肝左静脉的解剖学类型及其临床意义

目的 :为肝移植和肝部分切除术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 40例成人尸体肝膈面沿肝左肝静脉切除肝实质 ,显露肝左静脉 ;对肝左静脉及其属支进行了观测。结果 :肝左静脉长度 ( 3 0 .3± 1 .1 )mm ;主干直径 ( 1 1 .3±0 .2 6)mm ;主要属支直径为 ( 6.0± 0 .5 2 )mm ;肝左静脉主干在膈面距离下腔静脉汇入口 1 0、2 0、3 0mm处的深度分别是 ( 1 1 .5± 0 .49)、( 1 6± 0 .5 9)和 ( 1 9.1± 0 .64)mm ;肝左静脉在膈面与肝镰状韧带呈 ( 3 0 .2 9± 1 2 .3 3 )°角 ;肝左、中静脉共干的出现率仅为 3 0 % ;肝左静脉按其属支多少分为 6型。结论 :肝左静脉在肝实质内的位置和属支数目不恒定 ,以 3～ 4支最多。所观测的资料 ,对肝外科手术具有重要意义。     

肝动脉的应用解剖

在 6 3例成尸上观察了肝动脉的起源和行程 ,腹腔干及主要分支外径和腹腔干至肠系膜上动脉间的距离。结果肝右、左动脉 ,肝固有动脉 ,肝总动脉和腹腔干外径分别为 3.1± 0 .5 ,2 .8± 0 .3,4.0± 0 .12 ,5 .3± 0 .2 2和 7.4± 0 .4mm ;正常型肝动脉占 5 0 .79% (32例 ) ;Hiatt 、 型分别占 19.0 5 % (12例 )和 6 .34% (4例 ) ;腹腔干至肠系膜上动脉间距离为 7.4± 0 .33 mm。讨论了肝动脉变异及其临床意义。     

第一肝门的腹腔镜肝脏手术入路解剖学研究

目的:为腹腔镜肝脏外科提供第一肝门的应用解剖及手术入路设计。方法:成人尸体肝脏标本30例结合临床手术入路设计,研究肝门静脉主干及其属支的管径、汇合形式及分支直径、长度(从分叉至进入肝实质),横沟的长度、门静脉分叉点与肝方叶尖、尾状叶尖的距离。观察肝门静脉左、右支在横沟内与左、右肝动脉及肝左、右管的伴行关系。结果:①肝门静脉在胰颈或胰体之后由肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉[直径分别为(11.42±2.85)mm、(7.91±3.06)mm]汇合而成。其汇合类型分为3型;②横沟呈槽状,长度为(4.19±0.36)cm;③肝门静脉左支长为(1.45±0.17)cm,直径为(11.97±1.65)mm;④门静脉右支长为(1.57±0.05)cm,直径为(11.75±0.98)mm。结论:腹腔镜下解剖分离第一肝门是可行的;肝门阻断入路操作简单,效果切实;还可以进行手术区域的肝门管道预处理及肝门静脉保护。     

经静脉韧带门腔分流的应用解剖

目的探讨门腔分流新途径。方法选择成人正常肝 44 例,解剖观测肝圆韧带、静脉韧带等。结果静脉韧带走行于肝下面的静脉韧带裂内,连于门静脉左支和下腔静脉之间,长约 4．09＝0．61 cm;肝圆韧带连于脐和门静脉左支之间,其肝外段和肝内段分别长约 14．51±3．44 cm,5．75±0．99 cm。静脉韧带和肝圆韧带内均有间断残腔存在,且以近心段最为明显,分别长达 1．99±0．39 cm 和 2．91±0．62 cm。肝圆韧带和静脉韧带均可用直径 2 mm 的铁丝使其再通。结论于脐处切口,扩张再通肝圆韧带、静脉韧带至下腔静脉,实现门腔分流通道具有可行性。     

胆囊床内血管的应用解剖

目的：为腹腔镜胆囊切除手术提供形态学基础.方法：对128例肝脏标本进行解剖,观察胆囊床内血管的位置、行程,测量其在胆囊床内的长度和直径.结果：胆囊床内血管有：（1）胆囊动脉深支及分支,占71.1%（91例）;（2）肝中静脉及其属支,占12.5%（16例）,其突入形式分①肝中静脉主干,②右前叶支、或左内叶支、或两者一起突出,③右前叶支属支、左内叶支属支、或两者一起突出3种类型;（3）肝门静脉右支及其分支,分主干和分支两类,主干占39.8%（51例）,肝门静脉右支的分支占14.8%（19例）;（4）肝门静脉左支的分支,占2.34%（3例）;（5）胆囊静脉,在胆囊附着面有小静脉与肝中静脉、肝门静脉左、右支的分支相连.结论：切除胆囊时应注意胆囊床左、右缘,以及具有肝门右切迹的病例,保护突入胆囊床内的肝中静脉及其属支,以防止出血.     

带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复小腿创伤的应用解剖

目的 :为带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复小腿及跟骨的创伤提供应用解剖学基础。方法 :在70侧成人下肢标本上解剖观测了膝降动脉的起始、分支、分布及大收肌腱的形态特点和血管分布。结果 :①膝降动脉的主干长 1.2± 0 .5cm ,起点外径为 2 .6± 0 .6mm ,主要分支有股内侧肌支、关节支、隐支。②关节支的主干长 6.6± 1.2cm ;起点外径为 1.9± 0 .5 ,分支营养大收肌腱和股骨内侧髁骨质骨膜 ,并参与吻合形成膝关节动脉网。③隐动脉长 10 .9± 3 .3cm ,起点外径 1.8± 0 .6mm。分支营养缝匠肌下部、膝内侧上部皮肤 ,并参与吻合形成膝关节动脉网。④胫后动脉、腓动脉在内踝上方 11cm处的直径分别是 2 .5± 0 .6mm和 2 .0± 0 .4mm。⑤大收肌肌腱部长 6.8± 1.2cm ,宽 9.6± 2 .0mm ,厚 2 .2± 0 .6mm。结论 :带膝降动脉大收肌腱骨瓣、皮瓣血供丰富 ,供区形态可塑性大 ,可作为修复跟腱、跟骨及皮肤缺损的供体。     

左半肝Glisson系统的应用解剖学研究

目的 解析左半肝Glisson系统的立体空间解剖结构及三级分支走行分布情况,为左半肝实施精准肝切除术提供解剖学基础。方法 对20例10%甲醛固定的成人尸体无病变肝脏标本进行应用解剖观察,重点对左半肝Glisson系统的立体空间解剖位置进行形态学观察,采集并分析左半肝Glisson系统各区域三级分支数目及走行数据。结果 左半肝Glisson系统主干(G_左主)呈弓型走行,长度为(3.10±0.76)cm;右半肝Glisson系统主干(G_右主)与G_左主的夹角为175.70°±11.54°,G_右主与肝十二指肠韧带(G_肝总)的夹角为107.60°±13.82°,G_左主与G_肝总的夹角为76.70°±17.36°。左半肝Glisson系统的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ段区域三级分支总的数目呈3～8支不等,其中3支型、8支型各占1/20、4支型和6支型各占4/20、7支型占2/20,5支型占8/20;但Couniaud 八段S2区域的分支有且只有1支。结论 左半肝Glisson系统立体空间解剖位置、各区域三级分支数目及走行并不完全符合Couinaud 八段之描述,且存在着明显的个体差异。术前掌握左半肝Glisson系统的内部立体解剖结构,特别是三级分支数目及走行,是实施精准肝切除术的基础。     

肝外胆管的动脉血供及其临床意义

目的 :观察肝外胆管主要供血动脉 ,探讨预防术后胆管缺血的手术措施。方法 :对 15例乳胶灌注的尸体标本进行显微解剖 ,对其主要的供血动脉即胆囊动脉、胰十二指肠上后动脉及肝右动脉的分支进行观测。结果 :胰十二指肠上后动脉发出部位距胃十二指肠动脉起始部距离为 (0 .89± 0 .2 3)cm(0 .4 9～ 1.88cm) ,直径为 (0 .17± 0 .0 2 )cm(0 .12～ 0 .2 1cm) ,发出的分支为 3～ 5支。结论 :行肝移植手术时 ,保留胰十二指肠上后动脉可减少术后胆管缺血并发症的发生     

新生儿肝动脉的解剖学研究

用解剖剥离的方法对50例新鲜新生儿尸体的肝动脉及分支作了观察测量,测得肝总动脉长8.94±3.27mm;外径1.99±0.31 mm;肝固有动脉长4.89±3.35 mm;外径1.81±0.61mm,同时对胃右动脉和副肝右动脉的起源及迷走肝动脉作了观察和分析.     

脐静脉连于门静脉右支伴门静脉分支变异一例

在45例7-10个月胎儿肝的ABS铸型标本中,发现脐静脉连于门静脉右支伴门静脉分支变异一例,现报道如下:脐静脉连于门静脉右支,脐切迹亦偏右,致使肝左外叶约占整个肝的2/3大小,左内叶极小。门静脉主干在脐静脉的左侧。门静脉左支较短,只有横部,其末端直接发出左外叶上、下段支。门静脉右支为出现横部、角部、矢状部和囊部,与正常的左支相同,由各部的分支多而细,在角部发出右前叶支和右后叶上段支;右后叶下段支约8小支,发自矢状部和囊部;囊部亦发出4小支至左外叶。左内叶门静脉支纤     

Chalones of the liver

Injection of liver extract and blood serum of healthy intact mice and also of the blood serum from clinically healthy persons into CBA x C57BL hybrid mice sharply inhibits mitotic activity of hepatocytes in the liver regenerating after partial hepatectomy. Extracts of regenerating liver and blood serum of animals with a regenerating liver do not inhibit mitosis in hepatocytes. Blood serum from a patient with postnecrotic active cirrhosis of the liver not only did not inhibit mitoses in the hepatocytes but actually increased their number. It is suggested that the concentration of chalones is reduced in the cirrhotic liver.Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Moscow. Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 1482–1484, December, 1976.     

Expression of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) in human liver cirrhosis and carcinoma

AIMS: To determine the expression of a protein termed augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), recently found to have a specific and beneficial effect on the process of liver regeneration in normal and diseased human liver. METHODS AND RESULTS: ALR expression in normal and cirrhotic human livers with various underlying diseases as well as in tissue samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) was analysed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transciptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression analysis of ALR in total liver protein extracts by Western blotting showed mainly dimeric ALR protein. Immunohistochemically, cytosolic and perinuclear immunosignals were found in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in normal, cirrhotic or cancerous liver tissue and only weak signals in some endothelial cells in normal livers. Quantitative mRNA analysis revealed significantly increased ALR expression in cirrhosis compared with normal liver tissue. In HCC and CCC ALR mRNA expression was also significantly enhanced compared with normal liver tissue, but expression levels did not differ from the matching non-neoplastic tissue in the same patient. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest an important role for ALR in hepatocellular regeneration in liver cirrhosis as well as in hepatocarcinogenesis and therefore its potential value in the clinical diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis and cancer.     

Changes in the liver following penetration by a gastric ulcer (experimental investigation)

Changes in the liver following penetration by a gastric ulcer were studied in 130 albino rats. Ulcers were produced by Okabe's method. During penetration the capsule of the liver is destroyed and four zones can be distinguished in the tissues of the organ: necrosis, demarcation inflammation, necrobiosis, and proliferation of hepatocytes. Together with destructive processes, in the early stages repair processes developed in the parenchyma and connective-tissue structures. Active proliferation of hepatocytes and of bile ducts leads to their penetration into the granulation tissue at the base of the ulcer. After healing of the ulcer complete restoration of the affected areas of the liver takes place but adhesions with the stomach remain.Central Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Main Board for Health Care, Moscow City Executive Committee, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. I. Strukov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 3, pp. 370–372, March, 1980.     

血浆置换治疗急性妊娠脂肪肝3例体会

目的通过在急性妊娠脂肪肝的治疗中应用非生物型人工肝——血浆置换,分析评价人工肝血浆置换治疗在该病中的治疗作用、安全性。方法3例急性妊娠脂肪肝患者,在内科保守治疗的同时应用非生物型人工肝血浆置换,观察病情变化,血浆置换治疗前后患者的肝肾功能、血浆白蛋白、血常规、血液凝固时间的变化,以及血浆置换治疗的时机、副作用等。结果通过内科保守治疗,及时应用非生物型人工肝血浆置换,3例患者的症状、体征明显改善,肝肾功能明显好转,白细胞数明显下降(P<0.05),而PT、APTT、HB、PLt无明显变化(P>0.05)。血浆置换治疗中仅1例次出现皮肤搔痒,1例次出现轻度手足抽搐,无一例因不良反应而中止治疗。结论血浆置换治疗急性妊娠脂肪肝安全有效,并发症少,在病程早期连续应用更能有效地阻止病情进展。     

血浆置换治疗妊娠期急性脂肪肝的探讨

目的观察血浆置换对妊娠期急性脂肪肝的治疗作用。方法3例妊娠期急性脂肪肝患者,均为初产妇,单胎,平均年龄28岁。采用人工肝支持系统——血浆置换进行治疗,检测治疗前后各项生化指标变化。结果应用血浆置换治疗后,2例患者肝功能完全恢复,1例死亡。结论人工肝支持系统——血浆置换治疗妊娠期急性脂肪肝是有效和安全的。     

Respiration of mitochondria and state of phosphorylation of rat liver adenine nucleotides after repeated administration of 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital

After four injections of phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) in olive oil and a single injection of olive oil into rats the acyl-CoA content in the liver (in % of the control) was 73, 167, and 230 respectively. The liver mitochondria of rats receiving injections of oil and MC were characterized by a decrease in the respiration rate in Chance's 3rd metabolic state, but this was abolished by preincubation with carnitine. The blood ketone body level after injection of PB, MC, and oil was 31, 136, and 342% respectively. The phosphate potential was lowered only after injection of oil, when the ATP concentration in the liver was considerably reduced. The AMP concentration in the liver was doubled after injections of PB and oil. Comparison of the data for induction of microsomal monooxygenases of PB and MC leads to the conclusion that acyl-CoA metabolism proceeds in different directions in the two cases.Laboratory of Cellular Mechanisms of Adaptation, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. P. Kaznacheev.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 9, pp. 1059–1061, September, 1976.