37例先天性胆管扩张症诊治体会

目的探讨先天性胆管扩张症诊断与治疗方法。方法总结分析2002年1月至2009年12月我院收治的37例先天性胆管扩张症患者临床资料。结果 37例中有35例行囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行囊肿切除、T管引流术,1例行囊肿外引流术,3月后再次行囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。术后并发症胆漏2例,对症治疗后好转,无死亡。37例经1～8年随访,1例表现轻度反复发作胆管炎,其余均痊愈,无胆管狭窄表现。结论 MRCP对该病有较高的检出率;胆管扩张症手术治疗的关键在于手术方式和手术时机的选择,囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是治疗该病的主要手术方式。     

6 先天性胆管扩张症的临床分析

目的总结先天性胆管扩张症的病因、分型、临床特点及诊治经验。方法对3 7例先天性胆管扩张症临床诊治资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组3 7例中Ⅰ型3 1例,Ⅱ型1例,Ⅳ型4例,Ⅴ型1例。全组均行手术治疗包括:2例行囊肿外引流术,3例行囊肿-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,3 1例行囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例囊肿合并癌变行左肝叶切除术;治愈3 2例;术后发生并发症5例,均经非手术方法治愈。无手术死亡病例。结论先天性胆管扩张症应尽早手术治疗,囊肿切除,肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是治疗先天性胆管扩张症,降低手术后远期并发症的合理术式。     

成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊治体会(附22例报告)

目的探讨成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1984年～2006年收治的成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症22例的临床资料。结果本组22例均行手术治疗。囊肿内引流术再手术率高。囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术无再手术病例,术后并发胆管炎3例、胰腺炎1例、胆瘘1例,均经保守治疗痊愈。全组无手术死亡病例。结论成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症经术前影像学检查能明确分型。单纯内引流术应摒弃,外引流术可为二期手术创造条件。囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为根治性术式。     

成人先天性胆管扩张症的诊断与治疗

目的探讨成人先天性胆管扩张症的诊断与治疗。方法回顾分析我院1985年至2004年30例成人先天性胆管扩张症的临床资料。结果28例行B超检查,确诊率为92.9%(26/28)。5例CT、4例ERCP、3例PTC、6例MRCP检查均全部确诊。本组30例确诊率100%。手术27例,其中囊肿内引流术5例,术后疗效欠佳,囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术20例,疗效满意。全组无手术死亡。结论上腹痛是成人先天性胆管扩张症最常见的临床表现,结合影像学检查可确诊,囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术为首选术式。     

先天性胆管囊肿28例分析

目的:总结先天性胆管囊肿的诊治经验.方法:28例全部经手术治疗.囊肿-十二指肠吻合术2例,分别于术后8年、15年改行胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;囊肿-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例;3例先行外引流术,待病情好转后行囊肿切除、胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;2例行左肝外侧叶切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;19例行一期囊肿切除、胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.结果:随访25例,成人型4例及儿童型18例术后情况良好,1例于术后第10年因囊肿癌变死亡,2例术后经常有胆管炎发作.结论:先天性胆管囊肿应尽早手术治疗,手术方式应根据囊肿的类型来选择,Ⅰ、Ⅳ型采用囊肿全切除,肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术效果最佳.     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术治疗体会

目的探讨先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术方法。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2008年8月15例先天性胆总管囊状扩张症的临床资料。11例（9例Ⅰ型、2例Ⅳ型）行胆总管囊肿切除＋肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例Ⅰ型癌变行胰头十二指肠切除术,Ⅱ型1例行单纯囊肿切除＋T管引流术,Ⅲ型1例行Oddi括约肌成形术,Ⅴ型1例行肝门部胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果全组15例均恢复顺利,无一例发生胆瘘、胰瘘,1例Ⅳ型病人术后出现肝内胆管结石并反复发作胆管炎。结论手术是先天性胆管囊状扩张症惟一有效的治疗方法,胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是Ⅰ型先天性胆管囊状扩张症的一种较为合理的手术方式。     

�����͵������׵��������

目的 总结91例成人型胆管囊肿的诊治经验。方法 对1980-2000年间收治的91例成人型胆管囊肿病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 临床表现症状多不典型，常导致误诊，46例（50.5%)合并胆胰系统其它疾病，18例合并癌变，癌变率为19.7%，91例病人中87例行B型超声检查，48例行ERCP检查。20例行PTC检查，54例行腹部CT检查，6例行MRCP（核磁共振胰胆管显影），均确诊，合并胰胆管合流异常39例，既往诊断及分型以B超和术中所见决定，手术以内引流术为主，近年诊断以ERCP，CT、MRCP为主，同时行B超检查，术式以囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为主，术后并发症以胆管炎多见，均保守治疗痊愈，全组无手术死亡。结论 成人型胆管囊肿易误诊，癌变率高，ERCP、CT及MRCP对明确本病的分型，指导手术有帮助，目前对既往行内引流术后的病人应加强随访，推荐对Ⅰ、Ⅳ型成人型胆管囊肿采用囊肿全切除，肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术，对反应感染的复杂的中央型Ⅴ型Caroli病可考虑行肝移植术。     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术治疗

目的　探讨先天性胆管囊状扩张症的最佳手术方式。方法　回顾分析我院 1980～2 0 0 2年 76例经手术治疗的先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床诊疗资料。结果　本组 76例中 ,13例行囊肿空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ;3例行囊肿十二指肠吻合术 ;7例行囊肿外引流术 ;1例行憩室型总胆管囊肿切除T管引流术 ;5 5例行囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 (占手术病例的 72 4 % ) ;2例Ⅳa型囊肿行肝左外叶切除加总胆管囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ,1例Ⅴ型囊肿行肝左外叶切除、总胆管切除、肝门胆管空肠Roux en Y吻合术。 16例囊肿内引流术、7例囊肿外引流术和5 5例囊肿切除总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术的术后并发症发生率分别为 5 6 3%、2 8 6 %和 3 6 % ,经统计学分析差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　手术是先天性胆管囊状扩张症惟一有效的治疗方法。外引流术可用于全身状态极差而不能耐受较复杂手术的病人 ,待全身状况改善后应及时行二次手术 ;对于较为复杂的Ⅳa型和Ⅴ型病变 ,应选择合适的病例行肝叶切除术或肝移植术 ;总胆管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术是Ⅰ型先天性胆管囊状扩张症的一种较为合理的手术方式。     

成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床分析

目的:探讨成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗。方法:回顾性分析1996年1月—2012年5月收治的53例成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料。结果:53例患者均行手术治疗,Ia,Ib,Ic型39例和II型4例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,另3例Ia型行囊肿大部分切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;IVa型1例行肝左外叶切除、囊肿完整切除、胆管成形、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,另1例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;V型1例行左肝内胆管囊肿切除术;2例癌变患者,其中1例行癌变囊肿切除、局部转移淋巴结清扫术,1例行囊肿切除、左肝内胆管肿瘤切除术。53例手术患者中获随访42例,随访时间为6个月至3年,良性患者情况良好;2例癌变患者,1例术后生存26个月,死于肿瘤复发,多系统器官功能衰竭,1例术后26个月肿瘤复发,肝转移,再次手术行左半肝切除、S5(第V段肝脏)切除、肝肠吻合术,术后2个月出现肿瘤进展,死于多系统器官功能衰竭。结论:成人先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术方式选择与治疗效果密切相关,不同的临床分型应选择不同的手术方式。     

小儿先天性胆管扩张症60例诊治体会

目的 总结先天性胆管扩张症的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析我院1993年1月～2007年12月收治的60例先天性胆管扩张症的诊治经验。结果 60例均以腹痛、黄疸及腹部肿块等临床症状结合B超、CT检查而确诊,均行囊肿切除,肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术而痊愈。结论 B超、CT对先天性胆管扩张症的诊断和指导手术均有帮助。囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术可达到满意的治疗效果,是目前首选的术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.