postpancreatogram hyperamylasemia was seen in 7 of 13 (52%) patients who were evaluated by serial amylase determinations. In those patients who experienced hyperamylasemia a mean peak increase in amylase of 185±27% (mean ± SE) occurred 4 to 8 hours after the procedure. Our initial experience with retrograde pancreatocholangiography indicates that it is a safe, effective diagnostic procedure that may be helpful in the evaluation of patients with obstructive jaundice and chronic pancreatitis. Its use in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis remains to be evaluated.The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and cannot be construed as reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval Service at large.     

ERCP在不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸的临床应用

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在经常规检查不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸的临床应用价值。方法收集经B超、cT和,或MRCP检查诊断不明原因胆胰疾病或肝外胆管梗阻病人45例,男28例,女17例,年龄21—80岁,均行ERCP术。结果45例病人行ERCP术,其中42例诊断为胆道微结石（Biliary microlithiasis,BML）,42例均行乳头扩张术／EST4-胆道取石术;3例为胆总管下端炎性狭窄而行胆道内支架植入术;1例ERCP取石术后并发轻症胰腺炎,经内科保守治疗后痊愈,l例因腹痛再发行胆囊切除术,其余患者经ERCP治疗后腹痛、黄疸均缓解。结论BML是不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸的主要原因,ERCP是不明原因肝外阻塞性黄疸安全、有效的诊断及治疗手段。     

Placement of self-expanding metallic stents in the pancreatic duct for treatment of obstructive complications of pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND: Stents have been placed through malignant pancreatic strictures, mainly to alleviate pain of presumed obstructive origin. Self-expanding metallic stents have major advantages over plastic stents when used for treatment of malignant biliary strictures. However, there are few reports of their use in patients with malignant pancreatic duct strictures, especially those with complications related to ductal obstruction. METHODS: Self-expanding metallic stents were placed in the pancreatic ducts of 3 patients with obstructive complications of pancreatic cancer: smoldering pancreatitis, a disrupted pancreatic duct with pseudocyst caused by open surgical biopsy, and a disrupted pancreatic duct with fistula and resultant liver abscess. All 3 patients had metallic stents placed concomitantly in the biliary tract; one had enteral stents placed as well. Clinical and pathology records and imaging studies were reviewed retrospectively. OBSERVATIONS: In all cases, there was resolution of the specific clinical problem and reasonable survival (1.5 years in one patient). CONCLUSIONS: The use of self-expanding metallic stents for treatment of certain obstructive complications of pancreatic tumors is feasible and effective.     

Acute pancreatitis： Etiology and common pathogenesis

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis have been intensively investigated for centuries worldwide. Many causes of acute pancreatitis have been discovered, but the pathogenetic theories are controversial. The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstone impacting the distal common bile-pancreatic duct. The majority of investigators accept that the main factors for acute billiary pancreatitis are pancreatic hyperstimulation and bile-pancreatic duct obstruction which increase pancreatic duct pressure and active trypsin reflux.Acute pancreatitis occurs when intracellular protective mechanisms to prevent trypsinogen activation or reduce trypsin activity are overwhelmed. However, little is known about the other acute pancreatitis. We hypothesize that acute biliary pancreatitis and other causes of acute pancreatitis possess a common pathogenesis. Pancreatic hyperstimulation and pancreatic duct obstruction increase pancreatic duct pressure, active trypsin reflux, and subsequent unregulated activation of trypsin within pancreatic acinar cells. Enzyme activation within the pancreas leads to auto-digestion of the gland and local inflammation. Once the hypothesis is confirmed, traditional therapeutic strategies against acute pancreatitis may be improved. Decompression of pancreatic duct pressure should be advocated in the treatment of acute pancreatitits which may greatly improve its outcome.     

Obstructive jaundice in the South African black population

We report the causes of obstructive jaundice in 56 black South African patients. Chronic pancreatitis and malignant biliary obstruction occurred with equal frequency. These two conditions may be difficult to differentiate clinically and radiologically, and only operative pancreatic biopsy may be diagnostic. Choledocholithiasis caused jaundice in only 7.1% of the patients, reflecting the relatively low prevalence of gallstones in this population.     

Etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: current concepts

Acute pancreatitis is a disorder that has numerous causes and an obscure pathogenesis. Bile duct stones and alcohol abuse together account for about 80% of acute pancreatitis. Most episodes of biliary pancreatitis are associated with transient impaction of the stone in the ampulla (that causes obstruction of the pancreatic duct, with ductal hypertension) or passage of the stone though and into the duodenum. Other causes of acute pancreatitis are various toxins, drugs, other obstructive causes (such as malignancy or fibrotic sphincter of Oddi), metabolic abnormalities, trauma, ischemia, infection, autoimmune diseases, etc. In 10% of cases of acute pancreatitis, no underlying cause can be identified; this is idiopathic pancreatitis. Occult biliary microlithiasis may be the cause of two thirds of the cases of "idiopathic" acute pancreatitis. Intra-acinar activation of trypsinogen plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, resulting in subsequent activation of other proteases causing the subsequent cell damage. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is increasingly recognized as a common and important mechanism in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and especially in the progression from mild edematous to severe necrotizing form. Increased intracellular calcium concentration also mediates acinar cell damage. Oxygen-derived free radicals and many cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, platelet activating factor) are considered to be principal mediators in the transformation of acute pancreatitis from a local inflammatory process into a multiorgan illness.     

The specificity of amylin for the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Summary Background. Diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance occurs in up to 80% of patients with pancreatic cancer at the time of cancer diagnosis. It has been reported that plasma amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide [IAPP]) levels are elevated in all patients with pancreatic cancer who are diabetic, and even moderately elevated in pancreatic cancer patients with normal glucose tolerance. Aim. To determine the specificity of elevated amylin levels for pancreatic cancer. Methods. Plasma amylin levels were determined in 168 patients with one or more of the following medical conditions: benign and malignant biliary obstruction, pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, other gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, and newly diagnosed type II diabetes. Results. Elevated levels of plasma amylin were detected in several disorders other than pancreatic cancer—particularly chronic pancreatitis, other GI malignancies, and biliary obstruction from benign causes. No statistical differences in amylin levels were detected for any of the tested medical conditions when compared to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Conclusion. These results suggest that elevated plasma amylin is not specific for pancreatic cancer, thereby limiting its role as a tumor marker. Further studies are needed to determine whether amylin, if used in conjunction with other biological markers, could be useful for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.     

Clinical features of patients with chronic pancreatitis complicated by bile duct strictures

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Distal bile duct stenosis is relatively rare in patients with non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY: The clinical features of eight patients who had chronic pancreatitis complicated by bile duct strictures who underwent surgical treatments were reviewed. RESULTS: Ages ranged from 38 to 80 years, with a mean of 53.4 years. All but one patient were male. Six patients had moderate or slight epigastric pain. Five patients had obstructive jaundice and underwent biliary drainage. All patients had liver dysfunction due to biliary obstruction. Although four of the eight patients were heavy or moderate drinkers, none of the patients had a history of chronic pancreatitis. Stricture shapes of the common bile ducts were smooth and tapering in five patients, funnel-shaped in two, and rat-tail in one. Four patients underwent a pancreatoduodenectomy and one patient underwent a pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for clinically suspected pancreatic malignancy that was later proven histopathologically to be chronic pancreatitis. The other three patients underwent a choledochoduodenostomy. There were no postoperative complications or deaths. During the follow-up period, all patients were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, bile duct stricture potentially occurs not only in patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis but also in patients with nonalcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, in some cases, it is impossible to differentiate chronic pancreatitis from pancreatic or periampullary malignancy.     

非手术治疗急性重症胆源性胰腺炎

目的 探讨急性重症胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗的效果和中转手术的指征。方法 回顾分析本院收治157例急性重症胆源性胰腺炎非手术治疗的死亡率、并发症和中转手术的情况。结果 157例中治愈145例，死亡12例，治愈率92．4％。治疗过程中有65例出现各类并发症，其中多器官功能不全或衰竭18例(11．5％)，坏死组织继发感染6例(3．8％)，胰腺假性囊肿29例(18．5％)，急性肺损伤25例。患预后与人院时APACHE—Ⅱ评分有关。有9例中转手术(5．7％)，包括6例胰腺坏死组织继发感染和2例不能控制的胆道感染。梗阻性和非梗阻性重症胆源性胰腺炎在死亡率和胰腺坏死组织继发感染发生率上相似。结论 急性重症胆源性胰腺炎经积极非手术治疗可获得满意疗效。梗阻性急性重症胆源性胰腺炎当存在不能控制的胆道感染时需早期行胆道手术。中转手术的指征为胰腺坏死组织继发感染、不能控制的胆道感染及治疗期间出现其他外科并发症。     

Sphincter of oddi (pancreatic) hypertension and recurrent pancreatitis

Major papilla pancreatic sphincter dysfunction, a variant of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, causes pancreatitis and pancreatic-type pain. The gold standard for diagnosis is sphincter of Oddi manometry, most commonly performed at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Noninvasive testing, such as secretin-stimulated transabdominal or endoscopic ultrasound assessment of pancreatic duct diameter, is less reliable and has relatively low sensitivity. Two thirds of patients with biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction have elevated pancreatic basal sphincter pressure. To maximize the diagnostic yield of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, both the biliary and pancreatic sphincter pressures should be measured. Patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction may respond to biliary sphincterotomy alone, but evaluation of their pancreatic sphincter is warranted if symptoms persist after biliary therapy alone. Whether both biliary and pancreatic sphincters should be treated at the first ERCP session is controversial. Biliary and pancreatic endoscopic sphincterotomies are associated with two-to fourfold increased incidence of pancreatitis following the procedure in patients with pancreatic sphincter hypertension. Prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting reduces the frequency and severity of complications by greater than 50%.