Primary Locations of Malignant Melanoma Lesions Depending on Patients’ Gender and Age

Introduction: Location of malignant melanoma lesions depends on environmental, genetic, sociological and demographical factors. Available sources do not provide enough information on such dependencies in various populations. There is no data concerning the role of socio-demographic factors for the population of the Central and Eastern Europe. Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the anatomical location of the primary malignant melanoma lesion in correlation to patients’ gender and age. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis of medical documentation of 363 patients has been performed. The patients had been diagnosed with malignant melanoma and were undergoing treatment in the years 2010-2014 in two Polish oncologic hospitals. The subject group consisted of 199 (55%) females and 164 (45%) males. The age varied between 19 - 90 years, with the median of 62 years. Results: In women, the melanoma lesions seem to appear more often in their lower extremities, while in case of men such lesions seem to be more often on their torsos. In both cases, the difference was statistically significant (ppatients. The lesions located on heads and necks were most common in older patients, and the lesions located in lower extremities were most common in younger ones. Conclusion: Differences in location of malignant melanoma lesions may be due to either genetic or environmental reasons. It is often emphasized in literature that correlation between the socio-demographic factors and the process of oncogenesis requires intensive research. In our work, we have tried to fill this gap for the population of Central and Eastern Europe to determine the exact epidemiology of this kind of cancer. This knowledge may be then used for developing cancer prevention methods specific to gender and age.     

Management of Advanced Colon Cancer in a Community Hospital—Impact of Age on Clinical Management and Survival

Purpose  

Colon cancer is more common in the elderly than in younger and middle-aged people. Cancer clinical trials focus more on younger patients and the management of elderly patients with advanced disease is still unclear.     

Is There an Age Threshold for Holding Off on Testing Novel Therapies?

Purpose of Review

We will review the reasons that explain the poor accrual of elderly patients to clinical trials, then we will discuss the relevance of an age threshold for holding off on testing novel therapies.

Recent Findings

Little progress has been made in enrolling elderly patients in clinical trials.

Summary

Reasons to hold off on testing novel therapies in elderly patients are mainly explained by exclusion criteria and industrials’ reluctance to include elderly patients for fear of negative results. No age threshold should exist for testing novel therapies as long as well-designed clinical trials are developed and requested by regulatory authorities. Furthermore, clinical trials assessing novel anticancer therapies such as targeted therapies or immune checkpoint inhibitors should be developed in elderly patients regardless of age as these therapies may present a favorable benefit-risk profile compared to chemotherapy which is often more toxic and at risk of geriatric deconditioning.

     

Effects of Age,Breast Density and Volume on Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Retrospective Comparison of Sensitivity of Mammography and Ultrasonography in China’s Rural Areas

Purpose: Mammography has been confirmed as the only effective mode to improve the prognosis of patientswith breast cancer in Western developed countries, but might not be a good choice in other areas of the world.One of the major challenges in China is to determine an optimal imaging modality for breast cancer screening.This study was designed to clarify the sensitivity of ultrasonography compared with that of mammography inrural China. Methods: We retrospectively studied the sensitivity of mammography and ultrasonography basedon 306 breast cancer patients detected by the program of “screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer”performed in Chinese rural areas between January 2009 and December 2011, and analyzed the effects of age,breast density and volume on the sensitivity. Results: Stratified analysis showed that the sensitivity of breastultrasonography was significantly higher than that of mammography in premenopausal patients (81.4% vs.61.1%, p=0.02), in women ≤ 55 years of age (82.2% vs. 63.4%, p<0.01), in the high breast density group (AmericanCollege of Radiology [ACR] levels 3-4) (85.9% vs. 60.6%, p<0.01) and in the small breast volume group (≤400ml) (87.1% vs. 66.7%, p<0.01). Age had a significant effect on sensitivity of mammography (breast density andvolume-adjusted odds ratio, 6.39; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-14.4 in age group > 55 compared to age group≤ 45), but not that of ultrasonography. Neither breast density nor volume had significant effect on sensitivityof mammography or ultrasonography. Conclusions: Ultrasonography is more sensitive than mammography indetecting breast cancer in women under 55 year-old Chinese, especially in those with high-density and relativelysmall breasts.     

Studies on Mutagenicity of Dexetimide

Dexetimide is a vary useful and good medicine.Its mutagenicity has not been reported in theliterature.We have used Salmonella typhimurium Ames     

The Unique Characteristics and Management of Patients Over 60?Years of Age with Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma

In recent decades, the prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma has been substantially improved, but these successes have been restricted to younger patients and could not be translated into a major benefit for older patients, especially those with advanced-stage disease. Major problems in treating older patients include a different biology, frailty, comorbidities, and poorer tolerance of therapy. Additionally, these patients are often excluded from randomized trials, so an evidence-based standard of care is lacking. Importantly, the proportion of older patients with HL will increase over the next 50 years. Currently, ABVD (Adriamycin [doxorubicin], bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) is considered to be the gold standard, even though it has some toxicity in older patients and prospective data are not available. Thus, further studies are required, including the assessment of comorbidities and the incorporation of new drugs such as immunomodulatory agents, antibody-drug conjugates, mTOR inhibitors, or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors.     

Effect of Celecoxib on Apoptosis of Endometrial Carcinoma Cell

Objective:To investigate the effect of Celecoxib on proliferation and apoptosis of the endometrial carcinoma cell HEC-1B and the effect on the expression of Fas and Survivin mRNA.Methods:The inhibition on the growth of human endometrial carcinoma cell HEC-1B was investigated by cell culture and MTT experiment when treated with different concentrations of Celecoxib.The cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and DNA Ladder Electrophoresis.The change of the expression of Fas and Survivin mRNA after the treatment of Celecoxib was detected With RT-PCR.Results:Celecoxib could effectively inhibit the growth of HEC-1B cells and induce apoptosis.Survivin mRNA expression was decreased and Fas mRNA expression was increased after treating with Celecoxib.Conclusion:Celecoxib could inhibit HEC-1B cell proliferation and induce its apoptosis.     

Inhibitory Effects of Quercetin on Angiogenesis of Experimental Mammary Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To explore the inhibitory effects of quercetin on angiogenesis of experimental mammary carcinoma.METHODS A 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced animal model of mammary carcinoma was established in rats. Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawly rats were randomized into 4 groups namely, DMBA, DMBA with tamoxifen (TAM), DMBA with quercetin and control agents identified as group A, B, C and D respectively. Treatment was for 28 weeks. Samples of breast tissues were collected for histopathological observation and microvessel density (MVD) estimation by light microscopy. The expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the protein product of H-ras were examined by immunohistochemical staining.tumor diameter of group A (76.2%, 2.37cm) were significantly higher than that in group B (40.9%, 1.82cm), C (45.5%, 1.71cm) and D (0%, 0cm) (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference between groups B and C (P ＞0.05), which indicated that quercetin inhibited the incidence and growth of ing for VEGF, bFGF and the H-ras protein product showed significant differences between groups A and B, as well as groups A and C (P ＜ 0.05), but no significant difference between groups B and C (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION Quercetin can reduce the DMBA- induced mammary carcinoma incidence and tumor growth.The following mechanisms may be recausing inhibition of proliferation of the tumor cells and tumor angiogenesis.as VEGF and bFGF, so that angiogenesis in the mammary carcinomas is suppressed, with decreased mammary MVD in the rats receiving quercetin treatment.     

Breast Cancer under 40?Years of Age: Increasing Number and Worse Prognosis

Breast cancer at a relatively young age with a poor prognosis is currently exhibiting an increasing incidence. In a retrospective cohort analysis of early breast cancer cases after surgery from our institutional patient registry, 141 patients aged ≤40 years constituted the younger group, with 300 randomly selected patients aged >40 years as controls. A significant and steady increase was found in the relative number of younger cases during the years 2004–2009. The histological type and grade and the lymph node status of the cancers differed significantly between the two groups, with more aggressive biological behaviour, a more advanced stage and a worse prognosis in the younger group. Half of the cancers in the younger cohort were ER-negative, while two-thirds in the control group were ER-positive. Comparatively more tumours were PR-positive and HER2-negative in the control group than in the younger group. The rates of triple-negative cases were 25% and 13% in the younger age and the control group, respectively (p = 0.026). Significantly higher mastectomy and axillary block dissection rates were observed in the younger age group, and more chemotherapy was administered than in the control group. Our findings demonstrate the significance of breast cancer in cases aged <40 years, and draw attention to the need for appropriate care in these cases.     

Effect of ionizing radiation on functional activity of macrophagesĭ

It was shown that in vitro irradiation (8 Gy) of murine peritoneal macrophages suppressed their spontaneous cytotoxity and induced growth-stimulating activity. Exposure to 4 Gy induced mRNA proximal factors--TGF-beta and TNF-alpha and boosted growth-stimulating activity. These effects should be considered when evaluating efficacy of radiotherapy for tumors.     

Mechanism of Suppression on Proliferation of QGY Cell by Oxaliplatin

Objective： To observe the effects of oxaliplatin（L-OHP） on proliferation of human hepatoma cell line QGY in vitro and to investigate the mechanism. Methods： The inhibition of proliferation in QGY cell was assayed by MTT-test. Morphologic changes were observed under light microscope and electronic microscope. Distribution of cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. The expressions of cell cycle proteins and apoptosis-associated proteins were detected with immuno-histochemical technique. Results： Oxaliplatin could inhibit the proliferation of QGY cells and the inhibition depended on the exposure time and dose. The cells showed morphologic changes of the early stage of apoptosis under the light microscope： the shrunk round cells, condensed cytoplasma and pycnosis of nucleus. Apoptotic cells and apoptotic body could be found under the transmission electronic microscope. The analysis of cell cycle indicated that oxaliplatin blocked cells at S and G2/M phases and the cells of G0/G1 phase reduced. When treated with oxaliplatin for 72h, the expressions of cyclin A and Bax were up-regulated, mutant type P53, Bcl-2 and Myc were down-regulated, and Fas was not changed. Conclusion： Oxaliplatin could inhibit the proliferation of the hepatoma cell lines. Cells were blocked at S and G2/M phases. The apoptosis was related to the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of mutant type P53, Bcl-2 and Myc. Oxaliplatin could not induce apoptosis through the Fas pathway.     

Effect of 5-Aminoisoquinolinone on the Adhesion of Colon Carcinoma

Objective： 5-Aminoisoquinolinone, a water-soluble, potent inhibitor of the activity of poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose） polymerase, plays an important role in the tissue injury associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation by inhibiting the activity of poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose） polymerase and the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1, P-selectin et al. But how about it in the tumor is not clear. The aim of the present study was to study the effects of 5-Aminoisoquinolinon on the adhesion of colon carcinoma line HT-29 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells; and the effects of 5-Aminoisoquinolinon on the expression of ICAM-1, P-selectin and the activity of poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose） polymerase in colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Methods： The adhesion of HT-29 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells was detected by adhesive experiment. Immunocytochemically Streptavidin-Peroxidase method was used to investigate the expression of ICAM-1, P-selectin and Poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose）（ the product of poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose） polymerase activation）. Results： the results of the adhesion assay of HT-29 cells to HUVEC showed that the OD570 value in each 5-AIQ-treated group was significant lower than that in the control group （5-AIQ-untreated） in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of ICAM-1, P-selectin and Poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose） was significant lower in 5-Aminoisoquinolinone-treated HT-29 cell group than that in 5-Aminoisoquinolinoneuntreated groups. Conclusion： The data suggest that 5-Aminoisoquinolinone can inhibit the adhesion of HT-29 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5-Aminoisoquinolinone also can inhibit poly （adenosine 5＇-diphosphate ribose） polymerase activation and the expressions of ICAM-1 and P-selectin in HT-29 cells. 5-Aminoisoquinolinone probably contributes to the prevention of tumor cell metastasis. Further study is needed.     

Inhibitory Effect of Cantharidin on Proliferation of A549 Cells

Objective:To study the inhibition of Cantharidin against the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells and its mechanism.Methods:MTT assay was employed to determine the inhibition of Cantharidin against proliferation of A549 cells and flow Cytometry was applied to analyze A549 cell cycle and the effect of Cantharidin on cell cycle.Results:Cantharidin showed inhibition against the proliferation of A549 cells,and the inhibition was mediated by blocking A549 cell cycle at G2/M phase significantly.Conclusion:Cantharidin exhibits inhibition against the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells.     

Does the Breast Cancer Age at Diagnosis Differ by Ethnicity? A Study on Immigrants to Sweden

Background.

Age-specific incidence rates for breast cancer in low-risk and high-risk ethnic populations differ by age at which the incidence maximum is reached: around 50 years in low-risk populations and over 60 years in high-risk populations. The interpretation of these differences remains unsettled, one line primarily referring to biological differences, the second one to cohort effects of rapidly increasing rates in young populations, and the third one to incomplete registration of cancer in the elderly.

Methods.

The nationwide Family-Cancer Database was used to analyze standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and age at diagnosis of breast cancer in female immigrants to Sweden by their region of origin compared with women native to Sweden matched on birth year and other relevant factors.

Results.

We showed first that the SIRs for breast cancer were lower in many immigrant groups compared with natives of Sweden; women from Turkey had the lowest SIR of 0.45, followed by those from Chile (0.54) and Southeast Asia (0.57). Women from nine regions showed an earlier mean age at diagnosis than their matched Swedish controls, the largest differences being 5.5 years for women from Turkey, 5.1 years for those from Asian Arab and “Other African” countries, 4.3 years for those from Iran, and 4.0 years for those from Iraq.

Conclusions.

The results show that in many immigrant groups, the diagnostic age is earlier (<50 years) than in natives of Sweden (>50 years), suggesting that true biological factors underlie the differences. These factors may explain much of the international variation in breast cancer incidence. Identifying these factors should advance understanding of breast cancer etiology and prevention.