前交叉韧带重建术中隧道定位对移植物等距特性影响的研究

目的探讨前交义韧带(ACL)重建术中股骨和胫骨隧道定位变化对移植物等距特性的影响。方法选用10具正常新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,在股骨取3个定位点,第一个定位点位于右膝11点(左膝1点)过顶点前方5～6 mm处,作为前束点；第二点位于前束点前5 mm处,作为误差点；第三点位于屈膝90°时,ACL附着区长轴与经股骨-胫骨接触点的垂直线的交点,作为后束点。在ACL胫骨附着区的前后径上取3个定位点,一个位于原ACL附着区中心,称为中心点；一个位于中心点后5 mm处,称为5 mm后点；一个位于中心点后10 mm处,称为10 mm后点。模拟ACL重建步骤,经各个股骨和胫骨定位点分别钻直径为2 mm的骨隧道,通过测量钢丝和等距测量仪来检测膝关节屈曲过程中各个股骨隧道内口相对于各个胫骨隧道内口的距离变化。结果相对于某一个固定的股骨隧道内口,胫骨隧道内口的前后移位变化对移植物等距特性的影响差异无显著性意义(P＞0．05)；相对于某一个固定的胫骨隧道内口,股骨隧道内口位置的变化对移植物等距特性的影响差异有极显著性意义(P＜0．01)。从膝关节完全伸直到极度屈曲的过程中,如果股骨隧道内口选择在前束点,则两内口间移植物长度变化在生理等距范围内；若选择在误差点,则两内口间移植物长度变化表现为超出生理等距范围的延长；若选择在后束点,则两内口间移植物长度变化表现为超出生理等距范围的短缩。结论ACL重建时,胫骨隧道内口在ACL附着区中心与棘间区后缘之间的前后移位对移植物等距特性无明显影响,股骨隧道内口的移位对移植物的等距特性有明显影响。     

前交叉韧带股骨等距重建位置的比较

目的 :比较模拟生理负荷条件下前交叉韧带股骨重建位置的等距特性。方法 :7具新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本 ,在前交叉韧带胫骨附着区取 3点以及胫骨附着区取 5点分别钻骨隧道 ,通过钢丝和等距测量器施加初负荷 ,检测膝关节屈曲过程中胫骨和股骨隧道间的距离变化。结果 :膝关节从 0～ 90°屈曲过程中 ,股骨韧带附着区中点、上点和后点与胫骨附着区 5点间呈等距变化 ,但股骨韧带附着区中点、上点与胫骨附着区 5点间距离变化具有组内显著性差异。结论 :股骨韧带附着区后点是理想的等距重建点。     

前交叉韧带重建中骨隧道等距特性的研究进展

前交叉韧带(ACL)重建的理论基础为恢复膝关节正常动力学,主要目的是恢复膝关节稳定性、防止半月板损伤和关节软骨退变。影响ACL重建疗效的因素有许多,其中保证骨隧道的等距特性最为关键。本文重点就ACL重建术中骨隧道等距特性的研究进展进行回顾。     

双侧前交叉韧带胫骨骨性止点对比

目的通过解剖同一个体的左右侧前交叉韧带(ACL)胫骨骨性止点,对比双侧形态及大小是否存在差异,以验证能否使用对侧ACL胫骨骨性止点资料进行计算机辅助系统下的ACL胫骨隧道个性化重建。方法收集10例行双侧全膝关节置换术患者的胫骨平台标本,对ACL胫骨残端纤维进行解剖,观察左右侧胫骨骨性止点的形态,测量该骨性止点的长度、宽度、深度、面积,对比左右侧ACL胫骨骨性止点的差异。结果左右侧ACL胫骨止点的长度、宽度、深度、面积比较差异无统计学意义(P≥0. 05),且长度(r=0. 820,P=0. 004)和面积(r=0. 802,P=0. 005)呈显著相关性;但在外观形态方面差异较大。结论支持使用对侧ACL胫骨骨性止点的形态学测量结果作为计算机辅助系统下ACL胫骨隧道重建的参考资料,但在移植物形态选择方面,不建议将对侧ACL胫骨骨性止点的形态外观作为参考资料。     

X线动态测量膝前交叉韧带长度变化

目的 在侧位X线片下分别测定膝关节屈曲90°及过伸位时前交叉韧带(ACL)股骨等距点(i点)到胫骨等距点(T点)的距离,并比较在2种体位下其长度的变化,评估关节镜结合X线透视双监视法行ACL等距解剖重建的影像学效果.方法 门诊随机抽取50名志愿者,行膝关节侧位X线片检查,在PX电子系统下找到屈曲90°及过伸位ACL的i点和T点,测量两点间距离,并比较在屈伸过程中两点长度的变化.结果 屈曲90°时i点到T点距离的95%可信区间为(25.43±0.455)mm,最大值为29.22 mm,最小值为20.29 mm;过伸位时i点到T点距离的95%可信区间为(26.90±0.436)mm,最大值为29.76 mm,最小值为23.10 mm;过伸位与屈曲90°时两点间距离之差的95%可信区间为(1.47±0.204)mm,最大值为3.33 mm,最小值为0.47 mm.结论 术前X线片测量及术中关节镜结合X线透视双监视法可根据不同个体的差异对ACL的股骨等距点及胫骨等距点行准确定位,可达到生理性等距重建的要求,同时对设备的要求不高,可在大多数医院开展.     

胫骨平台后倾角与半月板损伤的相关性研究进展

半月板损伤的危险因素主要包括年龄、性别、体重指数、参与体育活动、膝关节的韧带受损以及与工作相关的重复性活动等。胫骨平台后倾角(PTS)的增大被认为会影响半月板损伤的类型和严重程度。外侧胫骨平台后倾角的增大和内外侧胫骨平台后倾角不对称均可能是前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤后继发半月板损伤的危险因素。PTS的大小也是确定早期ACL重建需要考虑的因素,以防止ACL损伤的患者继发半月板损伤。     

前交叉韧带重建术的精确定位

目的探讨前交叉韧带（ＡＣＬ）重建的定位方法。方法取２０例新鲜或冷冻保存的尸体膝关节,通过做骨道至股骨和胫骨的ＡＣＬ附丽区,穿以钢丝并被动屈曲膝关节,测得其长度参数。用自行研制的等距测尺,连续观察测值的变化。结果在３０°～１２０°屈曲过程中,前上区纤维由短变长,前方制约作用逐渐增加;后上及中心区纤维的长度变化很小;前下区及后下区纤维由长变短,前方制约作用逐渐减少。结论股骨附丽区后上区和中心区应视为ＡＣＬ的重建位置。在陈旧损伤附丽区标志不明时,可使用等距测尺来决定重建位置中心。     

膝关节前交叉韧带胫骨止点的软组织解剖标记

背景：膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）重建时,胫骨骨道定位不准会产生重建韧带与髁间窝的撞击或起不到维持膝关节稳定性的作用。因此,确定ACL胫骨止点的位置非常重要。目的：研究膝关节ACL胫骨止点前内束（AMB）和后外束（PLB）与软组织标记后交叉韧带（PCL）和外侧半月板前角的距离,从而明确ACL胫骨止点在胫骨平台的位置,为ACL损伤双束重建提供理论支持。方法：解剖18个膝关节尸体标本（左膝10个,右膝8个）,测量ACL中点、AMB中点、PLB中点与PCL和外侧半月板前角的距离,并分析左、右膝关节是否存在差异。结果：AMB中点与PCL和外侧半月板前角的距离分别为（15.00±3.97）mm和（19.78±4.10）mm;PLB中点与两者的距离分别为（10.17±5.56）mm和（19.50±4.40）mm;ACL中点与两者的距离分别为（12.67±4.52）mm和（19.61±3.87）mm。左右膝关节ACL中点、AMB中点、PLB中点与软组织解剖标记的距离无明显统计学差异。结论：膝关节ACL损伤行手术重建时,可采用PCL和外侧半月板前角作为定位标记。     

MPFL重建术中股骨等距点的研究

[目的]探讨内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)重建术中股骨止点位置变化对等距特性的影响。[方法]取8具正常成人新鲜膝关节标本,游离出MPFL股骨端及髌骨端结点(O),分别在股骨端选择A、B、C、D四个测试点(内收肌结节为A点,股骨内上髁为B点,1/4圆弧的中点为C点,远点为D点),测量膝关节屈曲时髌骨结点到各测试点的长度变化。[结果]比较各测试点长度发现,股骨端远点(D)长度变化最小。[结论]在MPFL重建时应尽量以股骨内上髁前方(即远点)为中心建立骨隧道。     

前交叉韧带重建术中胫骨侧止点无撞击区的定位研究

目的探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术中胫骨隧道无撞击重建区的定位。方法选用10具正常新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,膝关节完全伸直时,标记髁间窝顶延长线和ACL胫骨附着处的交点。膝关节屈曲90°时,测量ACL胫骨附着处上标记点与ACL前缘间的距离及标记点与胫骨棘间区后缘间的距离。然后,再测量标记点前部分的前后径、后部分的前后径和内外径,并计算后部分的面积。结果由ACL胫骨附着处前缘到胫骨棘间区后缘的前后径平均为(21.40±1.17)mm。ACL胫骨附着处标记点前部分的前后径平均为(8.90±0.74)mm(占总前后径的41.59%)。胫骨附着处标记点后部分的前后径平均为(12.50±0.85)mm(占总前后径的58.41%),内外径平均为(10.65±0.97)mm,面积平均为(133.80±21.01)mm2。结论ACL胫骨附着处上标记点的后部分是胫骨隧道无撞击区,位于胫骨棘间区的后缘中点与该点前12.50mm之间,在该区域行ACL重建可以避免移植物与髁间窝顶部的撞击。绝对撞击区位于ACL胫骨附着部前缘与其后8.90mm之间,应尽量避免在此区域内定位胫骨隧道。     

虚拟现实互动技术在交叉韧带等长重建计算机辅助设计中的应用

目的 利用虚拟现实技术还原膝关节骨性结构在屈伸运动过程中的三维空间形态，为观测膝关节面交叉韧带附丽区的相对位置变化和进一步研究前、后交叉韧带等长重建最佳等长点提供计算机辅助设计新方法。方法 采用实验与计算机仿真相结合的方法，对新鲜人体膝关节标本进行屈伸运动实验，并通过激光三维扫描方法记录、计算膝关节的空间活动指标，然后重建膝关节计算机三维模型。通过实验中的空间活动指标控制此模型虚拟运动，再现膝关节各屈伸角度下股骨、胫骨和腓骨的空间位置。结果 计算机还原出各运动角度下膝关节骨性结构（股骨、胫骨及关节面）的空间形态，利用软件Geomagic的几何计算功能可分别测量模型中各个运动状态交叉韧带附丽区两点间的三维空间距离。讨论本研究方法可以真实地记录和再现膝关节三维运动过程，从空间结构上更精确、合理地寻找重建等长点，对膝关节交叉韧带手术重建有重要临床意义。     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction stability with continuous passive motion. The role of isometric graft placement.

A comparison was made of the stability of isometric versus nonisometric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions when subjected to immediate postoperative continuous passive motion (CPM). Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed on 13 anatomic specimen knees using bone/patellar tendon/bone grafts. Nine ACL substitutions were considered isometric with maximum graft length changes of less than 1 mm. Four ACL substitutions were nonisometric with graft length changes of 3 mm or greater resulting from tightening in flexion. The specimens were subjected to CPM through 0 degrees-95 degrees knee flexion. Knee stability was remeasured with a knee arthrometer at three and 14 days after beginning CPM. All four nonisometric specimens had failed within three days, with increased anterior laxity of 2-9 mm in both the Lachman (20 degrees) and anterior drawer (90 degrees) positions. All nine isometric reconstructions successfully retained pre-CPM anterior stability within 1 mm after 14 days of CPM. This investigation illustrates the importance of isometric graft placement for ACL reconstruction success. Continuous passive motion does not appear to adversely affect immediate ACL-substitute integrity or fixation if graft placement is isometric (less than 1 mm of graft excursion through 0 degrees-110 degrees of knee motion). Continuous passive motion may cause graft deformation, fixation failure, or both, with resultant loss of knee stability if the graft is not isometrically positioned (greater than 3 mm of graft excursion resulting from tightening in flexion).     

单隧道双束和单束ACL重建的生物力学比较研究

目的比较单隧道双束和单隧道单束ACL重建膝关节稳定性的差异。方法选用6侧人体膝关节标本,保留完整的关节囊及周围韧带,行单隧道双束和单束ACL重建,在MTS-858生物材料试验系统上测试膝关节在胫前加载(134N)和旋转加载(5N·m内旋胫骨)下屈曲0°、15°、30°、60°、90°位时的运动学反应。每个膝关节在4个不同条件下进行测试:ACL完整、ACL损伤、单隧道双束重建ACL以及单隧道单束重建ACL,其中单隧道双束及单束ACL均采用双股腘绳肌腱。结果 (1)胫前加载:双束组在屈曲30°、60°和90°位,单束组在屈曲90°位时关节前后稳定性获得良好恢复(P0.05);在屈曲60°位时双束组的胫前位移明显低于单束组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)旋转加载:与ACL完整组相比较,双束组的胫骨内旋角度在屈曲0°、60°位时无明显变化(P0.05),屈曲90°位时明显减少(P0.05);单束组在屈曲0°时无明显变化(P0.05)。屈曲60°和90°位时双束组的胫骨内旋角度明显小于单束组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与单隧道单束ACL重建相比,单隧道双束ACL重建能够更好地恢复膝关节前后稳定性及旋转稳定性。     

Controlling Anterior Shear During lsokinetic Knee Extension Exercise

The purpose of this paper is to present a means of controlling anterior shear force at the knee during isokinetic exercise. A dual-pad attachment to existing exercise equipment allows selection of the degree of anterior shear placed on the knee during exercise, ranging from a value which apparently places minimal stress on ligamentous restraints, through intermediate shear levels, to a value nearly that of standard exercise equipment. The special problems associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) involvement are reviewed in terms of ACL function, failure, and healing. Calculated loading configurations illustrate the effect on shear afforded by the device. A pilot roentgenographic study indicates restoration of normal tibiofemoral alignment and joint surface velocity vectors during isometric extension with the device. This preliminary finding correlates with clinical observation. Clinical application includes isokinetic exercise of the chronically lax knee and rehabilitation of the knee after ACL repair or reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1982;4(1):23-31.     

Effects of ACL graft placement on in vivo knee function and cartilage thickness distributions

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) frequently lead to early‐onset osteoarthritis. Despite advancement in surgical techniques, ACL reconstruction has a limited ability to prevent these degenerative changes. While previous studies have investigated knee function after ACL reconstruction, in vivo investigations of the effects of graft placement on in vivo joint function and cartilage health are limited. This review presents a series of studies that used novel imaging and 3D modeling techniques to determine the in vivo placement of the ACL graft on the femur using two different ACL reconstruction techniques. These techniques resulted in two distinct graft placement groups: one where the ACL was placed anatomically near the center of the native ACL footprint and another where the graft was placed anteroproximally on the femur, centered outside the ACL footprint. We quantified the effects of graft placement on graft deformation during in vivo loading and how these variables affected knee motion. Finally, we quantified whether femoral placement of the graft affected cartilage thickness. Our results demonstrate that achieving anatomic graft placement on the femur is critical to restoring native ACL function and normal knee kinematics. Knees with grafts that more closely restored normal ACL function, and thus knee motion, experienced less focal cartilage thinning than did those that experienced abnormal knee motion. These results suggest that achieving anatomic graft placement is a critical factor in restoring normal knee motion and potentially slowing the development of degenerative changes after ACL reconstruction. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1160–1170, 2017.

     

Lower limb kinematic alterations during drop vertical jumps in female athletes who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The aim of this study was to determine if anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACL‐R) female athletes exhibit altered lower limb kinematic profiles during jump landing when compared to a non‐injured age, sex, and activity matched control group. Fourteen ACL‐R and 14 non‐injured control subjects performed 3 vertical drop jump (DVJ) trials. Lower limb kinematics were recorded at 200 Hz. Peak and time‐averaged angular displacements were quantified and utilized for between‐group analysis. The ACL‐R group displayed altered hip joint frontal and transverse plane kinematic alterations, and knee joint frontal and sagittal plane kinematic alterations. Specifically the ACL‐R group displayed an increased adducted (p < 0.05) and internally rotated (p < 0.05) hip joint position, both peak and time‐averaged, following landing. The ACL‐R group also displayed a decreased adducted (p < 0.05) and flexed (p < 0.05) position of the knee joint following landing. The observed aberrant lower limb kinematics could pre‐dispose ACL‐R athletes to potential future knee joint injuries. Further studies are required to determine in a prospective manner whether such deficits increase the incidence of recurrent ACL injury, and whether specific sensorimotor protocols following ACL reconstruction can minimize these kinematic deficits. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:72–78, 2012     

Pressure distribution in the knee joint

Biomechanical factors influencing the patterns of pressure distribution at the articular surface and the subchondral bone are suggested to be most important in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and ostechondritis dissecans at the knee joint. Besides this, chronic joint instability is another important factor under discussion in the etiology of osteoarthritis of the knee. The patterns of pressure distribution on the femoral condyles of weight-bearing knee joints were investigated in a biostatic cadaver model. The pressure on the femoral condyles was evaluated using pressure-sensitive films with the knee in different physiological joint positions (extension, 15° and 30° flexion) with and without division of either the medial collateral ligament (MCL), the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), the MCL and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), or the LCL and the ACL. Results showed that the location of the contact area and peak pressure depended on the joint position and stage of ligament division. Without ligament division the maximum peak pressure was always observed on the medial condyle. Only after MCL and combined MCL + ACL division did the lateral condyle show in extension a higher peak pressure than the medial condyle. Division of the LCL and LCL + ACL resulted in an increase in peak pressure on the medial condyle, particularly in flexion. The highest peak pressure of all was measured in the 30° flexion position on the medial condyle after division of the LCL. The lowest at all was found on the lateral condyle in 15° flexion after LCL division. Additional ACL division resulted in only minor further changes. These results are important for the interpretation of clinically observed factors discussed in the etiology of secondary osteoarthritis of the knee and contribute to the theory of mechanical induction of osteoarthritis and osteochondritis dissecans.Presented in part at the 21st Congress of the Austrian Society of Orthopedic Surgery; May 5th–June 1st, 1991 in Linz/Austria     

Bore canal site in surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Position--placement errors--anatomic measurement

The goal of surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is restoration of its function as closely as possible to a physiological roll-and-glide mechanism. Clinical success means knee joint stability, physiological joint biomechanics, and full range of motion. Anatomical placement of the graft insertion points and anatomical direction of the drilled tunnels are necessary to obtain isometric (anatometric) conditions. Despite technical advances in (arthroscopic) surgery, it is not yet possible to obtain absolute "isometricity" for ACL grafts. However a "physiological" or "relative" isometricity seems to be sufficient for successful clinical results. In 1986 Werner Müller proposed the term "anatometrics" in ACL reconstruction to describe this graft behavior and function. The knee joint is a complex motion system including many active and passive stabilizing elements (ligaments, tendons, muscles) as well as a proprioceptive function of the central column ligaments. Reconstruction of this "system" required the surgeon to have good surgical skills and a well-based knowledge of knee anatomy and function. Wrong placement of insertion points and bone tunnels carry the risk for ensuing graft insufficiency and resultant joint instability. The knee "prefers" a destroyed graft over an overconstrained biomechanical situation! Intraoperative factors for failure may be technical mistakes and intraoperative measuring devices for isometry, which might not guarantee true relations in a ligamentous deficient knee. Therefore, visualization of insertion points (and drilling) under direct arthroscopic view is still preferred over generalized rules and distances as proposed by many commercially available rulers and tapers. Recently, navigation and computer-assisted placement techniques have been developed. The clinical standards of those techniques are still under investigation. At our institution, an arthroscopic approach (visualization, palpation) for ACL reconstruction with a bone-patellar-tendon-bone graft technique is used.