逆转录病毒表达载体N2A／hGM—CSF的构建及其在COS…

用特异性核酸内切酶Ｂａｍ Ｈｉ剪切质粒ｐＣＤ／ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ，制备人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子基因片段，低融点胶回收后，连接至Ｎ２Ａ载体Ｂｇ１Ⅱ位点，转化大肠杆菌ＤＨ５ａ，经快提质粒进行酶切鉴定和核酸打点杂交筛选出重组质粒Ｎ２Ａ／ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ。利用ＤＥＡＥ－葡聚糖介导该重组质粒转化ＣＯＳ－７细胞，收集４８ｈ培养上清液，免疫学和生物学活性检测表明该上清中表达产物具有天然ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的活性，而用质粒     

人补体C_1－抑制物基因在COS－7细胞中的表达

利用全长人Ｃ１－ＩＮＨｃＤＮＡ片段构建成功可在ＣＯＳ－７细胞中瞬间表达重组人Ｃ１－ＩＮＨ的表达质粒ｐＳＶＬＣ１。通过ＤＥＡＥ－Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ法转染ＣＯＳ－７细胞，经体外标记、免疫沉淀和Ｗｅｂｔｅｒｎ印迹后发现，转染细胞可分泌─条分子量约１１０ｋＤ的免疫活性蛋白带。ＥＬＩＳＡ测定其表达水平，在转染后７２ｈ可达２μ／（ｍｌ·１０７细胞）。功能活性测定表明重组Ｃ１－ＩＮＨ具有抑制Ｃ１ｓ酯裂解的作用。     

rhGM-CSF cDNA直接注射小鼠骨骼肌的体内表达研究

将外源基因直接注入动物体内并获得表达，是近几年发展起来的一种新的基因疗法。该方法操作简便，临床易于接受。天然ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ在体内产生的量极少，本研究将ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因直接注入小鼠体内，以使小鼠体内产生自身所需要的天然ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ。首先将ＰＣＲ扩增的ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦｃＤＮＡ片段平端插入真核表达质粒ｐＣＤＳ中，构建成重组质粒ｐＣＧＩ；然后采用电击法转染ＣＯＳ－７细胞，ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测结果显示转染后２４，４８，７１和９６小时细胞上清有ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的表达分泌。说明重组质粒ｐＣＧＩ能表达分泌ｈＧＭ－ＣＳ…     

GM－CSF对人单核细胞HLA－DR抗原表达的影响

本文采用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，研究了重组的人粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）对体外培养的正常人外周血单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达的影响。结果表明ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ能提高单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达，并且呈剂量依赖关系，最适剂量（５００ｕ／ｍｌ）时能使ＤＲ抗原表达量提高到对照组的２．５倍。ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ对ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达的诱导作用并不是通过诱生的ＩＦＮ－γ的作用而实现的，因为有中和活性的ＩＦＮ－γ单抗并不能阻断这种效应。ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ能够增强低剂量ＩＦＮ－γ（５ｕ／ｍｌ）对单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原的诱导作用，但未观察到对高剂量ＩＦＮ－γ（１００ｕ／ｍｌ）的ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原的诱导增强作用。     

一种N端缺失的rhGM-CSF(7～127)在大肠杆菌中的表达与调控

在ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ结构与功能研究的基础之上，通过应用ＰＣＲ介导的缺失与突变和基因重组等技术，构建了表达ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）的三种原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＧＡ，ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＡＡ和ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－３′ＵＴＲ。在三种载体内，ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）ｃＤＮＡ的５′端均缺失６个氨基酸，３′端则分别为天然终止密码ＴＧＡ，突变终止密码ＴＡＡ和ＴＧＡ加３′ＵＴＲ。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ表明三种载体表达ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）的水平分别为２１％，１８．８％和２５％。经过用ＰＣｇｅｎｅ软件和Ｚｕｌｃｅｒ算法分析ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）－３′ＵＴＲｍＲＮＡ的二级结构，表明３′ＵＴＲ在终止密码ＴＧＡ附近形成两个茎－环结构，它可能与ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－３′ＵＴＲ载体高表达ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）有关。表达产物ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）经弱阴离子ＤＥＡＥ交换层析纯化后，纯度达到９２％，比活性为８×１０７Ｕ／ｍｇ。     

GM－CSF对人单核细胞HLA－DR抗原表达的影响

本文采用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，研究了重组的人粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）对体外培养的正常人外周血单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达的影响。结果表明ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ能提高单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达，并且呈剂量依赖关系，最适剂量（５００ｕ／ｍｌ）时能使ＤＲ抗原表达量提高到对照组的２．５倍。ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ对ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达的诱导作用并不是通过诱生的ＩＦＮ－γ的作用而实现的，因为有中和活性的ＩＦＮ－γ单抗并不能阻断这种效应。ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ能够增强低剂量ＩＦＮ－γ（５ｕ／ｍｌ）对单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原的诱导作用，但未观察到对高剂量ＩＦＮ－γ（１００ｕ／ｍｌ）的ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原的诱导增强作用。     

EB病毒BHRF1基因的克隆及其表达产物抑制细胞凋亡的研究

目的ＥＢ病毒ＢＨＲＦ１基因克隆，其表达产物抑制ＣＨＯ细胞凋亡功能的研究。方法以Ｂ９５－８细胞株ＥＢＶＤＮＡ为模板设计一对引物，采用ＰＣＲ技术扩增ＢＨＲＦ１基因，用目的基因内的两个单酶切点ＢａｍＨⅠ、ＢｇｌⅠ进行酶切鉴定。用引物上所引入的两个酶切位点ＮｃｏⅠ、ＳｃｌⅠ酶切目的基因后定向连接到ｐＢＶ２２１载体上，转入宿主菌ＤＨ５α经质粒抽提，单、双酶切鉴定，从所获克隆中筛选重组质粒克隆。温控诱导目的基因表达，ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ及凝胶薄层扫描分析。采用缺血清培养方法建立ＣＨＯ细胞凋亡模型。结果所得扩增产物长５９２ｂｐ与预期大小一致；筛选出的９个重组质粒克隆经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和扫描表明重组蛋白表达量占菌体蛋白总量的２．５％。将含重组蛋白的菌体蛋白加入缺血清培养体系，通过与空白菌体蛋白对照表明，重组蛋白具有明显的抑制ＣＨＯ细胞凋亡的能力。结论ＢＨＲＦ１蛋白具有有效控制血清缺乏所诱导的ＣＨＯ细胞凋亡功能，这为ＢＨＲＦ１蛋白的广泛应用提供了依据。     

一种N端缺失的rhGM—CSF（7～127）在大肠杆菌中的表…

在ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ结构与功能研究的基础之上，通过应用ＰＣＲ介导的缺失与突变和基因重组等技术，构建了ｒｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）的三种原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＧＡ，ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－ＴＡＡ和ｐＢＶ２２０／ＧＭ－３′ＵＴＲ。在三种载体内，ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（７～１２７）ｃＤＮＡ的５′端块缺失６个氨基酸，３′端则分别为天然终止密码ＴＧＡ，突变终止密码ＴＡＡ和ＴＧＡ加３′ＵＴＲ。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ表     

EFFECT OF SUSPENDING MEDIUM VISCOSITY ONORIENTATION AND DEFORMATION OF RBCs IN A SHEAR FlOW FIELD

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＳＵＣＰＥＮＤＩＮＧＭＥＤＩＵＭＶＩＳＣＯＳＩＴＹＯＮＯＲＩＥＮＴＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＤＥＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＲＢＣＳＩＮＡＳＨＥＡＲＦｌＯＷＦＩＥＬＤＷｅｎＺｏｎｇ－ｙａｏ，ＭａＷｅｉｙｕａｎ，ＧａｏＴｉｅ，ＳｕｎＤａｇｏｎｇＤｅｐａ...     

人GM－CSF基因在昆虫细胞中表达的研究

本工作构建的昆虫表达重组体ｐＡＣ６１０－ＧＭＴ，是在ＡｃＭＮＰＶ的Ｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｉｎ启动子控制下，表达去除了信号肽编码顺序的人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因（ｃＤＮＡ）的转染载体。它与野生ＡｃＭＮＰＶ病毒ＤＮＡ共转染Ｓｆ２１细胞，经过筛选得到纯化的可表达人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的重组病毒株ｖＡｃＧＭＴ。其感染细胞总ＲＮＡ的Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ分析结果表明，重组病毒在ｍＲＮＡ水平有人ＧＭ－ＣＳＰ特异性表达，其表达水平在感染后４８ｈ时达高峰，７２ｈ未见明显下降。感染细胞裂解物的Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－Ｂｌｏｔ分析和活性测定也证实其蛋白水平的表达，并有人ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的生物学活性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.